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Annals  of  Horticulture 


In  North  America 


FOR    THE    YEAR    1890 


A    Witness    of    Passing    Events   and   a 
Record   of    Progress 


L?  H^  BAILEY 


Copyrighted  1891 


NEW    YORK  : 

Rural   Publishing   Company 
1891 


By  the  Same  Author. 


ANNALS  OF  HORTICULTURE  IN  NORTH 
AMERICA  FOR  THE  YEAR  18S9.  A  Witness  of 
Passing  Events  and  a  Record  of  Progress.  Cloth,  $1  ; 
paper,  60  cents. 

***  A  new  volume  is  issued  each  vear. 


THE  HORTICULTURIST'S  RULE-BOOK.  A 
Compendium  of  Useful  Information  for  Fruit  Growers, 
Truck  (lardeners,  Florists  and  Others.  Pp.,  236.  Cloth, 
$1 ;  paper,  50  cents. 


THE  NURSERY-BOOK.  A  Hand-Book  of  Pro- 
pagation AND  Pollination.  A  Complete  Guide  to 
the  Multiplication  of  Plants.  Profusely  Illustrated. 
Cloth,  $1  ;  paper,  50  cents. 

FIELD  NOTES  ON  APPLE  CULTURE.  Pp.,  90; 
19  Illustrations.     Cloth,  75  cents. 

TALKS  AFIELD:  ABOUT  PLANTS  AND  THE 
SCIENCE  OF  PLANTS.  Pp.,  173;  100  Illustrations. 
Cloth,  Si. 00. 


INTRODUCTION. 


1    SUPPOSE  that  all  horticulturists  are  agreed  that  an  an- 
nals of  yearly  progress  in  horticulture  is  a  desideratum  ; 
and  yet  there  is  no  unanimity  as  to  the  plan  or  scope  of 
such   a  work.      It   must   necessarily   include   a  record  of   the 
new  plants  of  the  year,  and  some  reference  to  current  books 
and  bulletins  may  be  expected,  together,  perhaps,  with  direc- 
tories of  societies  and  other  horticultural  institutions.      But 
beyond   these    matters,  perhaps  no  two  horticulturists  would 
agree.      It  is,  therefore,  peculiarly  difficult  to  prepare  a  yearly 
volume  which  shall  satisfy  its  readers.      The  field  which  these 
volumes  are  designed  to  enter  is  an  entirely  new  one,  not  only 
because  of  the  broad  survey  which  they  attempt  to  make,  but 
largely  also,  because  they  are  made  at  the  close  of  the  year, 
rather  than  at  its  beginning.      They  make  no  effort  to  compile 
directories  and  trade-lists  for  the  use  of  the  year  to  come,  but 
they  aim  to  glean  the  most  important  facts  and  movements  of 
each  closing  year,  and  to  bind  them  up  compactly  into  a  single 
sheaf.      In  a  country  so  large  and  an  industry  so  varied,  it  is 
impossible  to  gather  all  which  is  worthy  of  record  in  a  com- 
pendium of  horticultural  progress  ;   but   I  hope  that  there  is 
enough   in    the   following    pages   to   enable    the   sympathetic 
reader  to   arrive   at  some   measure  of  the   broader   activities 
of  the  year. 


4  hitroditdion. 

It  has  been  the  desire  to  place  in  each  volume  the  result  of 
some  unique  investigation  which  should  represent  the  status 
of  a  particular  branch  of  American  horticulture.  In  the  vol- 
ume for  1889,  the  Catalogue  of  American  Kitchen  Garden 
^'egetables  occupied  this  place,  and  constituted  the  kernel  of 
the  book.  It  was  expected  that  the  present  volume  should 
contain  a  complete  annotated  census  of  all  native  North  Amer- 
ican plants  and  their  horticultural  varieties,  which  have  been 
introduced  into  cultivation,  and  reference  is  made  to  it  upon 
page  35.  But  it  is  so  difficult  to  collect  data  upon  which  to 
elaborate  such  a  census,  and  the  botany  of  our  cultivated 
plants  is  so  little  understood,  that  it  was  thought  best  to  post- 
pone the  list ;  and  the  size  to  which  the  volume  has  grown  has 
also  justified  the  omission. 

L.   H.   BAILEY. 

Garden  Home,  Ithaca,  N.   Y. 


CONTENTS. 


PART  I — General  Annals. 

§  I.    Fruits,  Vegetables  and  General  Interests 7 

Apples 7 

Tasmanian  Apples 9 

Other  Orchard  Fruits 15 

Oranges 15 

Grapes 16 

Small  Fruits 16 

Cranberry  Crop    16 

Vegetables 17 

Melon  Crop 17 

Tomato  Pack 17 

California 17 

Washington 28 

Fruit  Culture  in  Mexico .."...... 32 

^  2.   Ornamentals ....••■  35 

The  Chrysanthemum 36 

The  Roses 41 

Foreign  Roses 44 

Orchids 56 

General  Foreign  Notes 58 

Japanese  Plants  Worthy  of  Introduction 62 

I  3.    Plant  Diseases  and  Insects 74 

Plant  Diseases 76 

Insects 87 


6  Annals  of  Hoi^ticulture. 

\  4.  National  and  Educational  Interests 112 

Legal  Control  of  New  Varieties 112 

Nomenclature 129 

Road  Agitation 131 

The  Census 133 

The  New  Tariff 133 

Educational  Matters 136 

American  Wild  Flower  Clifb 141 

Societies 147 

PART  II— Special  Annals. 

§     I.   Introductions  of  i8go. 153 

§     2.   Plant  Portraits  of  1890 185 

\    3.  Directory  of    the    National,   State,    Provincial    and 
other    most  important  horticultural  societies  in 

North  America 210 

§    4.   Directory  of  Horticulturists,  or  Those    in    Charge 
OF    Horticultural   Work    of    Experiment    Stations 

of   North   America 215 

\     5.   Botanic  Gardens  of  the  World   217 

§    6.  Title    Index    to    Experiment    Station    Horticulture 
in    North    America   for   1890  (Including    Publications 

of  the  Department  of  Agriculture). 224 

\    7.  Subject    Index  to  Experiment  Station    Horticulture 
in    North  America    for    1890  (Including    Publications 

of  the  Department  of  Agriculture) 232 

^     8.   Books  of   1890,  Exclusive  of  Reports  of  Horticultu- 
ral Organizations 243 

§    9.    Horticultural  Periodicals  of  the  World 246 

\  10.   Tools  and  Conveniences  of  the  Year 250 

§  II.   Necrology  of  1890 279 


?.?■ 


Part  I 


GENERAL  ANNALS. 


FP^UITS,   VEGETABLES  AND  GENERAL 
INTERESTS. 


The  year  1890  was  marked  in  general  by  poor  crops.  The 
orchard  interests  in  particular  suffered  greatly  in  nearly  all 
regions  east  of  the  Rocky  mountains.  Several  causes  com- 
bined to  produce  this  disaster.  The  distribution  of  rainfall 
was  abnormal.  In  most  of  the  eastern  states  the  precipitation 
was  largely  in  excess  of  normal  amounts,  especially  during  the 
blooming  season,  while  in  the  upper  Mississippi  and  Missouri 
valleys  rainfall  was  so  light  that  very  severe  droughts  followed. 
The  difficulties  were  aggravated  by  excessive  rainfall  in  the 
east  in  i88g  and  by  insulHcient  rainfall  in  the  Mississippi  val- 
ley. The  Pacific  coast  suffered  from  excessive  precipitation 
during  the  winter  of  1889-90,  but  the  summer  was  dry,  es- 
pecially in  the  northern  regions.  The  temperatures  of  the 
year  were  also  abnormal.  Throughout  the  region  east  of  the 
Rocky  mountains  the  winter  of  1889-90  was  remarkably  mild, 
especially  in  its  latter  part,  and  trees  bloomed  much  in  ad- 
vance of  their  usual  time.  Disastrous  frosts  followed  in  March 
and  later,  bringing  ruin  to  the  fruit  buds  in  all  the  middle  and 
southern  states,  and  to  many  districts  farther  north.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  winter  upon  the  Pacific  coast  was  unusually 
severe,  and  the  spring  was  also  below  the  average  in  tempera- 
ture. Fruits  in  the  east  which  escaped  the  disastrous  spring 
frosts  were  attacked  to  an  unusual  extent  by  fungous  troubles, 
which  were  no  doubt  augmented  by  the  peculiar  meteorologi- 
cal conditions. 

The  apple  crop  was  almost   a   complete  failure   east   of  the 

(7) 


-OPWTT  JJBRARV 


8  A7inals  of  Horticulture. 

Mississippi,  barring  partial  crops  in  Michigan  and  Wisconsin. 
As  this  loss  followed  a  partial  failure  in  1889,  it  has  proved  a 
serious  menace  to  apple  culture.  Missouri  gave  the  best  yield 
for  1890,  it  being  not  far  from  a  half  crop.  Wisconsin,  Michi- 
gan, Ontario  and  Nova  Sco^a  produced  probably  less  than  a 
fourth  crop,  while  New  England,  New  York  and  the  middle 
states  produced  almost  none.  Apples  have  been  brought  in 
from  the  west  to  supply  the  demands,  even  in  New  York  state. 
The  cause  of  the  apple  failure  is  not  determined,  although 
it  is  supposed  that  an  unusual  and  early  development  of  the 
apple-scab  fungus  was  largely  concerned  in  it,  at  least  in  New 
York.* 

The  extent  of  the  apple  crop  is  well  illustrated  by  the  ex- 
ports. The  exports  have  been  only  about  half  as  great  as 
last  year  and  one-fourth  as  great  as  in  1888-9.  The  following 
statement,  furnished  by  Otto  G.  Mayer  &  Co.,  New  York, 
shows  the  movements  of  apples  to  February  14th,  1891,  at 
which  time  the  exportations  had  practically  ceased  : 

Barrels  of  apples  exported  lo  Europe  for  week  ending  February  14,  i8gi. 


\  LIVERPOOL. 

LONDON. 

GLASGOW. 

VARIOUS. 

TOTAL. 

From  New  York 

Boston 

385 

60 

25 

470 

6  S60 

Portland 

This  week 

7.578 
11,061 

60 
12,317 

25 
415 

7,663 
23-793 

Same  week  last  year  .... 

This  season 

Last  season  to  date  .... 

197,422 
378,504 

57,357 
87,061 

68,040 

111,439 

2,043 
31,267 

324,862 
608,271 

Short 

iSi,o82 

29,704 

43,399 

29,224 

283,409 

The  apple  export  trade  began  in  1845,  when  five  barrels 
were  shipped  from  Boston  to  Glasgow  under  the  auspices  of  a 
Scotchman — Buchanan.  It  was  about  thirty  3^ears  later  that 
the  enterprise  began  to  attract  general  attention.  Very  heavy 
exportations  were  made  in  1885-6,  and  the  largest  trade  was 
reached  in  1888-9.  I^  ^^^^  latter  year  the  exports  were  1,407, 
419  barrels  from  America,  of  which  942,400  barrels  were  from 
the  United  States.  The  export  trade  gives  promise  of  afford- 
ing our  most  profitable  market  for  winter  fruit. 


♦Bailey  and  Dudley.  Bull.  xix.  Corne  1  Exp.  Sta. 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  General  Interests.  9 

The  apple  crop  in  Europe  was  short  in  1890.  In  England 
it  was  about  one-fourth  of  a  full  crop,  the  poorest  known  in 
many  years.  France  produced  an  average  crop,  while  Bel- 
gium had  a  half  crop  and  Holland  even  less.  Denmark  had 
scarcely  any  apples. 

Tasjnanian  apples  began  to  reach  London  the  last  of  April  or 
first  of  May,  and  prices  ranged  from  $10  to  $12  per  barrel. 
These  apples  reach  the  market  so  late  and  the  prices  are 
necessarily  so  high,  because  of  the  distance  over  which  they 
are  transported,  that  they  do  not  compete  seriously  with 
American  fruit.  But  some  of  this  fruit  found  a  market  in  San 
Francisco  in  1890,  and  it  will  undoubtedly  be  shipped  to 
America  in  large  quantities  in  the  future ;  and  there  are  so 
many  features  of  the  Tasmanian  apple  industry  which  are  in- 
teresting and  suggestive  to  our  growers,  that  I  have  invited 
John  L.  Conacher,  of  Tasmania,  to  prepare  the  following 
paper  for  this  occasion  : 

'^Although  the  apple  industry  of  Tasmania  may  be  consid- 
ered as  only  in  its  infancy,  I  venture  to  express  the  conviction 
that  within  the  next  few  years,  stimulated  by  the  profitable 
returns  from  the  almost  unlimited  inter-colonial,  European 
and  American  markets,  it  will  become  one  of  the  staple  indus- 
tries of  the  colony,  and  fully  realize  the  recent  prediction  of 
the  Fruit  Farm  Review  in  becoming  a  '  gigantic  concern. '  That 
the  orchardists  of  Tasmania  enjoy  to  a  pre-eminent  degree 
every  element  necessary  to  the  perfect  production  of  the  apple 
has  been  fully  and  practically  demonstrated  by  the  magnificent 
results  obtained  in  the  high  yield  per  acre,  combined  with  a 
quality  which  the  great  English  expert,  Sampson  Morgan,  de- 
scribed as  of  a  very  high  standard,  and  which  Dr.  Hogg,  the 
English  pomologist,  declares  (even  after  the  unavoidably  de- 
teriorating circumstances  consequent  upon  a  journey  of  four- 
teen thousand  miles)  as  equal  to  English  hot-house  fruit. 

''The  climate  and  soils  of  Tasmania  are  very  variable,  from 
the  damp  but  rich  forest  lands  of  the  west  to  the  dry  open 
plains  of  the  east  and  the  high  elevated  table-land  of  the  mid- 
lands. The  best  fruit  districts  are  the  valleys  of  the  rivers 
Huon  and  Derwent  in  the  south — the  former  being  considered 
the  'Kent  of  Tasmania;'  although,  owing  to  the  drier  climate 
of  the  Derwent  valley,  some  experts  consider  the  fruit  raised 

A.    H. 2 


lo  An?ials  of  Horticulture. 

in  it  better  adapted  for  long  transit.  The  soils  most  in  favor 
are  friable  surface  (loam  or  dark  sand)  and  clay  sub-soil,  or  de- 
composed rock  and  basaltic  or  tertiary  formation.  Great  care 
is  necessary  in  selecting  the  particular  site  of  the  orchard — 
shelter  from  winds  and  comparative  freedom  from  spring 
frosts,  combined  with  clay  sub-soil,  being  imperative  requi- 
sites, the  latter  to  afford  the  necessary  moisture  to  the  tree 
roots  during  our  dry  summers. 

''  Most  of  our  varieties  are  imported  from  England,  America 
and  France,  but  some  few  are  from  Tasmanian  seedlings. 
Some  time  ago  the  Fruit  Growers'  Association  of  this  colony 
offered  a  prize  for  a  paper  on  best  apple  trees  to  plant,  and 
after  careful  consideration  they  awarded  first  position  to  Dr. 
Benjafield's  essay,  who  thus  writes:  'To  find  out  what  fruit 
trees  are  best  to  plant,  we  must  first  know  what  markets  we 
have  to  supply  with  the  fruit  when  grown.  And  we  may 
speak  of  them  as  four  markets  :  (i)  The  home  market  in 
Hobart  and  Launceston  ;  (2)  New  Zealand,  with  its  seasons 
even  later  ;  (3)  the  Melbourne,  Sydney  and  other  colonial 
markets,  which  require  late  keeping  fruits  chiefly;  and  (4)  the 
London  market,  requiring  good  keeping  and  carrying  fruits, 
but  fruit  that  will  gather  early.  The  character  and  appear- 
ance of  fruit,  too,  must  be  taken  into  account.  Salesmen,  all 
the  world  over,  tell  us  they  must  have  large  fruit  and  well  col- 
ored. If  with  this  we  can  obtain  quality  as  well,  we  have 
then  reached  what  the  market  requires.  But  the  grower  must 
consider  the  character  of  the  tree  he  is  planting — is  it  a  strong 
grower?  will  it  bear  well?  is  it  a  good  bearer  every  year,  or 
only  alternate  years  ?  and  so  on.  I  shall  try  to  remember  all 
these  in  the  sorts  now  to  be  given,  best  six  dessert  and  three 
kitchen  apples,  and  proportion  of  each  in  the  1,000. 

DESSERT. 

Cox's  Orange  Pippin   400 

Sturmer  Pippin 140 

Adams'  Pearmain 100 

Ribston's,  or  King  of  Pippins 50 

New  York 50 

Emperor  Alexander 10 

COOKING. 

French  Crab 100 

Wellington's 100 

Prince  Bismarck 50 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  General  Interests.  ij 

''The  distance  at  which  trees  are  planted  is  an  ever  varia- 
ble one.  Orchards  situate  near  centers  uf  population  are 
planted  at  12  to  17  feet  apart,  but  in  the  more  rural  districts  a 
greater  width  is  given,  principally  to  allow  tillage  by  horse 
power,  in  which  case  root  crops  are  grown  between.  The 
style  of  tree  most  in  favor,  and  which  is  almost  universally 
adopted,  is  what  is  termed  the  dwarf,  with  short  stem  and 
twelve  to  fourteen  cordon  branches.  The  principal  advan- 
tages in  this  system  are  (r)  ease  of  pruning,  (2)  fruit  is  better 
protected  from  wind,  and  (3)  fruit  can  be  gathered  with  greater 
care. 

''When  trees  come  into  bearing,  and  how  long  they  bear 
profitably  are  difficult  questions  to  answer.  It  would  be 
almost  impossible  to  lay  down  any  hard  and  fast  rule  on 
either  of  these  points,  so  much  depends  upon  the  variety  of 
tree,  situation  and  soil  of  orchard.  Generally  speaking,  taking 
the  assortment  as  given  above,  the  average  yield  obtainable  per 
acre  in  fifth  year  after  planting  is  fifty  bushels,  and  about  100 
bushels  in  the  succeeding  (or  sixth)  year,  gradually  increasing  to 
tenth  3'ear,  from  which  latter  date  to  twenty-fifth  the  tree  may 
be  said  to  be  in  its  prime  or  best  bearing  period.  As  regards  the 
age  at  which  our  trees  cease  to  bear  profitably,  this  question 
cannot,  as  yet,  be  answered  from  experience.  In  twenty-five 
to  thirty  years  a  general  decline  is  noticeable,  gradually  de- 
creasing thereafter,  although  several  instances  have  come 
under  m}^  notice  where  trees  are  bearing  profitable  crops  in 
their  fiftieth  or  sixtieth  years. 

"  Fruit  gathering  begins  for  the  earlier  varieties  at  the  end  of 
February,  but  many  crops  are  not  ready  for  picking  till  end  of 
March  and  month  of  April.  The  careful  handling  of  fruit  is 
one  of  the  most  vital  essentials  to  the  realization  of  successful 
apple  farming.  Hitherto  growers  have  not  sufficiently  realized 
the  imperative  necessity  of  having  each  individual  apple  care- 
fully picked  and  placed  in  a  lined  basket  or  case  before  re- 
moval to  store  or  packing  room.  At  present  the  fruit  is  gath- 
ered and  placed  in  cases — in  some  instances  packed  in  orch- 
ard— conveyed  to  receiving  house,  and  there  packed  for  ship 
ment. 

"No  point  in  fruit  industry  has  received  more  attention 
than  that  of  exportation,  so  far  as  having  matters  publicly  dis- 
cussed in  the  press  and  at  various  meetings  of  the  growers  is 


12  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

concerned.  At  present  no  definite  rearrangement  of  the  past 
methods  has  been  agreed  upon.  Owing  to  the  many  risks  to 
which  the  fruit  is  subject  in  the  cool  chambers  of  the  ocean 
steamers  by  either  having  temperature  too  high  or  vice  versa, 
and  the  perishable  nature  of  the  apple,  the  various  shipping 
companies  insist  upon  freight  being  prepaid,  and  this,  in  many 
instances,  is  a  barrier  the  producer  has  found  it  difficult  to  sur- 
mount. Commercial  houses  of  standing  have  stepped  in,  and, 
under  guarantee  to  shipping  companies,  chartered  a  given 
proportion  of  cool  chambers  some  time  in  advance  of  the  fruit 
which  they  undertake  to  ship,  pay  freight  and  other  incidental 
initial  expenses,  transmit  the  various  consignments  to  any 
sales  agent  the  grower  may  prefer,  and  in  due  course  forward 
the  original  account  sale  with  proceeds,  less  shipping  charge 
and  initial  expenses  disbursed. 

''In  treating  of  average  yield  per  acre  and  profit  of  fruit- 
farming,  we  venture  on  the  solution  of  a  very  difficult  prob- 
lem. W  E.  Shoobridge,  of  Glenora,  who  may  be  considered 
as  the  leading  orchardist  of  Tasmania,  in  reply  to  our  query 
on  this  matter,  says  'average  yield  per  acre  depends  greatly 
on  situation,  care  and  cultivation,  good  orchards  yielding  an 
average  of  lOO  to  200  bushels,  and  in  some  instances  300  to 
400  bushels,  according  to  season. '  Dr.  Benjafield,  on  the  other 
hand,  in  reply,  gave  the  following  as  the  actual  result  of  an 
orchard  of  ten  acres  :  '4,600,  3,600,  3,600  bushels  for  tenth, 
eleventh  and  twelfth  years  respectively,  or  an  average  yield  of 
393.3  bushels  per  acre.  Outside  yields  of  600  to  1,000  bushels 
per  acre  have  been  obtained.'  When  considering  this  question 
and  tne  profit,  it  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  the  fruit  producer 
has,  like  his  brother,  the  agriculturist,  many  troubles  to  contend 
with.  In  the  first  place,  labor  is  expensive  and  scarce  at  time 
when  most  wanted,  in  addition  to  which  there  is  the  contin- 
gency of  excessive  spring  frosts,  high  winds  and  the  apple 
pests,  principally  the  codlin  moth  and  oyster  scale.  I  should 
also  hesitate  in  giving  any  definite  decision  in  matter  of  profit, 
as  this  can  only  be  done  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  by  taking 
the  average  of  older  established  industries  than  that  of  fruit 
culture  in  Tasmania. 

"In  treating  of  the  average  prices  realized  in  the  various 
markets,  we  may  class  our  home  and  inter-colonial  sales  under 
one  head.      In  this,  the  prices  ruling  for  season  just  ending 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  Gener'al  Interests.  13- 

have  been  most  unsatisfactory  to  the  sellers.  In  the  beginning 
of  the  3^ear,  a  second  line  of  steamers  was  inaugurated  between 
Hobart  and  Sydney,  reducing  freight  generally  50  per  cent,, 
but  owing  to  irregular  sailing  dates,  the  result  has,  as  was  an- 
ticipated by  many,  proved  disastrous  to  the  orchardist.  The 
fruit  was  placed  in  shipments  of  ten  to  thirty  thousand  bushels 
per  steamer,  with  sometimes  only  one  and  two  days  interval, 
on  the  New  South  Wales  markets,  the  results  being  as  afore- 
said. Fruit  merchants  and  others  were  unable  to  judge  when 
a  second  steamer  would  arrive  with  a  heavy  shipment,  there- 
by reducing  the  value  of  fruit  purchased  by  40  per  cent,  to 
75  per  cent.  Briefly,  the  average  net  return  to  the  pro- 
ducer for  last  five  years  for  sales  in  Tasmania  and  adjacent 
colonies  may  be  put  three  shillings  six  pence  to  four  shillings 
per  bushel  at  the  orchard.  During  the  past  season,  we  have 
opened  a  new  market  for  the  sale  of  our  apples  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, with  most  satisfactory  results  and  every  encouragement 
to  materially  increase  our  annual  consignment  thereto.  Prices 
ranged,  according  to  quality  and  packing,  from  two  to  four  dol- 
lars per  bushel,  with  an  average  of  about  $3. 

'*In  dealing  with  results  obtained  in  London,  I  shall  con- 
sider it  as  the  center  of  European  markets.  As  far  back  as 
1870  small  test  shipments  of  fruit  were  consigned  as  ordinary 
cargo,  the  result  being,  as  a  rule,  unsatisfactory.  Five  years 
ago  the  matter  was  inquired  into  and  arrangements  made  with 
the  shipping  companies  for  conveyance  of  fruit  in  the  cool  or 
refrigerated  chambers  of  the  ocean  steamers,  since  which  date 
our  shipments  annually  have  materially  increased.  For  the 
ensuing  season  arrangements  are  in  course  of  completion  for 
the  consignment  of  probably  about  one  hundred  thousand 
bushels  of  apples  to  be  placed  on  London  markets.  Com- 
plete returns  for  past  season's  sales. are  not  yet  to  hand — ac- 
count sales  for  last  two  shipments  being  still  wanting.  The 
average  realized  for  shipments  by  four  steamers  is 

Ribston  Pippins ig  i-.     \  d.  per  case  of  say  43  lbs. 

King  of  Pippins 1=^  s.  \o  d. 

New  York  Pippin 15  .r.     6^/.  " 

Cox's  Orange  Pippin 15  j-.     5  </.  "               " 

Sturmer  Pippins 14  .f.  11  </.  "              "            " 

''The  foregoing  averages  may  be  considered  as  conclusive  of 
the  qualit}'  of  Tasmanian  apples,  and  as  fully  bearing  out  the 


14  An7ials  of  Horticulture. 

opinions  expressed  b}^  the  English  pomological  experts  quoted 
in  my  opening  remarks.  I  may  also  add  that  our  last  ship- 
ment this  season  was  placed  on  the  market  at  the  same  time 
as  consignments  from  Nova  Scotia,  the  latter  averaging  accord- 
ing to  catalogue  returns  15  j.  to  17  j-.  6  <^.  per  three  bushel  bar- 
rel, whereas  Tasmanian  one  bushel  case  realized  about  15  j-. 
each  all  round.  Against  the  foregoing  high  averages  we  re- 
gret to  add  that  this  season's  experience  again  emphasizes  the 
risk  to  which  our  fruit  is  subject  in  the  cool  or  refrigerated 
chambers  during  transit. 

"To  maintain  the  high  averages  in  the  European  market  ob- 
tained in  past  two  3^ears,  experience  demands  that  only  primest 
quality  of  fruit  should  be  shipped.  Orchardists,  instead  of  al- 
lowing the  tree  to  prematurely  exhaust  its  resources,  and  spend 
its  energy  and  vitality  in  producing  the  necessary  greater  num- 
ber of  'pips'  consequent  upon  growing  large  and  small  ap- 
ples, must  give  greater  attention  to  growing  the  maximum 
number  of  saleable  apples  which  can  be  included  in  the 
'graded'  requirement  of  our  English  market.  B}^  this  means 
the  heavy  freight  expenses  are  reduced,  the  strength  of  the 
tree  is  conserved,  fruit  of  a  finer  quality  produced,  and  instead 
of  having  heavy  crops  every  alternate  year,  a  nearer  approach 
to  continuous  annual  3aeld  is  obtained.  Other  vital  elements 
are  the  picking  and  wrapping  of  each  individual  apple  in  good 
impervious  tissue  paper.  The  past  5^ear's  experience  has  con- 
clusively proved  that  finest  'wrapped'  realizes  shillings 
more  per  case  than  unwrapped.  Economically  it  pays  the 
fruit  producer  so  to  do.  A  given  quantity  of  apples  wrapped 
will  fill  eleven  per  cent,  more  cases  than  unwrapped,  the  sur- 
plus increase  defraying  extra  initial  expenses  incurred  in  labor 
and  paper. 

"Tasmania  maybe  considered  •  as  the  best  countr}^  in  the 
world  for  the  production  of  pears,  peaches,  apricots  and  small 
fruit.  The  pear  has  received  special  attention,  some  growers 
having  a  very  fine  collection  of  best  European  varieties.  The 
apricot  and  peach  are  now  being  largely  grown.  It  may  par- 
ticularly interest  many  of  my  readers  to  know  that  young 
peach  trees  have  been  shipped  from  here  this  3^ear  to  the  Del- 
aware Experiment  Station  for  experimental  purposes,  with 
the  view  of  growing  trees  from  this  new  stock  that  shall  resist 
the  fatal   '3^ellows.'      Plums  of    ever3^  description  are  exten- 


Fruits,    Vegetables  and  General  hiterests.  15 

sively  cultivated  and  produce  prolific  crops,  while  currants 
and  strawberries  far  surpass  their  namesakes  in  England,  both 
in  quality  and  fertility." 

Other  orchard  fruits  gave  very  poor  yields  throughout  the 
north.  Peaches  failed  more  completely  than  ever  before  per- 
haps. In  New  Jersey,  Delaware  and  southward  the  failure 
was  due  to  frosts  which  followed  warm  weather,  and  the  same 
was  true  of  the  peach  region  of  Michigan  and  Southern  Illi- 
nois. In  some  parts  of  the  country,  particularly  in  New  York, 
the  trees  set  fruit,  but  it  was  destroyed  by  severe  attacks  of 
curl  leaf  {Taphrina  deformans')  upon  the  leaves.  The  yellows 
is  making  rapid  headway  in  the  orchards  of  the  Chesapeake 
peninsula  and  is  lessening  the  peach  area.  Peaches  were 
probably  never  more  scarce  than  in  1890.  Pears  were  nearly 
everywhere  much  below  the  average  in  quantity  and  quality. 
The  pear  scab  and  cracking  of  the  fruit  were  prevalent  and 
serious.  The  Le  Conte  pear  yielded  well  in  some  parts  of 
Georgia,  however,  notwithstanding  the  March  freeze,  and  high 
prices  were  realized.  Plums  and  cherries  have  yielded  fair 
crops  in  some  localities.  Quinces  were  fair  to  poor.  The  nut 
crop,  mostly  derived  from  wild  trees,  was  also  small. 

Orchard  fruits  were  below  the  average  in  Europe  as  a  rule, 
and  the  plum  crop  in  England  was  one  of  the  smallest  for 
many  years.  The  French  prune  crop  is  reported  as  large. 
The  Smyrna  fig  crop  is  said  to  be  below  the  average. 

Oranges  were  a  fair  crop  in  Florida.  About  2,000,000  boxes 
were  secured,  against  2,150,000  in  1889.  The  March  freeze 
did  much  damage,  probably  lessening  the  crop  by  one-third, 
but  the  young  orchards  and  the  second  crop  of  flowers  held  up 
the  yield.  Prices  are  good.  The  export  trade  in  Florida 
oranges,  which  began  in  1886,  is  now  assuming  considerable 
importance.  The  yield  in  California  is  probably  the  best  ever 
secured.  Mexican  oranges  have  reached  American  markets  in 
some  quantity  this  year,  and  there  is  reason  to  expect  that  seri- 
ous competition  will  soon  arise  from  that  source.  Mr.  Tem- 
ple's account  of  fruit  possibilities  in  Mexico,  on  a  following 
page,  are  instructive  in  this  connection.  Bonavia ''  predicts 
that  the  citrus  fruits  of  India  will  lessen  the  demand  for  the 
Florida  product  in  foreign  markets.  ''Orange  growers  in 
India  and  Ceylon,  with  their  command  of  cheap  labor,  might, 

*Oranges  anil  Lemons  of  India  and  Ceylon,  xi  (1890). 


1 6  Annals  of  Horticidture. 

I  think,  advantageously  compete  in  the  London  markets  with 
the  growers  of  Florida  and  their  dear  labor.  An  English  or 
American  laborer  is  paid  5s.  3d.  per  day,  and  skilled  garden- 
ers get  higher  wages  ;  that  is,  about  ten  times  the  wages  of  an 
Indian  7naii.  ^  *  *  j^  should  be  remembered  that  a  suffi- 
ciently good  orange  grower,  if  he  has  the  right  soil,  requires 
ver}^  little  knowledge  be3^ond  that  necessary  for  raising  seed- 
lings, budding  them,  and  manuring  and  watering  the  trees  at 
the  proper  times,  all  which  he  might  learn  in  a  month.  If 
garden  labor  in  India  is  ten  times  cheaper  than  that  of  Florida, 
it  would  require  that  the  carriage  from  Florida  to  London 
should  be  ten  times  cheaper  than  that  from  Bombay  and 
Karachi  to  London,  to  enable  the  former  to  compete  on  equal 
terms  with  the  latter.  It  will  be  seen,  moreover,  that  in 
Florida,  frosts  are  occasionally  so  severe  as  to  turn  all  the 
orange  crop  into  ice-balls  and  ruin  it,  besides  killing  all  the 
young  stock  in  the  nurseries,  if  it  does  not  also  injure  the  adult 
trees.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  part  of  India  where  oranges  are 
grown  extensively,  which  is  subject  to  destructive  frost,  such 
as  that  which  is  said  to  have  occurred  in  Florida  in  1885-6." 

Grapes  were  a  heavy  crop  in  the  great  vineyard  regions  of 
New  York  and  Ohio,  but  were  below  the  average  in  New  Jer- 
sey and  Delaware.  The  fungous  diseases  were  very  prevalent 
throughout  and  in  most  regions  the  copper  salts  had  to  be  em- 
ployed to  save  the  crop.  The  raisin  and  grape  crops  of  Cali- 
fornia were  large,  and  there  was  a  sufficient  raisin  crop  in  Arizona 
to  attract  the  attention  of  fruit  growers.  The  foreign  raisin  crop, 
especially  in  the  far  east,  is  said  to  have  been  lessened  by  bad 
weather  and  by  the  depredations  of  phylloxera.  The  Smyrna 
raisin  crop  is  reported  as  one-fourth  short  of  last  year.  Mala- 
gas were  a  good  crop,  but  copper  salts  were  largely  used  upon 
them. 

Small  fruits  nearly  everywhere  gave  large  yields,  although 
there  was  some  complaint  from  various  fungous  diseases. 
The  returns  on  the  average  were  fair,  although  they  were  very 
low  from  the  crop  of  Southern  Illinois,  particularly  strawber- 
ries, owing  to  the  immense  crop  and  the  soft  condition  of  the 
fruit.  The  blackberry  and  raspberry  yield  in  New  Jersey  and 
Delaware  was  estimated  at  about  a  half  crop. 

The  Cranberry  crop  of  the  countr}^  for  1890  was  good,  stand- 
ing in  round  numbers,  about  as  follows  : 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  Ge7ieral  Interests.  17 

New  England 375,000  bushels 

New  Jersey 150,000 

Wisconsin 275,000        " 

Total 800, 000 

Prices  opened  higher  than  usual  and  the  market  continued 
to  improve  until  January  ist,  when  there  was  a  slight  reaction 
which  continued  for  about  six  weeks.  Since  then  there  has 
been  improvement.  The  prices  were  on  the  whole  steady, 
and  although  not  high  were  very  satisfactory.  Oregon  and 
Washington  are  beginning  to  attract  some  attention  as  cran- 
berry states. 

Vegetables  of  all  kinds  yielded  well.  The  year  was  a  profit- 
able one  for  the  truckers  about  Norfolk.  The  potato  crop  v^diS 
light  and  poor,  probably  no  more  than  half  an  average  crop. 
Rot  was  very  serious  in  many  regions.  The  statistician  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  reports  as  follows  upon  the  crop  : 
''The  potato  crop  suffered  from  unfavorable  weather  at  time 
of  planting  and  at  time  of  harvest.  This  was  especially  true 
in  New  England  and  the  Ohio  Valley  ;  condition  throughout 
the  season  was  low,  and  the  returns  of  yield  per  acre  were  in 
close  harmony  with  the  season's  record.  The  estimated  yield 
per  acre  is  onl}'  SlY^  bushels,  which,  with  two  exceptions,  is 
the  lowest  yield  ever  reported.  The  same  conditions  which 
injured  the  crop  during  the  early  growing  season  resulted  in 
making  the  area  smaller  than  was  originally  intended.  The 
actual  supply  for  consumption  per  head  of  population  of  this 
important  food  crop  is  smaller  than  in  any  recent  year."  The 
crop  in  Manitoba  was  large  enough  to  afford  some  for  impor- 
tation into  the  United  States.  The  crop  was  a  failure  in  Ire- 
land and  great  distress  has  resulted.  In  other  parts  of  Europe 
it  appears  to  have  been  fair  or  good. 

The  ?nelon  crop  of  the  South  is  yearly  becoming  more  im- 
portant, and  the  area  devoted  to  watermelons  in  Georgia  alone 
for  i8go  has  been  estimated  at  nearly  30,000  acres. 

The  to7?iato  pack  y^diS  somewhat  above  the  average  of  the  last 
three  years.  For  the  Union  it  was  3,166,177  cases,  as  com- 
pared with  2,976,765  cases  in  1889.  Maryland,  New  Jersey 
and  Delaware  gave  heavy  yields,  while  the  pack  in  other  states 
was  comparatively  light. 

California.      In  general,  the  fruit  crop  of  California  was  the 


1 8  A7i7ials  of  Horticulture. 

largest  ever  produced,  and  the  scarcity  of  fruit  in  the  east 
caused  prices  to  run  high.  The  last  year  has  witnessed  a 
widespread  interest  in  California  fruit  throughout  the  country. 
The  present  condition  and  prospects  of  California  horticulture 
are  discussed  for  this  occasion  by  Charles  Howard  Shinn,  In- 
spector of  the  California  Experiment  Stations  :  '^  The  growth 
of  the  horticultural  industries  of  the  State  of  California  has  at- 
tracted much  attention,  but  chiefly  in  a  fragmentar}^  and  un- 
finished way.  The  field  is  so  large  that  this  is  perhaps  impos- 
sible to  avoid  at  present.  Statistical  science  is  not  well  main- 
tained by  the  government  of  California,  and  horticulture  has 
been  especially  neglected  in  this  regard.  Some  counties  make 
admirable  reports  of  the  orchards  and  of  similar  industries  ; 
others  furnish  little  or  nothing  that  can  be  depended  upon. 
The  nurserymen  give  no  statistics  worth  the  name,  and  the 
growers  of  ornamental  plants,  cut-flowers  and  vegetables  are 
not  much  better.  Briefl}^,  then,  one  must  depend  upon  per- 
sonal observation  for  a  general  review  of  the  progress  of  Cali- 
fornia horticulture  from  year  to  year  and  decade  to  decade. 

''A  few  of  the  larger  statistics  that  may  be  accepted  as  ac- 
curate are  as  follows  :  The  area  of  wine  and  raisin  grape 
lands  is  225,000  acres  ;  the  wine  product  of  1890  was  18,200,- 
000  gallons  of  wine,  and  9,000,000  lbs.  of  dried  wine  grapes. 
The  raisin  crop  was  40,000,000  pounds  :  the  prune  crop  was 
15,000,000  pounds.  The  amount  of  green  fruit  shipped  out 
of  the  state  was  105,000,000  pounds,  or  about  twenty  times 
the  shipments  of  1880.  The  shipments  of  dried  fruits,  other 
than  prunes,  was  66,318,000  pounds,  or  about  one  hundred  and 
twenty  times  the  shipments  of  ten  years  ago.  The  orange 
shipments  now  beginning  to  be  sent  away  will  be  about  4,000 
car  loads.  The  value  of  the  cereal,  hay  and  root  crops  for 
1890  was  about  $75,000,000.  The  population  of  the  state  has 
only  increased  fifty  per  cent,  since  1880,  and  is  now  about 
1,250,000,  but  new  industries  have  been  created,  and  the  old 
ones  have  been  developed  with  a  rapidity  that  is  one  of  the 
surprises  of  American  agriculture.  The  total  value  of  all  the 
products  of  the  state  in  1890  was  more  than  $303,000,000. 

''The  fruit  crop  of  California  for  1890  shows,  in  the  various 
counties  of  the  state,  an  increase  of  from  twenty  to  one  hun- 
dred per  cent,  over  the  crop  of  1889.  At  the  beginning  of 
the  season  a  short  crop  was  expected  by  the  fruit  growers, 


Fniits,    Vegetables  and  General  Interests,  19 

owing  to  the  late  frosts  in  some  districts,  and  rains  during  the 
blossoming  time.  The  leadmg  canners  became  convinced  that 
this  was  a  mistake,  and  so  the}'  contracted  in  many  cases  to  de- 
liver enormous  quantities  of  fruit  at  a  low  price.  When  the 
situation  was  understood — a  failure  of  the  eastern  peach  crop, 
and  a  great  demand  for  all  kinds  of  California  fruit — the  can- 
ners hastened  to  secure  contracts  with  the  growers  before  prices 
went  up.  They  failed  in  most  cases,  and  the  unprecedented 
profits  made  in  1890  in  California  fruit  were  made  by  the  spec- 
ulators who  bought  '  long  '  on  canned  goods,  and  by  the  actual 
growers  of  the  fruits.  One  result  of  this  state  of  affairs  will 
probably  be  a  'close  combination'  of  all  the  California  can- 
neries. 

''The  profits  of  fruit  growers  have  been  in  many  cases  so 
great  as  to  pa}'  for  the  land  three  times  over.  The  local  news- 
papers of  the  state  are  crowded  with  well  authenticated  illus- 
trations of  the  possibilities  of  California  fruit  growing.  I  will 
give  a  few  of  these  which  I  have  myself  investigated  and  can 
vouch  for  as  in  every  respect  reliable  : 

*'The  Oak  Shade  Fruit  Company,  of  Davisville,  shipped 
seventy-five  car  loads  of  Bartlett  pears  to  eastern  markets, 
and  their  entire  fruit  crop  was  150  cars.  This  includes  almonds, 
raisins,  prunes,  etc.  The  profit  from  these  was  a  total  of 
$30,000  from  360  acres,  or  eight  per  cent,  on  an  investment 
reckoned  at  $1,000  per  acre.  Ernest  Dewey,  of  Pomona,  re- 
ports as  follows  :  '  Golden  cling  peaches,  10  acres,  seven  years 
old,  produced  forty-seven  tons  green,  sold  dried  for  $4,800; 
cost  of  production,  $243.70  ;  net  profit,  $4,556.30.  Soil,  sandy 
loam,  not  irrigated.'  E.  P.  Naylor,  of  Los  Angeles,  says: 
'  Fifteen  acres  of  six  year  old  prunes  produced  149  tons  ;  sold 
for  $7,450  ;  cost  of  production,  $527  ;  net  profit,  $6,923.  Soil, 
loam  with  some  sand,  irrigated  one  inch  per  ten  acres.'  The 
dried  prunes  from  ninety-seven  trees  on  W.  A.  Gibson's  place 
near  Calistoga,  sold  for  v^537.  The  number  of  trees  above 
mentioned  is  a  little  less  than  prune-growers  set  on  an  acre  of 
ground.  W.  M.  Baker,  manager  of  the  Colfax  Mountain  Fruit 
Company,  says  that  he  has  peach  trees  two  years  old  on  his 
place  at  Landor,  Nevada  County,  many  of  which  yielded  $1 
per  tree  and  some  $5  per  tree.  A  Woodland  grower  says  : 
*  I  would  rather  cultivate  prunes  than  anything  that  grows.  In 
1889  I   dried   15,000  pounds  of  prunes,  my  own  and  wdiat  I 


20  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

bought  on  the  tree.  I  got  6,300  pounds  of  the  dried  article 
which  I  sold  for  six  cents.  My  four  year  old  prune  trees 
yielded  me  from  200  to  250  pounds  to  the  tree  of  large  and 
beautiful  fruit.  Counting  seventy-five  trees  to  the  acre,  this 
average  would  net  about  83^  tons  to  the  acre,  worth  about 
^350. '  James  McPherson,  of  Oroville,  cleared  $100  per  acre  on 
his  Bartlett  pear  orchard  in  its  first  year  of  bearing.  A  four 
year  old  peach  orchard  in  the  same  district  yielded  $150  per 
acre  above  expenses.  The  Paige  &  Morton  fruit  farm  in  Tul- 
are County  reports  as  follows  :  '  In  this  orchard  there  are  in 
bearing,  the  trees  being  four  to  five  years  old,  25  acres  of  apri- 
cots, 119  acres  of  peaches,  nearly  ig  acres  of  pears  and  7}^ 
acres  of  prunes.  The  fruit  from  these  trees  aggregated,  weigh- 
ed green  as  it  came  from  the  orchard,  3,047,754  pounds.  Sixty 
car  loads  were  sold  green  to  California  canneries,  or  shipped 
to  New  York,  Chicago,  Minneapolis  or  Boston.  Ninety  car 
loads  of  green  fruit  were  dried,  making  fifteen  cars  of  dried 
fruit,  averaging  20, 000  pounds  to  the  car.  The  apricots  paid  this 
year  per  acre,  net,  $211.70;  nectarines,  $276 ;  peaches,  $350; 
prunes,  $600;  pears,  $427.  The  total  receipts  from  the  or- 
chard, exclusive  of  vineyard,  were  nearly  $90,000.' 

''  One  could  easily  obtain  higher  figures  than  any  of  these. 
One  prune  grower  cleared  $650  per  acre  on  his  orchard.  But 
it  does  not  seem  wise  to  use  many  such  illustrations.  The 
'  general  average '  is  better.  In  Riverside,  for  instance, 
where  about  543,000  orange  trees  are  planted,  the  average 
annual  yield  is  $400  per  acre.  The  average  profits  in  all  the 
old  and  established  deciduous  fruit  districts  are  so  great  as  to 
lead  to  the  conclusion  that  one  acre  of  good  land  in  fruit  paid 
in  1890  about  as  well  as  26  acres  in  wheat.  Ten  acres  in 
peaches  or  apricots,  pears,  plums,  prunes,  or  any  other  decidu- 
ous fruits  are  therefore  more  valuable  than  250  acres  in  grain. 

''  The  census  returns  show  that  all  the  counties  of  California 
that  have  urged  forward  horticultural  developments  have 
greatly  grown  in  population  and  wealth,  while  those  that  con- 
tinue to  depend  upon  sheep-raising  and  wheat-farming  have 
remained  at  a  standstill  for  a  decade  and  more. 

*'  '  Irrigation  and  sub-division  '  is  now  the  motto  of  the 
progressive  Californian.  During  the  last  year  a  very  large 
number  of  new  irrigation  districts  have  been  established,  and 
many  old  ones  have  been  enlarged.      Not  less  than  250,000 


Fruits,    Vegetables  and  General  Interests.  21 

acres  will  be  brought  under  water  before  the  close  of  i8gi  ; 
possibly  nearly  a  million  acres  may  be  reclaimed  in  this  man- 
ner before  1892.  Only  about  2,500,000  acres  of  land  are  cul- 
tivated in  the  whole  state,  while  33,000,000  acres  are  arable, 
and  20,000,000  acres  of  wild  mountain  territory  are  covered 
with  forests.  The  vast  increase  in  the  number  of  irrigation 
schemes  has  led  to  much  activity  in  the  way  of  new  colonies. 
Every  possible  method  of  organizing  and  establishing  colonies 
is  illustrated  in  California.  All  sorts  of  co-operation  are  being 
tested.  There  are  colonies  where  the  entire  planting  is  car- 
ried on  by  a  board  of  directors  elected  by  the  colonists ; 
there  are  others  where  each  man  pays  a  given  sum  monthly, 
and  at  the  end  of  a  fixed  term  receives  his  land  in  a  high 
state  of  cultivation.  A  book  is  yet  to  be  written  upon  the  de- 
tails of  colony  management,  and  the  general  conditions  of  life 
in  these  colonies,  which  are  for  varied  purposes — wine  making, 
raisin  growing,  olive  culture,  the  orange  industry,  and  dozens  of 
other  enterprises.  Women  are  combining  to  grow  flowers  for 
San  Francisco  markets,  and  vegetables  to  ship  east.  Every 
month  in  the  year  a  number  of  new  colony  schemes  are  offered 
to  purchasers,  and  the  greater  number  of  them  promise  to  be 
successful. 

"As  I  have  already  said,  the  statistics  of  tree-planting  are 
deficient.  Some  counties,  however,  have  made  admirable  re- 
ports. Such  famous  districts  as  Napa,  Sonoma,  Santa  Clara, 
Solano  and  Alameda — districts  that  will  probably  always  lead 
the  rest  of  the  state  in  deciduous  fruits,  and  in  table  wines — 
are  districts  that  make  but  poor  and  badly  classified  statistical 
reports.  A  very  satisfactor}^  statement  from  Los  Angeles 
county  may  serve  to  illustrate  the  extent  of  the  present  grow- 
ing industries  in  the  state.  Fully  twenty  out  of  the  fifty  coun- 
ties of  California  make  great  showings  in  these  fields. 

LOS  ANGELES  HORTICULTURAL  STATISTICS. 
Orange  Trees. 

Seedlings,  10  years  and  over   259,038 

Seedlings,  under  10  and  over  5  years 24,378 

Seedlings,  5  years  and  under 20,261 

Budded,  10  years  and  over 68,611 

Budded,  under  10  and  over  5  years 123,689 

Budded,  5  years  and  under 491.115 

Seedlings  in  nursery .' 1,642,315 

Budded,  in  nursery 788,409 

Ir^seed  bed 4,446,600 


22  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Lemon  Trees. 

In  bearing 37, 106 

Not  in  bearing 29,524 

Olive  Trees. 

Number  of  olive  trees 170,654 

In  nursery 336, 594 

Deciduous  Trees. 

Number  of  acres  of  deciduous  trees 12,629 

Number  deciduous  trees  in  nursery 287,075 

Walnut  trees   no, 626 

Walnut  trees  in  nursery 12,900 

Totals. 

Orchard  trees,  citrus 1,336,002 

Orchard  trees,  deciduous 1,515,480 

Nursery  trees,  citrus  and  deciduous 3,067,293 

In  seed  bed,  citrus 4,446,600 


Total   10,365,375 


''In  this  connection  I  may  add  that,  since  the  above  report 
was  made,  a  San  Fernando  firm  has  arranged  to  plant  out 
30,000  wahiut  trees.  Ventura  and  Santa  Barbara  are  also  be- 
coming great  walnut  districts. 

''Butte  is  one  of  the  most  prosperous  of  the  Sacramento 
Valley  counties.  The  assessor's  report  of  that  county  gives 
394,867  fruit  trees  planted  in  orchards.  But  the  Oroville  or- 
chardists  claim  that  a  private  census  made  by  a  committee 
gives  them  over  500,000  trees.  At  Chico,  Gen.  Bidwell  has 
about  100,000  trees,  and  the  rest  of  the  county  would  carry 
the  total  to  nearly  a  million.  About  60,000  olive  trees  and 
100,000  oranges  are  planted  chiefly  in  colonies.  If  complete 
statistics  were  secured  from  Butte,  the  district  would  rank  as 
one  of  the  first  in  the  state.  A  great  deal  of  land  has  been 
bought  there  for  planting  this  season  or  next. 

"The  State  Horticultural  Commission  has  compiled  much 
valuable  statistical  material,  and  its  report  on  the  Fresno  dis- 
trict may  serve  to  show  the  nature  of  the  development  going 
on  in  the  San  Joaquin  counties.  I  quote  from  the  Expositor' s 
editorial  : 

"'There  are  1,600  vineyardists  in  this  county,  the  total 
acreage  of  grapes  is  49,068,  the  acreage  in  bearing  is  22,280, 
and  the  acreage  in  wine-grapes  5,908.      The  increase  in  the 


Fruits^   Vegetables  and  General  Interests.  23 

acreage  during  the  season  of  1889-90  has  been  particularly 
heavy,  the  planting  to  vines  of  tracts  of  from  250  to  1,000  acres 
being  quite  a  frequent  occurence.' 

f  What  is  especially  interesting  to  the  home-seeker  in  con- 
nection with  this  information  is  the  fact  that  every  one  of 
these  vineyardists  is  prosperous.  No  other  horticultural  in- 
dustry is  so  profitable  as  the  culture  of  the  raisin  grape  ;  in  no 
other  is  the  work  so  pleasant ;  and  no  other  yields  a  return  so 
quickly. 

'<An  acre  of  Muscat  vines  in  full  bearing  will  yield  from  two 
to  three  tons  of  grapes,  on  good  heavy  soil;  at  5)^  cents  a 
pound  in  the  sweatbox,  this  means  from  $225  to  $325  per  acre, 
gross.  Numerous  instances  are  known,  however,  where  the 
yield  of  an  acre  of  Muscats  amounted  to  as  much  as  $450,  this 
being  the  result  of  careful  cultivation  and  favorable  circum- 
stances. Some  grapes  are  borne  on  the  vines  when  they  are 
one-year  old,  while  two-year  olds  have  been  known  to  bear  a 
crop.  At  three  years  the  vines  pay  the  expenses  and  interest 
on  the  money  invested,  and  at  four  years  from  planting  they 
bring  the  first  large  paying  crop. 

''An  acre  of  wine  grapes  will  yield  from  seven  to  nine 
tons.  These  may  be  sold  either  wet  or  dried.  The  former 
will  sell  at  about  $12  a  ton,  or  from  $85  to  $100  for  the  yield 
of  an  acre.  Dried,  the  yield  will  shrink  to  from  one  and  a-half 
to  two  tons,  which  will  bring  $60  a  ton.  These  figures  are  for 
land  that  is  of  fair  quality  and  which  has  received  intelligent 
cultivation.  Some  vineyards  yield  less  and  others  more,  so  the 
figures  given  are  a  fair  average. 

"■  Multiplying  the  3^ield  of  an  acre  of  grapes  by  the  total  num- 
ber of  acres  in  bearing,  the  value  of  its  vineyards  to  Fresno 
county  at  once  becomes  apparent.  There  is  a  difficulty,  how- 
ever, in  striking  an  average  for  an  acre  of  grapes  for  the  pur- 
pose of  making  this  calculation,  for  the  bearing  vines  are  of  all 
ages  and  the  difference  in  soil  and  methods  of  cultivation  also 
cut  an  important  figure.  Of  the  28,000  acres  in  bearing,  the 
vines  on  about  20,000  must  have  attained  their  full  growth  by 
this  time.  A  very  moderate  estimate  of  the  amount  of  money 
to  be  gained  from  an  acre  of  grapes  is  $200.  This  would  bring 
the  total  for  the  20,000  acres  to  $4,000,000. 

''  In  about  four  years  more  the  total  acreage  now  in  grapes, 
49,086,  will  be  in  full  bearing;   multiplying  this  by  $200,  the 


24  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

value  of  an  acre,  the  immense  total  of  $9,817,200  is  reached 
for  the  entire  grape  crop  of  1894  off  the  vines  now  planted. 

''Of  the  5,600,000  acres  cf  land  comprising  this  county 
(Fresno)  at  least  a  fourth  may  be  classed  as  agricultural  land. 
Owing  to  the  absence  of  water  in  sufficient  quantities,  however, 
only  one-third  of  this  amount,  or  about  400,000  acres,  is  suit- 
able for  the  culture  of  the  grape.  But  these  400,000  are  here 
awaiting  the  coming  of  the  enterprising  capitalist  and  the  in- 
dustrious home  seeker. 

"The  California  horticulturist  finds  it  hard  to  procure 
laborers.  The  case  was  well  stated  by  Mr.  W.  H.  Mills,  in 
his  State  Fair  address.  He  says :  'The  vineyard  owned  by 
Senator  Stanford  is  the  largest  in  the  world.  It  covers  3,900 
acres  of  bearing  vines.  It  is  operated  under  a  single  control, 
and  is  the  largest  operation  of  its  kind  known.  The  statisti- 
cal facts  relating  to  it  would  be  the  equivalent  of  statistical 
facts  relating  to  thirty-nine  vineyards  of  100  acres  each,  and 
the  facts  are  as  follows  :  Exclusive  of  any  labor  employed  in 
planting  or  grafting  old  vines,  the  operations  of  the  vineyard 
require  the  labor  of  135  men  for  six  months  ;  that  is  the 
maximum  requirement  of  the  period  of  cultivation  ;  then 
comes  the  vintage.  This  requires  the  steady  employment  of 
500  men  every  part  of  two  months,  but  for  three  weeks  of 
that  period  the  demand  will  be  for  700  men.  For  steady 
annual  employment,  but  70  men  are  required.  Here  we 
have  a  minimum  of  annual  employment  equal  to  70  men, 
for  the  period  of  cultivation  135  men,  and  a  maximum  during 
the  vintage  of  700  men.  The  maximum  is  ten  times  the 
minimum  in  this  case.  There  are  about  200,000  acres  of 
bearing  vineyard  in  this  state.  Carrying  the  proportions  de- 
rived from  an  exhibit  of  the  great  vineyard  into  the  entire 
vineyards  of  the  state,  and  the  200,000  acres  of  vineyard  in 
this  state  would  give  us  annual  employment  for  3,500  men. 
It  will  at  once  be  seen  that,  if  grape- growing  was  the  sole  in- 
dustry of  the  state,  the  3,500  men  who  would  find  in  it  steady 
employment  would  be  the  only  available  labor  for  the  vintage, 
and  they  would  be  grossly  inadequate.  As  has  already  been 
shown,  the  vintage  requires  ten  times  as  many  men  as  the  in- 
dustry affords  annual  employment.  It  would  be  impossible  to 
have  the  labor  of  nine  men  available  for  a  few  months  in  the 
vintage  season  for  one  man  who  might  find  steady  employ- 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  Ge?ieral  hiterests,  25 

ment.  The  value  of  a  diversified  industry  comes  into  view, 
and  with  the  accession  of  population,  industries  become  more 
diversified.' 

"In  the  leading  fruit  districts  whole  families  'camp  out' 
and  gather  fruit  by  contract.  Japanese  laborers  are  increasing 
in  numbers.  Hundreds  of  girls  and  women  are  employed  in 
the  canneries.  At  Fresno  they  are  paid  $1.75  a  day.  It  is 
certain,  however,  that  there  will  be  a  scarcity  of  labor  in  a 
few  years  more  unless  an  unexpected  increase  in  immigration 
takes  place.  The  lack  of  labor  is  the  only  doubtful  feature 
about  the  future  of  fruit  growing.  Many  of  the  fruit  growers, 
it  may  be  said,  emplo}-  Chinese,  and  wish  that  they  could  ob- 
tain more. 

<'One  of  the  coming  industries  of  the  state  is  the  growing 
of  winter  vegetables  for  the  eastern  markets.  The  bean  crop 
of  1890  was  1,000,000  centals,  but  many  farmers  think  that 
the  crop  of  winter  cabbages,  onions,  potatoes,  peas  and  simi- 
lar products  will  be  more  important  in  a  few  years  than  even 
the  Lima  bean  fields  of  Ventura. 

**A  letter  to  the  Salinas  Index  says  :  'The  enormous  quan- 
tity of  potatoes  per  acre  raised  on  the  Buena  Vista  Ranch 
this  year  is  almost  incredible.  Several  of  the  parties  who 
bought  land  there  a  little  over  a  year  ago,  paying  $100  per 
acre,  have  raised  this  year  upon  the  same  upward  of  200  sacks 
per  acre,  and  some  as  high  as  300  sacks,  and  have  sold  them 
on  the  ground  at  $1  to  $1.25  per  sack.'  The  winter  fairs  for 
citrus  fruits  which  have  been  held  in  Los  Angeles,  Riverside, 
Pasadena,  Oroville,  Marysville,  Sacramento  and  other  cities  of 
northern  and  southern  California  are  not  less  notable  for  their 
winter  vegetables  and  small  fruits  than  for  their  oranges. 
Beans,  peas,  red  peppers,  melons,  tomatoes  are  exhibited  at 
these  fairs  as  gathered  from  the  open  ground  in  January. 

"A  letter  from  Los  Angeles  in  reference  to  winter  cabbages 
says  :  'A  good  time  to  sow  the  seed  is  the  latter  part  of  Sep- 
tember or  the  first  part  of  October.  A  person  should  be  gov- 
erned by  the  time  the  land  will  be  in  condition  to  set  the 
plants,  as  regarding  the  time  of  planting  the  seed.  The 
plants  should  be  from  four  to  six  inches  high  when  trans- 
planted, and  allowed  to  grow  from  five  to  seven  weeks  from 
the  seed.      To  get  the  very  best  results  in  raising  plants,  the 

A.    H.— 3 


26  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

seed  should  be  put  in  with  a  seed  drill  in  rows  from  eight  to 
ten  inches  apart  and  not  too  thick.  This  year  the  cabbages 
were  cut  so  as  to  leave  three  or  four  of  the  bottom  leaves  to 
keep  the  heads  from  bruising  in  the  car,  the  cabbage  being  in 
much  better  condition  at  destination  than  to  have  the  head 
stripped  bare  as  formerly.  The  yield  per  acre  in  this  part  of 
the  country  is  from  five  to  ten  tons.  The  average  price  per 
ton  for  the  last  four  years  has  been  from  $13  to  $14.  The 
best  land  to  grow  this  vegetable  is  heavy  corn  soil. 

' '  '  The  principal  points  to  which  cabbages  have  been  shipped 
the  past  season  from  this  part  of  the  country  are  Denver, 
Ogden.  Kansas  City,  and  different  points  in  Minnesota,  Mon- 
tana, Oregon,  Washington  and  Texas.  Denver  has  been  by 
far  the  largest  distributing  point.  Texas  has  also  been  a  good 
customer.  The  freight  on  cabbages  in  car-load  lots  has  been 
go  cents  per  hundred  pounds  to  Denver  and  Salt  Lake  City, 
80  cents  to  Portland  and  ^i  to  Chicago,  St.  Louis,  Kansas 
City  and  St.  Paul,  and  all  points  in  Texas.  The  demand  for 
cabbages  can  be  pretty  accurately  figured  in  November  by 
those  who  are  posted  in  regard  to  the  condition  of  the  cab- 
bage crop  and  the  amount  raised  in  the  eastern  states.  The 
principal  point  that  California  has  to  compete  with  in  raising 
fresh  winter  cabbages  is  Florida.  Some  years  January  and 
February  shipments  bring  the  best  price,  while  other  years 
April  and  May  take  the  lead.' 

''The  horticultural  meetings  of  1890  showed  increased 
attendance,  a  very  gratifying  degree  of  success  in  fighting  in- 
sect pests,  and  a  general  advance  in  all  that  pertains  to  the 
various  departments  of  the  industry.  The  State  Board  of 
Horticulture  was  created  by  an  act  of  1883,  and  consists  of 
nine  members,  appointed  by  the  Governor.  It  appoints  a 
salaried  secretary,  upon  whom  a  great  deal  of  work  necessa- 
rily falls,  an  inspector  of  insect  pests,  clerks,  etc.  The  total 
appropriation  that  it  has  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June 
30th,  i8gi,  is  ^12,500.  Twenty-one  counties  have  boards  of 
'county  horticultural  commissioners,'  each  with  a  salaried 
secretary,  and  these  boards  meet  in  a  yearly  convention.  B. 
M.  LeLong,  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Board,  reports  that 
1,128  volumes  of  horticultural  books  are  in  the  library.  The 
reports  of  the  Board  are  considered  very  valuable  abroad  and 
at  home.      They  are  large  and  expensively  illustrated  volumes, 


Fruits^   Vegetables  and  General  Interests^  27 

well  edited  and  full  of  practical  information  upon  the  olive, 
orange,  lemon,  prune,  fig,  cherry  and  other  fruits,  besides 
horticultural  machinery,  California  patents,  and  all  the  sub- 
jects that  belong  to  the  industry.  The  ten  thousand  copies 
printed  of  each  report  are  almost  immediately  exhausted. 
Last  year  many  schools  wanted  a  copy  for  each  pupil,  but 
only  one  copy  could  be  sent  to  each  district. 

'*The  University  has  charge  of  five  experiment  stations. 
Three  of  them  are  well  established,  one  at  Jackson,  Amador 
County,  for  the  Sierra  foothill  region,  one  at  Folsom,  for  the 
alkali  soils  of  the  San  Joaquin,  and  one  at  Paso  Robles  for  the 
Coast  Range.  The  central  or  home  station  at  Berkeley 
hardly  represents  any  typical  climate.  A  new  and  very  im- 
portant station  has  now  been  commenced  in  the  Chino  Valley, 
about  midway  between  Chino  and  Pomona,  and  this  is  to  be 
chiefly  a  citrus  and  semi-tropic  station.  The  Chino  Valley 
lies  mostly  in  San  Bernardino  county,  and  represents  a  happy 
medium  between  the  coast  and  the  interior  climate.  It  is  not 
as  famous  for  oranges  as  the  superb  citrus  colonies  of  River- 
side and  Redlands,  farther  inland,  but  it  offers  many  advan- 
tages for  experiment,  and  the  planting  of  orchards  and  laying 
out  of  gardens  has  already  commenced  there. 

''The  work  that  the  California  experiment  stations  have  to 
do  is  extremely  varied.  Not  only  fruits,  but  a  great  list  of 
economic  and  medicinal  plants  are  tested,  soils  are  constantly 
analyzed,  and  the  horticultural  resources  of  the  state  are 
mapped  out  in  the  rough  by  thousands  of  observations  and  in- 
vestigations, which  must  continue  for  many  years  before  their 
full  value  is  understood.  A  recent  bulletin  of  Professor  E. 
W.  Hilgard  illustrates  the  extent  of  the  field.  It  was  a  study 
of  '  the  amounts  removed  from  the  soil  by  some  of  the  chief 
fruit  crops,  of  nitrogen,  potash,  phosphoric  acid  and  lime, 
these  being,  according  to  all  experience,  the  only  ones  of 
which  the  replacement  need  ordinarily  be  considered  in  ferti- 
lization.' These  amounts,  the  report  says,  are  expressed  both 
with  reference  to  1,000  pounds  of  fresh  fruit  and  to  what,  ac- 
cording to  our  best  information,  maybe  assumed  to  be  a  'fair 
crop  '  per  acre.  The  latter  figure  is,  of  course,  liable  to  great 
variations  and  differences  of  opinion  ;  but  by  the  aid  of  a  little 
arithmetic  each  one  can  calculate  for  himself  the  data  suitable 
to  his  own  case  or  views.      The  crop  assumed  in  the  case  of 


28  -  A7i7ials  of  Horticulture. 

oranges  is  325  boxes  per  acre  of  fifteen-year-old  trees  ;  that  of 
grapes  is  intended  to  represent  a  mean  between  upland  and 
lowlands. 

QUANTITIES    OF    SOIL     INGREDIENTS    WITHDRAWN    BY    VARIOUS    FRUIT    CROPS. 

Total  ash.     Potash.  Phos.  acid.    Nitrogen, 

lbs.               lbs.  lbs.  lbs. 

Grapes,  1,000  lbs 8.8              5.0  1.52  1.70 

Crop  of  10,000  lbs.  per  acre 50.0  1520  17.00 

Oranges,  seedless,  per  1,000  lbs 6.07            2.78  .67  2.69 

Crop  of  20,000  lbs.  per  acre 55-6o  13.40  53-8o 

Pears,  1,000  lbs 3.3               1.8  .5  .6 

Crop  of  20,000  Ids.  per  acre 36.  10.  12. 

Plums,  1,000  lbs 2.9               1.72  44.  4.2 

Crop  of  30,000  lbs.  per  acre 51.60  13.20  167.7 

Apples,  1,000  lbs 2.2                 .80  .03  .6 

Crop  of  20,000  lbs.  per  acre 16.00  6.00  12.0 

''The  drift  of  all  experiments  shows  that  lime  and  potash 
are  usually  abundant  in  California  soils  but  that  nitrogen  and 
phosphoric  acid  are  scarce.  When  the  report  alluded  to  was 
published,  it  aroused  immediate  discussion  in  newspapers, 
granges  and  horticultural  meetings  over  the  state.  The  need 
of  the  application  of  fertilizers  was  universally  acknowledged. 
The  University  reports  have  gradually  educated  the  public, 
and  the  'scientific  farmer  '  is  not  so  rare  a  creature  as  he  was 
a  decade  ago." 

Washington.  Attention  has  been  directed  of  late  to  the 
remarkable  horticultural  resources  of  some  parts  of  Oregon 
and  Washington.  It  appears  that  the  region  lying  about  the 
Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca,  in  the  extreme  northwestern  corner 
of  our  territory,  possesses  adaptabilities  to  fruit-growing  of 
an  unusual  character.  The  following  correspondence  upon 
fruit-growing  upon  Orcas  Island,  by  Rev.  S.  R.  S.  Gra\^, 
which  originally  appeared  in  the  Seattle  Post-Intellige7icer, 
indicates  the  possibilities  of  the  region  : 

"The  Japanese  current  exercises  a  profound  influence  upon 
western  Washington,  where,  entering  through  the  grand  chan- 
nels called  the  Straits  of  Juan  de  Fuca  and  the  Gulf  of 
Georgia,  it  penetrates  by  sounds,  by  canals,  by  reaches,  natural 
harbors  and  vast  bays,  gulfs  and  channels  far  into  the  body 
of  land  lying  west  of  the  Cascade  range  and  east  of  the 
Olympic  range,  so  that  thousands  of  square  miles  of  agricul- 
tural   lands    are    influenced.      Lying    in    that    vast    waterway 


Fruits^   Vegetables  and  General  hiterests.  29 

where  the  waters  of  the  Gulf  of  Georgia  and  the  Straits  of 
Juan  de  Fuca  unite,  in  what  is  called  the  Archipelago  de 
Haro,  is  an  island  which,  not  only  favored  by  climate,  has 
also  great  natural  advantages  for  fruit  and  vegetable  culture, 
surpassing  any  other  part  of  western  Washington.  Situate 
partly  in  the  cretaceous  and  partly  in  the  lower  silurian 
epochs,  it  has  a  soil  rich  in  lime  and  phosphates,  made  in 
great  part  by  the  gradual  erosion  or  decretion  of  the  moun- 
tain slopes.  Orcas  island,  named  by  the  Spaniards,  is  the 
most  favored  of  all  the  islands  in  the  archipelago,  or  even  of 
those  lying  outside  to  the  west,  east  and  south.  Mountains 
rise  on  all  sides,  sheltering  and  warming  by  reflected  heat 
the  valleys  and  rolling  lands  between  them.  The  sides  of 
these  mountains  will  some  day  be  terraced  and  the  grape  be 
cultivated  ;  and  on  higher  slopes  the  peach  and  apple  will  find 
a  soil  and  exposure  which  will  produce  the  richest  results. 
In  every  part  of  the  island  streams  and  natural  springs  abound 
— plentiful  for  irrigation  of  the  whole  of  the  28,000  acres 
of  bottom  and  valley  lands.  The  soil,  which  varies  from  rich, 
black  clay  loams  to  red  and  brown  sand  loams,  is  everywhere 
underlaid  at  a  depth  of  from  eighteen  inches  to  four  feet  with 
a  good  clay  subsoil.  The  prune  and  the  pear  find  their 
natural  homes  in  the  clay  and  heavy  black  loams,  and  the 
gravel  and  boulder  lands  produce  those  superb  apples  and 
peaches  for  which  the  island  is  famous.  A  well  drained  clay 
subsoil,  other  things  being  equal,  will  always  produce  finer  re- 
sults than  any  other  kind.  The  richness  of  the  soil  above  is 
never  leached  and  wasted,  as  in  those  lands  where  the  sub- 
soil is  of  sand  or  gravel.  Draining  is  very  easily  accom- 
plished, as  the  lands  are  all  rolling,  and  while  so  many  ditches 
are  not  required,  those  that  are  properly  put  in  do  more  and 
better  work  than  where  the  land  is  level.  Most  of  the  drain- 
ing has  been  done,  so  far,  with  cedar,  or  carefully  constructed 
rock  work,  but  tile  will  probably,  in  the  near  future,  take  the 
place  of  this  rougher  method.  There  has  been  a  steady  ad- 
vancement in  prices  of  lands  for  the  past  three  years.  To- 
day uncleared  ten  and  twenty-acre  tracts  bring  an3^where  from 
$20  to  $100  per  acre,  according  to  location,  and  cleared  and 
cultivated  lands  from  $60  to  $400  per  acre,  the  higher  prices 
being  obtained  in  the  village,  at  the  head  of  East  Sound. 

"The  fruits  raised  for  market  are  apples,  apricots,  pears, 


30  Annals  of  Hoj'ticiilture. 

peaches,  prunes,  plums,  strawberries,  blackberries,  and  other 
small  fruits.  The  principal  vegetables  raised  are  cauliflower, 
celery,  cabbage,  tomato,  squash,  pumpkin,  and  potato. 
Grapes  of  certain  kinds,  and  canteloupe  melons  have  also  been 
successfully  raised.  Green  corn  is  also  a  paying  crop.  It  is 
a  well-known  fact  amongst  fruit-growers  that  the  late  varieties 
of  apples  pay  much  better  than  early  ones,  but  many  like  to 
grow  some  early  and  fall  varieties  for  market  and  they  pay  re- 
markably well  at  a  net  price  of  75  cents  per  bushel.  The  Red 
Astrachan,  which  in  some  localities  becomes  a  striped  apple, 
is  a  good  annual  and  early  variety.  But  Williams'  Early  Fa- 
vorite, a  very  dark  crimson  and  juicy  apple,  is  probably  the 
best  variety  grown.  Later  the  Gravenstein  takes  the  first 
rank  as  an  early  fall  variety.  It  is  a  fine  golden  apple  with 
red  stripes  in  the  sun,  very  juicy,  with  a  mild,  subdued  flavor, 
of  a  large  or  medium  size.  It  brings  75  cents  to  ^i  a  bushel, 
net.  The  Twenty-Ounce  apple  is  the  next  variety  of  an}^  great 
value.  It  is  a  large,  boldly  striped  apple  of  second-rate  quali- 
ties, but  as  it  yields  enormous  crops  every  year  it  is  much 
cultivated.  About  3,000  boxes  of  this  apple  were  shipped  this 
year  from  East  Sound  alone,  and  brought  an  average  price  of 
80  cents.  The  next  varieties  of  any  great  value  are  Blue 
Pearmain,  a  large,  purplish  apple,  with  a  fine  bloom,  aro- 
matic, but  generally  of  a  second-class  order  ;  the  Tompkins 
King,  a  large,  brilliant  scarlet  apple  of  first  quahty,  of  which 
there  was  an  enormous  yield  this  year,  bringing  from  $\  to 
$1.25  net,  and  those  held  to  Christmas  this  year  will  probably 
bring  nearly  double  ;  Canada  Reinette,  Blenheim  (erroneously 
called  the  Dutch  Mignonne),  Fallawater,  Paradise  Winter 
Sweet,  Ben  Davis,  Jersey  Black,  Rhode  Island  Greening,  Gil- 
pin (erroneously  called  Vandevere),  Monstrous  or  Gloria 
Mundi,  a  fine  cooking  apple,-  Fall  Pippin  (erroneously  called 
the  Golden  Ball),  and  the  Yellow  Belleflower,  a  fine  and  most 
profitable  apple.  After  these  come  the  longest  keepers  :  the 
Lansingburg,  a  small  green  inferior  apple,  which  yields 
heavily,  and  as  it  keeps  till  April,  a  very  profitable  variety  ; 
Peck's  Pleasant,  Monmouth,  English  Russet,  Golden  Russet, 
Ortley,  a  small  medium  sweet,  green  apple  similar  to  the  Lan- 
singburg and  locally  called  the  Imperial,  which  yields  heavily 
every  year  and  keeps  till  April,  and  the  Belmont,  a  good 
apple,  but  not  as  valuable  as  Monmouth  or  Peck's  Pleasant. 


Fruits,   Vegetables  and  General  Interests.  31 

Several  other  varieties  are  grown  in  smaller  quantities  and 
are  doing  well.  Cole's  Quince,  an  early  variety,  American 
Golden,  and  Grimes'  Golden,  are  fall  varieties  and  very  valu- 
able (the  two  last  will  probably  be  grown  in  great  numbers)  ; 
the  Baldwin,  Esopus  Spitzenberg,  Jonathan,  Yellow  New- 
town, Fameuse,  Maiden's  Blush  and  Ribston,  are  also  popu- 
lar. Other  varieties  are  being  tried,  such  as  the  Mcintosh 
Red,  Ronianite,  Autumn  Strawberry  and  Northern  Spy.  The 
best  apple  orchards  on  the  island  will  yield  this  year  about 
$500  to  the  acre.  An  average  income  can  be  obtained  of 
about  $300  in  ten-year-old  orchards.  But  this  amount  could 
be  doubled  and  trebled  if  fruit-growers  would  follow  Barry's 
advice,  which  is  practiced  all  through  Europe,  of  growing 
dwarf  and  semi-dwarf  trees  among  the  standards  for  the  first 
twelve  3^ears. 

''Pears  are  very  profitable,  but  require  a  more  thorough 
culture  than  has  yet  been  given.  And  if  this  fruit  were  grown 
in  pyramids,  as  well  as  standards,  every  acre  would  yield  one 
hundred  times  as  much  as  at  present.  The  Bartlett,  whilst 
not  as  large  as  the  Bartlett  of  California,  is  much  more  lus- 
cious and  more  highly  flavored.  The  Seckel,  Onondaga,  Gray 
Doyenne,  Vicar,  Anjou,  Giffard,  Flemish  Beauty,  Louise 
Bonne,  and  many  other  varieties  are  grown  with  great  success, 
but  perhaps  the  Bartlett  and  the  winter  pears  pay  best.  They 
bring  from  $2  to  $4  per  bushel,  and  are  sold  in  half  bushel 
boxes. 

''The  prune  industry  gives  promise  of  rivalling,  if  not  of 
outstripping,  the  apple  culture.  The  Fellenberg,  commonly 
called  Italian,  gives  promise  of  being  the  most  valuable  va- 
riety. The  yield  is  simply  enormous,  averaging  $400  per 
acre  in  7-year-old  plantations.  The  German  prune,  which, 
on  good  black  loam,  also  yields  very  largely  and  is  a  most 
valuable  variety  for  drying,  seems  not  to  have  grown  into 
favor  so  far.  The  Prune  d'Agen  is  left  to  California  growers, 
being  considered  too  small.  The  Silver  prune  in  this  locality 
is  often  confounded  with  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  which  it  resem- 
bles only  in  color.  The  true  Silver  prune,  the  St.  Catherine 
plum,  is  a  ver}^  valuable  variety  and  it  is  extensively  grown  in 
Belgium  ;  It  is  smaller  than  Coe's  Golden  Drop,  slightly  larger 
than  the  Prune  d'Agen,  broad  at  the  base,  and  upon  turning 
the  plum  so  that  the  suture  is  hidden,  it  is  seen  that  the  right 


32  Annals  of  Horticulttire . 

lobe   is  longer.      There  are  about   10,000    acres    suitable    for 
prune  and  pear  culture  on  the  island. 

''Cherries  are  an  excellent  and  paying  crop.  But  of  the 
varieties  grown,  the  Black  Republican,  the  proper  name  of 
which  is  Llewellyn  (an  Oregon  seedling),  the  Napoleon  Bigar- 
reau  (erroneously  called  the  Royal  Arm),  Murillo,  Sparhawk, 
Governor  Wood  and  the  Bigarreau  are  the  most  valuable  va- 
rieties. The  Moorpark  is  the  only  apricot  in  bearing,  but 
other  varieties  are  being  grown.  This  fruit,  if  well  cultivated 
and  severely  pruned,  will  be  one  of  the  best  paying  fruits 
grown.  Peaches  are  a  proved  success,  the  early  and  late 
Crawfords  taking  the  lead.  The  Fidalgo,  Waterloo,  Troth's 
Early  and  Alexander  all  yield  abundant  crops.  Strawberries 
are  extensively  grown,  and  do  exceedingly  well,  yielding  from 
$500  to  $1,000  per  acre.  The  principal  varieties  are  the 
Sharpless,  Crescent,  Jucunda,  Wilson  and  Manchester. 
Blackberries,  of  which  fruit  only  the  Lawton  is  grown,  yield 
as  high  as  $800  per  acre. 

''There  are  about  28,000  acres  of  good  fruit  land  on  the 
island,  without  counting  the  mountain  slopes  which  will  be 
terraced  and  utilized  also.  Less  than  one  twenty-eighth  part 
of  this  is  now  in  use.  But  the  population  is  rapidly  increas- 
ing, and  one,  five,  ten  and  twenty  acre  tracts  are  being  sold  in 
every  direction-.  During  the  past  year  over  1,000  acres  have 
changed  hands  in  tracts  of  various  sizes  in  the  village  of  East 
Sound  alone,  and  over  $75,000  worth  of  fruit  lands  have  been 
sold  on  the  island.  There  is  no  reason  why  the  island  should 
not  in  years  to  come  be  as  densely  populated  as  the  Island  of 
Jersey,  which  is  rather  smaller  in  area  than  Orcas,  but  which 
by  fruit  and  vegetable  culture  has  built  up  a  city  of  over 
60,000  people,  as  well  as  an  immense  rural  population." 

Fi'uit  culture  in  Mexico  has  been  brought  into  prominent  no- 
tice during  the  year  through  the  discussions  upon  the  tariff. 
Orange  growers  fear  serious  competition  from  this  source. 
To  determine  somewhat  of  the  extent  of  the  fruit  industry  and 
possibities  in  Mexico,  I  have  invited  A.  V.  Temple,  of 
Guanajuato,  who  is  well  acquainted  with  the  country,  to  ex- 
press his  opinions  : 

"  The  result  of  my  experiences  with  American  fruits  in  the 
state  of  Guanajuato  is  as  follows  : 

"Apples,   peaches,   apricots,   nectarines    and    cherries  im- 


Fruits^   Vegetables  and  Ge7ieral  hitefrsts,  33 

ported  from  California  do  not  do  well,  partly  on  account  of 
there  being  no  cold  season  to  give  the  trees  a  rest,  and  partly 
because  of  the  long  dry  season,  succeeded  by  heavy,  drench- 
ing rains.  The  trees  grow  in  a  sickly  fashion  for  two  or  three 
years,  and  then  become  subject  to  various  diseases  and  die. 
I  have  experimented  with  some  five  or  six  hundred  trees  of 
the  above  mentioned  species,  including  some  of  the  more 
prominent  kinds,  but  uniformly  with  unsatisfactory  results. 
The  apricot  trees  are  subject  to  a  disease  of  the  roots,  which 
swell,  and  appear  to  be  affected  by  some  sort  of  fungus.  The 
more  vigorous  the  tree,  the  more  it  is  subject  to  this  disease. 
I  now  have  under  cultivation  Bartlett  and  Seckel  pears,  and  a 
few  specimens  of  other  varieties.  They  appear  to  be  doing 
fairly  well,  and  I  judge  they  will  be  successful.  Japanese  per- 
simmons also  are  doing  quite  well. 

''I  have  under  cultivation  about  15,000  grape  vines,  mostly 
imported  from  California.  These  vines  are  doing  well,  in  fact, 
quite  as  well  as  in  California.  The  thicker-skinned  and  dark- 
fruited  varieties  appear  to  do  the  best,  but  as  the  fruit  ripens 
mostly  in  the  rainy  season,  we  cannot  count  on  a  crop  as 
surely  as  in  California,  for  the  hail  storms  and  the  periodical 
rains  injure  the  fruit,  and  produce  rot;  but  I  think  the  crop 
will  be  as  sure  as  the  grape  crop  in  New  York,  which  is  more 
or  less  subject  to  storms.  The  varieties  known  as  Isabella, 
American,  Concord,  etc.,  do  not  do  well  in  this  country. 
They  grow  in  a  feeble,  disheartened  manner,  and  so  far  my 
own  have  produced  no  fruit. 

''American  horticulturists  need  fear  no  competition  from 
American  fruits  grown  in  the  central  mesa  of  Mexico — that  is 
to  sa}^  in  the  great  plain  from  4,000  to  6,000  feet  above  the 
sea.  But  the  competition  that  American  horticulturists  will 
have  to  meet  from  this  country  is  from  the  native  fruits,  which 
grow  in  great  perfection.  I  mean  the  sub-tropical  fruits,  such 
as  guavas,  cherimoyas*,  aguacatesf  and  sweet  limes.  These 
are  apparently  subject  to  no  special  diseases,  the  trees  grow 
vigorously,  and  the  fruit  ripens  to  perfection.  The  fruit  is 
also  better  flavored  than  that  grown  on  the  coast,  or  in  the 
immediate  neighborhood  of  the  sea. 

"The  one  element  that  will  prevent  a  rapid  extension  of 

*Anona  Cherimolia.  fPersea  gratissima. 


34  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

this  industry  is  that  all  these  trees  are  of  very  slow  growth, 
requiring  from  eight  to  twelve  years  to  come  to  full  bearing, 
and  as  the  number  of  trees  now  under  cultivation  is  small,  be- 
ing confined  to  the  local  consumption,  it  will  be  many  years 
before  there  will  be  any  quantity  of  fruit  for  exportation. 
Fruit  cultivation  as  an  industry  by  itself  is  almost  unknown 
in  this  country,  the  fruit  trees  being  found  mostly  in  the  gar- 
dens connected  with  large  haciendas,  and  1  know  of  no  fruit 
farm  in  the  republic.  The  railroad  communications  with 
Texas  and  Kansas,  and  the  exportation  of  coast  oranges  by 
rail  through  the  central  mesa  is  beginning  to  open  the  eyes  of 
the  hacendados  to  the  importance  of  this  branch  of  agricul- 
ture, and  in  a  number  of  places  trees  are  being  set  out,  but  as 
I  stated  before,  it  will  be  many  years  before  they  are  in  bear- 
ing. There  are  also  a  number  of  large  vineyards,  mostly  of 
California  varieties  of  grapes,  being  set  out  with  a  view  to 
the  manufacture  of  wine  for  home  consumption.  Mexico  will 
never  be  able  to  export  grapes  to  the  United  States  in  my 
opinion,  but  I  think  before  many  3'ears  the  importation  of 
grapes  and  wine  from  the  States  to  Mexico  will  cease.  The 
most  serious  competition  from  Mexico  will  come  from  the 
orange  trade  from  the  coast  states. 

"  The  haciendas  with  their  orchards  are  entirely  owned  by 
Mexicans  and  Spaniards.  The  only  American  representatives 
of  horticulture  in  this  country  that  it  has  been  my  pleasure  to 
meet,  are  the  drummers  for  the  nurseries,  who  travel  through 
the  country  with  their  picture-books  in  hand,  and  specimens 
of  fruit,  but  even  they  are  not  as  well  received  nor  doing  as 
good  a  business  as  a  few  years  since.  Last  season  about 
2,500,000  cuttings  of  California  grapes  were  imported,  and 
from  Spain  also  quite  a  number.  The  California  grapes  have 
so  far  given  better  results  here  than  those  imported  directly 
from  Spain.  American  strawberries  which  I  have  experi- 
mented with  do  not  do  as  well  as  the  native  berry,  on  account 
of  the  vines  being  more  susceptible  to  drouth  ;  the  American 
berry  is  finer  flavored  and  larger,  but  requires  constant  irriga- 
tion, whereas  the  native  berry  needs  less  water." 


§  2.      ORNAMENTALS. 


The  ornamental  gardening  of  the  country  is  very  rapidly 
undergoing  a  change,  particularly  in  its  application  to  home 
or  private  grounds.  The  formal  and  purely  conventional 
features  of  ornamentation  are  giving  place  to  the  freer  use  of 
hardy  perennials  and  native  plants.  Carpet  bedding  appears 
to  have  passed  its  zenith,  or  certainly  to  have  reached  it. 
The  interest  in  native  plants  has  never  been  so  great  as  now ; 
and  it  therefore  appears  to  be  an  opportune  time  to  compile 
some  statistics  of  the  cultivated  plants  of  our  flora,  which  I 
have  attempted  to  do  in  a  later  part  of  this  volume.  Many 
of  the  so-called  old-fashioned  plants  are  coming  again  into 
favor,  at  least  in  their  improved  forms.  All  this  indicates  an 
evolution  in  taste  which  must  be  abiding. 

The  national  flower  discussion,  which  was  so  wide-spread  dur- 
ing i88g,  has  greatl}^  subsided.  The  California  State  Floral  So- 
ciety, at  its  December  meeting,  1890,  chose  the  eschscholtzia  as 
the  state  flower,  but  beyond  this  no  definite  action  has  been 
taken  by  state  organizations.  The  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  of  New  York  obtained  the  votes  of  the  school  chil- 
dren of  the  state,  with  the  following  result :  Golden-rod,  81,308 
votes;  rose,  79,666;  ox-eye  daisy,  33,603;  violet,  31,176; 
pansy,  21,202;  lily,  16,438;  lily  of  the  valley,  11,626;  trailing 
arbutus,  7,888;   buttercup,  6,127. 

The  interest  in  flowers  is  spreading  rapidly,  especially  in 
the  older  portions  of  the  country,  and  flower  shows  have 
never  been  so  numerous  and  never  more  successful-  than 
during  1890.  Exhibitions  in  the  large  cities  are  now  patron- 
ized to  such  an  extent  as  often  to  make  even  the  most  elab- 
orate of  them  self-supporting.  Several  shows  of  unusual 
merit  were  held  during  the  year.  The  most  notable  was  that 
held  under  the  auspices  of  the  Massachusetts  Horticultural 
Society  upon  the  occasion  of  the  meeting  of  the  Society  of 
American  Florists.  The  practice  of  holding  flower  shows 
has  extended  to  many  small  cities  all  over  the  land. 

(35) 


36  Anjials  of  Horticulture. 

The  Chrysantheimwi  appears  to  have  received  greater  atten- 
tion during  the  year  than  any  other  plant,  both  with  profes- 
sional florists  and  amateurs.  No  plant  combines  so  many 
attractive  qualities,  as  extreme  variations  in  form,  color  and 
habit,  and  ease  of  cultivation  and  adaptability  to  exhibition 
purposes.  Numbers  of  chrysanthemum  exhibitions  were  held 
during  the  fall  of  1890,  and  without  exception,  apparently, 
they  were  successful,  and  tended  to  still  further  popularize 
the  flower.  The  following  notes  upon  the  chrysanthemum 
for  1890,  have  been  made  for  me  by  B.  M.  Watson,  Jr.,  of 
Harvard  University  : 

"The  chrysanthemum  season  just  passed  has  been  an  in- 
teresting one.  Never  before  have  we  had  such  an  abundance 
of  good  bloom  ;  the  trade  in  cut-flowers  has  been  satisfac- 
tory, and  the  attendance  at  the  various  shows  has  been 
greater  than  ever.  While  a  large  number  of  seedlings  have 
been  brought  forward,  and  while  they  show  good  variety  in 
form  and  color,  we  have  no  such  additions  to  record  as  have 
marked  the  two  preceding  years  ;  for  instance,  nothing  has 
been  shown  which  approaches  the  Neesima  collection.  It  is 
noticeable  that  in  many  cases  the  still  older  sorts  have  held 
their  own  against  the  newer  introductions.  The  production 
of  seedlings  is  likely  to  continue,  however,  for  some  time. 
This  is  undoubtedly  a  most  interesting  feature  of  the  cultiva- 
tion to  most  growers,  and  we  shall  probably  get  improve- 
ments in  different  directions ;  but  new  sorts  will  be  more 
critically  examined  by  the  gardener,  and  only  those  showing 
some  decided  advance  are  likely  to  attract  much  attention. 
It  seems  as  if  we  had  at  present  almost  a  sufficient  variety  in 
form  and  color,  and  that  the  desideratum  now  is  in  the  line 
of  good,  marketable  kinds.  The  gardener's  interest  in  the 
shows  has  centered  more  in  cultural  improvements  than  in 
new  varieties. 

' '  The  demand  for  flowers  up  to  this  year  has  been  largely  for 
yellows  and  whites,  and  these  have  been  grown  to  the  exclu- 
sion of  most  others,  by  many  of  the  larger  growers.  This 
year,  with  the  introduction  in  greater  quantities  of  finely 
grown  flowers,  there  has  been  a  call  for  more  variety,  and 
willingness  has  been  shown  to  pay  roundly  for  them.  The 
trade  in  large  flowers  has  been  unsurpassed,  and  it  looks 
rather  as  if  these  alone  were   to  be   the  chrysanthemums  of 


Ornamentals.  37 

the  future.  It  seems,  however,  that  there  are  two  other 
lines  worth  experimenting  in,  viz.,  the  production  of  hand- 
some and  typical  sprays,  say  of  three  flowers  each,  and,  sec- 
ondly, paying^  more  attention  to  growing  plants  suitable  for 
house  decoration. 

''It  will  not  be  easy  for  the  commercial  grower  to  bring 
himself  to  the  point  of  view  which  makes  anything  but  the 
biggest  best.  This  is  shown  in  the  roses  of  the  day,  and,  it 
may  be,  the  people  who  buy  the  flowers  like  the  monstrosities 
as  well  as  the  florist.  There  are  signs  in  the  air,  however,  that 
a  reaction  may  set  in,  and  that  the  criterion  of  a  well  grown 
flower  will  not  always  be  size  entirely.  Even  if  size  is  re- 
quired, a  good  showing  can  still  be  obtained  by  growing  in 
a  more  natural  way.  The  cluster  of  three  is  natural  to  the 
chrysanthemum,  and  if  as  carefully  handled  as  in  the  one- 
flowered  system,  there  seems  no  reason  to  doubt  that  suf- 
ficient size  can  be  obtained,  while  a  more  characteristic  effect 
would  be  given  ;  the  idea  that  chrysanthemums  should  be 
bought,  like  cabbages,  by  the  pound,  would  be  abolished. 
The  long  stems  and  fine  foliage  could  easily  be  kept.  Some 
experiments  would  be  needed  to  find  out  the  varieties  best 
suited  to  this  method  of  growing.  Cut  flowers  so  grown 
might  not  at  once  commend  themselves  to  the  mass  of 
buyers. 

"In  regard  to  potted  plants  being  offered  for  sale  in  quan- 
tities, there  are  some  difficulties  in  the  way ;  chiefly,  because 
as  compared  with  cut  flowers,  plants  are  cumbersome  to 
handle  not  only  in  shipping  but  in  distribution,  and  there  is 
is  as  yet,  in  our  market  at  least,  no  decided  demand  for  grow- 
ing plants  of  any  kind.  The  chrysanthemum  is  a  good  one 
to  begin  with  ;  it  seems  in  every  respect  a  plant  to  be  used  as 
a  whole,  and  is  never  so  attractive  as  when  of  moderate  size, 
and  without  that  excessive  staking  which  increases  the  na- 
tural stiffness  of  all  the  compositae  ;  a  plant  can  be  grown  so 
that  it  will-  be  well  developed  in  every  part,  and  yet  not  re- 
quire the  support  of  a  stake  for  each  individual  flower  as  well 
as  stem,  nor  need  these  stakes  be  arranged  with  too  much 
firmness.  Plants  in  six  and  seven  inch  pots  would  not  be 
expensive  to  handle ;  they  could  be  put  on  the  market  with 
good  profit  to  grower  and  shopman,  and  become  an  important 
feature  in  the  trade.      A  well  grown  plant  fairly  in  flower,  the 


38  Annals  of  Horticidinre. 

centers  of  the  principal  flowers  just  unrolling,  will  last  in  an 
ordinary  living  room  in  good  condition  from  two  to  four 
weeks,  with  not  nearly  so  much  care  as  would  be  required 
to  keep  cut  flowers  one  half  this  time  ;  a  single  plant,  or  a  group 
is  more  effective  than  an  equally  costly  arrangement  of  blos- 
soms. The  autumn  shows  have  demonstrated  how  kindly 
chrysanthemums  blend  with  most  foliage  plants,  palms,  ferns,, 
cycads,  ficus,  etc.  Where  such  a  collection  is  kept,  nothing 
better  can  be  found  to  add  to  the  interest  of  flowers  during 
the  fall  and  early  winter  months,  and  no  better  background 
could  be  desired  to  exhibit  at  its  best  the  plant  under  consid- 
eration. It  may  be  doubtful  if  a  great  demand  will  arise 
for  flowering  plants  for  these  purposes,  but  the  effort  to  intro- 
duce them  is  worth  considering  ;  the  result  cannot  be  deter- 
•  mined  until  they  are  marketed  in  larger  quantities  and  in  bet- 
ter condition  than  they  have  yet  appeared. 

''  One  good  feature  of  this  season's  shows  has  been  the 
more  uniform  excellence  of  the  cut  flowers ;  last  year,  there 
were  a  few  growers  who  staged  specimens  far  above  the  aver- 
age ;  this  year,  there  has  been  greater  equality  in  this  respect, 
and  for  large  and  well  colored  flowers,  the  rank  and  file  of 
the  gardeners  have  taken  up  the  running,  and  pushed  the 
leaders  hard.  The  size  of  the  blooms  is  immense,  and  is 
largely  owing  to  the  fact  that  for  cut-flowers  the  plants  are 
grown  in  beds,  sometimes  made  on  the  floor  of  the  house, 
where  the  piping  allows  this  arrangement,  sometimes  on 
benches  where  carnations  or  other  things  can  follow.  More 
even  conditions  of  moisture  are  by  this  method  obtained  and 
richer  soil  and  more  liquid  manure  are  used.  When  possible, 
the  glass  is  removed  during  the  summer  months.  A  plant 
carries  from  one  to  four  flowers,  and  it  is  hardly  necessary  to 
say  that  disbudding  is  required.  Another  noteworthy  point 
is,  that  many  of  the  older  sorts  hold  their  own  against  the 
more  recent  introductions  ;  Jardindes  Plantes  and  Fair  Maid 
of  Guernsey  are  good  examples  of  this.  Mrs.  C.  H. 
Wheeler,  Cullingfordi,  Edwin  Molyneux,  Comte  de  Ger- 
miny,  Grandiflorum,  are  also  successful  competitors  against 
the  newcomers  and  the  Neesima  is  one  likely  to  keep  its 
place  for  sometime.  It  takes  a  little  time  to  get  the  knack  of 
doing  one's  best  with  a  new  variety,  so  we  cannot  fairly  make 
comparisons  as  yet  with  last  year's  seedlings.      Mrs.  Alpheus 


Oriiamentals.  39 

Hardy  has  been  exhibited  this  year  not  only  in  fine  flowers, 
but  also  in  some  remarkably  fine  plants,  showing  that  with 
proper  care  it  can  be  grown  satisfactorily.  It  is  said,  too; 
that  it  has  proved  a  good  money  winner  to  the  florists.  Louis 
Boehmer,  the  pink  ostrich  plume,  has  been  shown  occasion- 
ally, but  the  color  is  not  bright  enough  to  make  it  very  inter- 
esting ;  this  is  possibly  owing  to  the  distance  it  had 
travelled.  Another  hairy  flower,  this  time  of  tubular  form, 
has  appeared  in  Lalla  Rookh,  a  bronze  or  cinnamon-brown, 
which,  although  of  not  much  character,  may  prove  of  use  for 
breeding  purposes.  Others  of  this  class  are  reported,  but 
have  not  yet  been  exhibited. 

''  Belle  Hickey,  W.  H.  Lincoln,  Kioto,  Neesima  and 
Lilian  B.  Bird  are  all  favorites  of  the  practical  florists,  while 
Mrs.  Fottler,  although  of  fine  form  and  color,  has  the  repu- 
tation of  not  carrying  well ;  this  is  said  too  of  Mrs.  Langtry, 
one  of  the  purest  of  whites,  of  large  size  and  a  good  grower. 
Domination  and  Robt.  Bottomley  have  been  sent  to  market  in 
excellent  condition,  but  there  is  an  opportunity  here  for  im- 
provement in  shipping  qualifications.  From  Philadelphia, 
Mrs.  Bullock  and  Miss  L.  Canning  come  highly  commended 
as  marketable  whites.  E.  G.  Hill,  yellow  with  purplish 
shading,  is  unique,  and  a  flower  of  great  substance.  John 
Thorpe  has  no  rival  in  its  peculiar  color,  deep  lake,  unless 
it  be  in  the  seedling  Mr.  John  Thorpe  offers  the  present 
year,  described  as  being  of  the  color  of  a  Jacqueminot  rose. 
Ethel,  Elaine,  Christmas  Eve  and  Gloriosum  still  please  some 
large  growers,  even  if  they  no  longer  make  much  showing 
at  the  exhibitions.  Thunberg,  yellow,  seems  a  very  satisfac- 
tory late  bloomer  and  is  certainly  a  fine  flower,  truly  Japanese. 
The  pale  yellow  tinge  of  the  interior  petals,  free  habit  of 
growth  and  flowering  will  always  make  Moonlight  a  favorite. 
Among  pinks  should  be  mentioned,  although  none  are  of  re- 
cent introduction.  Bouquet  Fait,  Flamboyant,  Belle  Paule  and 
Mad.  C.  Audiguier  as  being  excellent  and  well  worth  growing. 
Marvel,  white  with  a  bright  maroon  center,  is  very  distinct. 
Canon  Farrar,  white,  tinged  with  pink  at  the  base  of  the 
petals,  and  Mrs.  Anthony  Waterer,  of  great  size,  white  with 
a  blush  tint,  might  be  added  ;  these  last  three  are  compara- 
tively new. 

''Among      anemone-flowered      chrysanthemums,       Emily, 


40  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

pink,  with  delicate  yellow  center  ;  Sabine,  white,  with  a  pale 
yellow  center  ;  Mrs.  Gane,  an  early  white  ;  Mrs.  R.  Owen,  also 
white  and  of  good  size  ;  Nelson,  a  large  dull  red  ;  Mrs.  M. 
Russell,  yellow,  and  Bessie  Pitcher,  rose  with  a  lighter  center, 
seem  desirable  and  worthy  of  more  general  cultivation  ;  some 
of  them  when  grown  for  single  flowers  make  fine  specimens 
and  give  a  pleasing  variety.  Something  too  should  be  said 
for  the  Pompons,  but  so  few  are  to  be  found  that  a  select  list 
would  be  hard  to  make.  It  seems  a  pity  that  such  an  interest- 
ing class  should  be  so  entirely  overshadowed  by  the  Japanese ; 
the  profusion  of  flowers  and  their  bright  and  natty  appear- 
ance more  than  make  up  for  what  is  lacking  in  size.  It  is 
not  profitable  to  extend  any  list  of  these  flowers,  although 
it  is  difficult  to  pass  by  many  favorites  ;  every  gardener 
will  have  his  own  successes  and  failures.  What  can  be  well 
grown  in  one  place  is  not  always  satisfactory  in  another. 

' '  There  remains  to  be  said  a  few  words  about  insects.  With 
the  more  extensive  and  elaborate  cultivation,  as  would  be 
expected,  there  have  appeared  several  new  pests,  the  most 
injurious  of  which  attack  the  plant  while  growing  out-doors, 
both  in  field  culture  and  in  pots.  In  many  places,  the  plants 
have  been  greatly  damaged,  and  in  some  cases  practically 
destroyed  during  the  past  season  by  what  appeared  to  be 
a  very  small  fly.  The  trouble  begins  soon  after  the  plants 
have  been  put  in  their  summer  quarters,  but  does  not  become 
evident  until  they  have  attained  some  size ;  then  it  will  be 
seen  that  there  is  a  marked  failure  in  the  growing  points ; 
growth  is  stopped,  and  when  new  growth  begins,  it  is  again 
stopped  ;  and  so  on  until  the  vigor  of  the  plant  is  destroyed. 
This  is  probably  caused  by  a  leaf-hopper,  but  it  is  quite  possible 
that  other  insects  may  help.  These  insects  are  described  with 
care,  and  figured  by  J.  G.  Jack,  of  the  Arnold  Arboretum,  in 
Garden  and  Forest,  Vol.  iii.  No.  133,  page  439,  and  remedies 
are  suggested.  It  is  doubtful  whether  this  trouble  is  wide- 
spread, but  when  it  comes  it  seems  to  stay  and  increase. 
When  plants  are  grown  under  glass,  the  insects  do  not 
appear  in  sufficient  numbers  to  do  harm,  and  it  is  certainly  a 
cure  to  lift  and  bring  in  the  plants.  Fumigation  will  drive 
the  insects  from  the  greenhouse  if  it  does  not  destroy  them. 
The  mere  work  of  lifting  and  potting  in  some  cases  seems  to 
drive  them  away.      Mr.  Jack  advises  spraying  with  a  kerosene 


Orjiamentals.  41 

emulsion,  or  with  pyrethrum  powder.  Apparently  the  leaf- 
hopper  must  be  taken  on  the  wing  to  kill ;  this  is  not  easy  to 
do,  and  makes  constant  repetitions  necessary.  Everyone 
who  is  troubled  in  this  way  should  consult  the  article  named. 
The  so-called  chrysanthemum  fly,  a  much  larger  insect,  is  a 
cause  of  complaint  in  some  quarters.  The  damage  is  done 
by  the  droppings  discoloring  the  petals,  mainly  in  white  or 
light  colored  kinds ;  the  harm  is  very  slight  and  probably 
some  easy  plan  of  getting  rid  of  this  fly  could  be  devised. 
Hand-picking  would  not  be  difficult.  A  leaf-borer  which  has 
appeared  on  the  French  marguerite  {Chrysanthemum  friites- 
cens),  seems  more  alarming.  Tobacco  fumigation  seems  to 
hold  in  check  the  fly  which  lays  the  eggs  of  the  maggots  ; 
affected  leaves  should  be  destroyed." 

The  roses  of  the  year  are  treated  for  me  by  E.  G.  Hill,  of  Rich- 
mond, Indiana:  "The  various  rose  firms  of  Britain  and  the 
continent  have  displayed  their  usual  fertility  of  resource  in 
putting  upon  the  market  over  one  hundred  new  roses,  most 
of  them  seedlings.  Of  this  great  number  probably  ten  or 
twelve  will  be  found  useful  as  bedders  in  our  own  country, 
while  if  even  one  tea  variety  proves  a  good  forcing  rose  of 
pleasing  color,  good  form  and  substance,  and  distinct  from 
existing  sorts,  it  will  be  given  a  hearty  welcome  by  florists  at 
large,  and  in  another  season  or  two  will  be  found  in  all  the 
leading  cut-flower  stores.  Of  the  different  classes  of  new 
roses  sent  out,  our  American  growers  usually  concentrate  their 
attention  first  on  the  teas  and  hybrid  teas,  in  which  we 
always  find  our  most  useful  roses.  The  climbing  teas  being 
tender,  are  of  little  use  except  in  those  limited  sections  where 
the  thermometer  registers  but  a  few  degrees  of  frost ;  the 
hybrid  perpetuals,  though  representing  the  highest  ideal  of  a 
perfect  rose,  are  not  so  popular  as  the  everbloomers,  from  the 
fact  that  they  flower  but  once  in  the  season,  and  also  that 
they  require  from  two  to  four  years  to  become  established. 
Bengals  and  bourbons  at  the  present  time  attract  scarcely  a 
passing  notice.  The  polyanthas  are  gaining  in  popularity  as 
the  years  pass,  and  little  wonder,  for  such  hardy,  flower- 
covered  bushes  as  Mignonette  and  Gloire  des  Polyanthas  can 
not  fail  of  popular  appreciation.  Clotilde  Soupert,  while 
showing  rather  too  many  of  the  traits  of  the  tea  family  to  be 


42  An?ials  of  Horticulture. 

as  distinctly  a  polyantha  as  we  might  wish,  is  a  great  addition 
to  our  lists,  and  is  destined  to  become  as  great  a  favorite  as 
Hermosa,  if  only  it  proves  as  hardy  as  that  sturdy  sort. 

"  The  best  new  teas  of  the  year  are  these  : 

''Duchess  Marie  Salviata.  \Soupert  6^  Netting.^  A  strong, 
vigorous  grower ;  flower  large  and  double  from  long  pointed 
buds.  Color  a  fine  chrome  orange,  with  shadings  of  rosy  flesh, 
the  center  pure  saffron  ;  sweet  violet  scented  ;  the  raisers  claim 
this  to  be  a  good  forcer.  It  is  a  cross  between  Mme.  Lambard 
and  M.  Kuppenheim. 

'  'Jeanne  Guillaumez.  {^Bonnaire. )  A  very  vigorous  grower  ; 
flower  large  and  double,  of  good  form,  with  beautiful  long 
buds.  Color  clear  red,  touched  with  salmon  ;  center  coppery 
red,  with  pale  silvery  shadings.  Received  first-class  certifi- 
cate from  the  Lyons  Horticultural  Society. 

"Gustave  Nadaud.  {Soupert  d^  Nottiiig.^  A  free  branch- 
ing grower,  with  large  double  flowers ;  the  outside  petals  are 
large  and  rounded,  giving  it  an  exquisite  cup  shape.  Color 
vermilion,  with  clear  touches  of  carmine  lake  and  soft  pink 
center.      (yMvie.  Lambard  and  Safrano. ) 

"J.  B.  Varrone.  {Gnillot.)  A  fine  grower;  flower  large 
and  very  double,  with  high  center  opening  from  long  buds. 
Color  soft  china  rose,  changing  to  a  bright  deep  carmine  of  even 
shading ;  an  extra  good  rose,  and  very  sweet ;  extremely 
variable  in  color,  ranging  all  the  way  from  soft  flesh  pink  to 
deep  china  rose,  with  varying  conditions  of  temperature. 

"Mme.  Marthe  du  Bourg.  {Bernaix.')  One  of  the  finest 
of  the  new  roses.  The  habit  and  foliage  are  beautiful,  denot- 
ing a  ready  grower ;  the  flower  is  large,  perfectly  double,  and 
of  beautiful  form ;  the  outer  petals  recurve  at  the  edges, 
showing  a  beautiful  pointed  center ;  the  color  is  creamy 
white,  touched  with  carmine  or  pale  heliotrope  on  the  edges; 
texture  heavy.      A  very  promising  rose. 

"The  best  hybrid  teas  are  as  follows  : 

"Bona  Weillshott.  (^Soupert  6^  Nottmg.')  A  very  strong 
grower  ;  flower  large  and  double,  and  of  the  centifolia  form. 
Color  rosy  vermilion,  with  center  of  orange  red  ;  very  sweet. 
{^Goubault  and  M.  Batiniami.) 

"Mme.  de  la  Collogue.  {A.  Levet.)  Bright  rose  color; 
large,  double,  and  of  perfect  form.      A  vigorous  grower. 


Ornamentals.  43 

'*Mme.  H.  Montefiore.  {Soupert  &  Notting.)  ri  strong 
grower  ;  flowers  large,  double  and  quartered.  Color  white, 
marbled  soft  flesh,  with  center  of  chrome  or  ochre  yellow. 

"Augustine  Guinoisseau  or  White  La  France.  An  exquis- 
ite sport  from  La  France,  not  white  at  all,  but  very  much 
lighter  than  the  parent ;  will  probably  be  very  widely  grown 
in  this  country. 

"The  hybrid  perpetuals  of  value  are: 

' '  Gustave  Piganeau.  {Perftet-Ducher. )  Flowers  extra  large, 
equaling  Paul  Neyron  in  size,  double  and  of  cup  form.  Color 
a  beautiful  shade  of  red  and  brilliant  carmine.  Received 
four  medals,  and  was  illustrated  in  the  Joiir7ial  des  Roses. 

"Laforcade.  Color  brilliant  carmine-red;  flowers  large 
and  quite  double ;  a  strong  grower.  A  variety  of  the  very 
highest  order. 

"Mme.  Renah}^  (^Guillot.)  Flower  large,  double,  and  of 
fine  globular  form  ;  color  rosy  carmine,  with  brighter  center ; 
reverse  of  petal  soft  silvery  heliotrope.  Very  sweet  and  very 
free. 

"Lady  Arthur  Hill.  {Dickso?i.~)  A  most  vigorous  grower, 
with  flowers  of  the  largest  size,  double,  and  finely  formed. 
Color  fine  silvery  rose  of  most  pleasing  shade.  Seedling  from 
Beauty  of  Waltham.      Extra  good. 

"Roi  de  Suede.  {Soupert  6^  JVottmg.)  One  of  the  very 
darkest  of  hybrid  perpetuals,  with  touches  of  brown  in  the 
shadings  ;  very  velvety  in  texture;   a  very  distinct  variety. 

"Two  new  American  teas  are  promising: 

"Waban  or  Red  Mermet.  Catherine  Mermet  is  a  magnifi- 
cent tea  rose  and  universally  admired  ;  and  its  sports,  so  far, 
are  keeping  up  the  family  reputation,  judging  by  The  Bride, 
our  finest  white,  and  now  Waban,  which  is  a  Mermet  of  deep 
rose  color,  and  the  same  splendid  rounded  form.  As  there 
can  be  no  question  as  to  its  forcing  qualities,  and  as  it  does 
not  turn  pale  in  dark  weather,  it  will  doubtless  prove  a  great 
acquisition. 

"Rainbow*  hails  from  California,  a  sport  from  Papa  Gon- 
tier ;  it  might  be  described,  in  short,  as  a  light  pink  Gontier 
striped  and  variegated  with  the  true  Gontier  red  ;  it  has 
created  great  interest  in  the  west,  where  it  has  been  shown 
in  fine  shape." 

*  Annals  Hort.,  1889,  104. 


44  Aniials  of  Horticulture. 

Foreign  roses. — American  rose  growers  draw  so  largely  upon 
European  es-tablishments  that  any  account  of  the  roses  of 
1890  must  be  very  incomplete  without  some  account  of  foreign 
novelties.  The  following  two  papers  appear  to  be  judicial  in 
their  estimates,  and  are  likely  to  prove  useful  to  our  culti- 
vators. 

The  following  list  of  the  novelties  of  i8go  was  compiled  by 
the  editors  of  the  Journal  des  Roses.  The  varieties  are  mostly 
of  French  origin,  and  the  originator's  description  is  given  with 
each  : 

^'Guillot  &  Sons,  27  Chemin  des  Pins,  Lyon-Guillotiere,  in- 
troduced three  seedling  varieties  : 

"Mademoiselle  Christine  de  Noue  (tea).  The  plant  is  vig- 
orous and  flowers  abundantl}^  The  flowers  are  very  large, 
double,  well  formed  and  gracefully  borne.  The  outer  petals 
are  imbricated,  of  a  deep  red-purple  maroon  color  ;  those  of 
the  center  are  straighter,  lake  rose  and  light  purple  in  color, 
blended  with  a  beautiful  silvery  white  ;  very  fragrant. 

"Miss  Wenn  (tea).  Plant  vigorous;  flower  large,  double, 
well  formed  and  china  rose  in  color  ;  a  free-blooming  va- 
riety. 

"Madame  la  Comtesse  de  Bouchaud  (noisette).  Plant 
very  vigorous  and  branching  ;  buds  long,  ilower  very  large, 
double,  well  formed  ;  internally  the  petals  are  yellow  saffron 
in  color,  externally  yellowish-white. 

"Three  new  roses  are  introduced  by  Joseph  Bonnaire,  6 
Chemin  des  H^rideaux,  Lyons  : 

"Souvenir  de  Madame.  Sablayrolles  (tea).  Plant  very 
vigorous  ;  the  branches  are  upright  and  covered  with  beauti- 
ful dark  green  foliage.  The  peduncle  is  very  strong,  and  the 
flower  is  large,  double,  spherical,  almost  always  solitary.  Its 
color  is  apricot-rose  blended  with  yellow,  the  edges  of  the 
petals  being  bordered  with  carmine,  which  passes  into  a  white 
cream.  This  is  an  excellent  variety  for  cut  flowers.  It  is  a 
cross  of  Devoniensis  and  Souvenir  d'Elisa  Vardon. 

"  Elisa  Fugier  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous,  branches 
straight  and  somewhat  erect ;  it  is  a  variety  closely  related  to 
Niphetos,  but  its  habit  is  much  superior  ;  it  does  not  drop  its 
foliage,  and  its  leaves  are  more  abundant  and  always  green. 
The  buds  are  very  long  ;  flowers  very  large  and  double,  and 
pure  white  except  at  the  center,  which  is  clear  light  yellow, 


Orna7nentals .  45 

and  the  external  surface  of  the  petals,  which  is  tinged  with 
rose.  It  is  exceedingly  floriferous,  very  good  for  cut  flowers, 
and  is  very  hardy.  It  is  a  cross  of  an  unknown  variety  with 
Niphetos. 

''Henri  Brichard  (hybrid  tea).  The  plant  is  very  vigor- 
ous, the  branches  straight  and  erect,  foliage  large,  dark 
bronze-green  in  color.  The  flower  is  large,  very  double  and 
supported  on  a  firm  peduncle.  Its  color  is  pure  white  at  the 
borders,  the  interior  being  bright  red-carmine,  shaded  with 
rose-salmon.  The  flowers  are  produced  abundantly  and  con- 
tinuously. 

"The firm  of  KettenBros.,  of  Luxembourg,  introduced  three 
seedling  varieties  : 

"Astra  (hybrid  tea).  Flower  rose-carnation,  sometimes 
lighter  at  the  borders  of  the  petals,  large,  double,  cup-shaped 
and  solitary.  The  plant  is  of  medium  vigor  and  very  flori- 
ferous. 

"  Chloris  (hybrid  tea).  Flowers  clear  crimson-purple, 
very  large,  very  double,  very  fragrant.  Plant  of  medium 
vigor  and  very  floriferous. 

"Anna  Scharsach  (hybrid  remontant).  Flower  clear  rose, 
at  the  center  often  bright  purple  ;  large,  double,  cup-shaped. 
Plant  very  vigorous  and  hardy.  A  cross  between  Baronne  A. 
de  Rothschild  and  Madame  Lauriol  de  Barny. 

' '  The  following  varieties  were  introduced  by  Messrs.  Soupert 
and  Notting,  Luxembourg  : 

"  Princesse  de  Sarsina  (tea).  Plant  vigorous;  flower 
large,  double  and  of  beautiful  form.  The  ground  color  is 
clear  yellow,  shaded  with  a  light  rose  ;  the  center  is  apricot- 
yellow,  tinged  with  vermilion.  The  flower  is  fragrant  and 
blossoms  in  the  fall.  It  is  a  cross  of  Madame  Lambard  and 
Sulfureux. 

"  Comtesse  de  Vitzthum  (tea).  Plant  vigorous;  flower 
large,  double,  perfect  in  form.  The  external  petals  are  light 
yellow,  the  center  is  a  brilliant  Naples-j^ellow  ;  very  flor- 
iferous. This  variety  may  be  particularly  recommended  for 
grouping.  It  is  a  cross  of  Adele  Jourgant  and  Perle  des 
Jardins. 

"  Gribaldo  Nicola  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous,  climbing. 
Foliage  broad,  large  and  glossy.  Flower  very  large,  very 
double  and  of  the  same  form  as  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison. 


4.6  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Color  silvery-white  on  a  rose  ground  color,  the  center  shaded 
with  a  nankeen-yellow,  the  under  side  of  the  petals  being 
Isabelle  rose  ;  very  fragrant.  Cross  between  Bouquet  d'Or 
and  Sylphide. 

''Charles  de  Franciosi  (tea).  Plant  vigorous  ;  buds  long, 
well  formed  and  orange-red  in  color.  Flower  large,  double, 
broad,  in  the  form  of  a  rosette.  The  color  is  a  chrome-yellow, 
shaded  with  a  soft  salmon-yellow.  The  exterior  petals  are 
lightly  tinged  with  rose.  This  variety  is  particularly  good 
for  forcing  in  winter.      Cross  of  Sylphide  and  Crombez. 

''Comtesse  Eva  Starhemberg  (tea).  Plant  vigorous  and 
of  good  carriage  ;  flower  large,  double  and  of  perfect  form  ; 
buds  elongated,  petals  firm  and  broad  ;  color  a  yellow-cream, 
the  center  being  chrome-ochre,  and  the  edges  of  the  external 
petals  tinged  with  a  light  rose.  Cross  of  Etendard  de  Jeanne 
d'Arc  and  Sylphide. 

"Joseph  Degueld  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous 
and  straight ;  flowers  large  and  double,  having  the  exterior 
petals  imbricated  ;  color  a  brilliant  lake-carmine  blended  with 
vermilion,  the  under  side  of  the  petals  blood-red  ;  very  fra- 
grant. A  cross  of  Duhamel  du  Monceau  and  Charles  Mar- 
gottin. 

''Mr.  Moreau-Robert,  Chemin  de  la  Treille,  near  Angers, 
introduced  the  following  : 

"Madame  Durand  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous,  almost 
sarmentous  ;  foliage  a  beautiful  purple  ;  wood  firm,  somewhat 
thorny.  The  flowers  are  large  and  double,  spherical,  and  open 
early  ;  color  a  beautiful  copper-yellow.  The  flowers  are 
borne  in  corymbs,  and  are  very  abundant. 

"  Madame  Simon  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous,  sarmentous, 
the  old  wood  only  slightly  thorny  ;  foliage  beautiful  red  when 
young,  passing  into  a  light  green  ;  flower  very  large  and 
double,  of  the  same  form  as  Souvenir  de  la  Malmaison  ;  color 
rose-white,  sometimes  slightly  tinged  with  yellow  ;  very  flor- 
iferous.      Seedling  of  Madame  B^rard. 

"Capitaine  Basroger  (moss  rose).  Plant  exceedingly  vig- 
orous ;  foliage  a  beautiful  deep  green,  the  leaves  consisting  of 
5-7  leaflets ;  wood  very  strong,  with  many  very  fine  and  hard 
thorns ;  flowers  very  large,  well  formed,  spherical ;  color  a 
bright  carmine  red,  blended  with  black-purple.  The  plant 
bears  corymbs  consisting  of   15-25  flowers. 


Ornamentals. 


47 


''Souvenir  de  Victor  Landeau  (bourbon).  Plant  very  vig- 
orous ;  foliage  deep  green  ;  the  old  wood  straight,  strong  and 
thorny ;  flowers  very  large,  double  and  cup-shaped  ;  color 
bright  red,  shaded  with  carmine  ;  corymbs  very  strong  and 
numerous. 

"Commandant  Larret  de  Lamalignie  (hybrid  remontant). 
Plant  vigorous,  wood  somewhat  flexible  ;  foliage  light  green  ; 
flower  large,  double,  opening  well,  and  perfect  in  form  ;  color 
a  beautiful  red  scarlet ;  floriferous  ;  flowers  in  corymbs. 

"Madame  Lemesle  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  very  vig- 
orous ;  wood  large  and  robust,  armed  with  recurved  prickles  ; 
foliage  beautiful  deep  green  ;  flowers  large  and  double,  globu- 
lar, red  velvety-purple  passing  into  violet. 

"  Mr.  Tesnier,  near  Angiers,  introduced  these  varieties  : 

"Etoile  de  Angers  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous;  the  old 
wood  green  ;  thorns  few  ;  foliage  glossy  green  ;  buds  long  and 
borne  on  a  firm  peduncle  ;  flower  large,  very  double,  spheri- 
cal and  well  formed.  The  ground  color  is  copper  yellow, 
largely  bordered  with  red  peach  reflection  from  the  bronzed 
petals. 

"Madame  Dorgere  (tea).  Plant  vigorous;  wood  deep 
green  and  thorny  ;  foliage  light  yellow  ;  buds  elongated, 
oval  ;  peduncle  long  and  firm  ;  habit  excellent ;  flower  large, 
very  double,  spherical  ;  color  flesh  carnation,  softly  shaded, 
sometimes  light  salmon.  The  flowers  remain  half  opened  for 
a  long  time  and  become  purple  rose  as  they  grow  older. 
The  variety  is  a  cross  between  Sylphide  and  Catherine 
Mermet. 

"Madame  Charles  de  Rostang  (hybrid  remontant). 
Plant  vigorous,  older  wood  light  green  ;  thorns  few  ;  foliage 
broad  and  glossy  green  ;  flower  large,  double,  well  formed ; 
color  china-rose,  the  outer  petals  a  soft  rose-mallow,  the 
veins  being-  rose-carmine.  A  seedling  of  Comtesse  d'  Ox- 
ford. 

"  The  following  varieties  were  introduced  by  Mr.  Vigneron, 
Olivet,  near  Orleans  : 

"Madame  E.  Forgeot  (hybrid  remontant).-  Plant  very 
vigorous  ;  branches  straight  and  firm  ;  foliage  beautiful  light 
green  ;  buds  borne  on  firm  leafy  peduncles  ;  flowers  medium 
to  large,  double,  of  fine  form  ;   color  a  very  clear  and  bright 


48  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

cherry  red  ;  very  floriferous.      Cross  between  Jules  Margottin 
and  Elizabeth  Vigneron. 

"Monsieur  Jules  Lemaitre  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
very  vigorous  branches  straight  and  firm ;  foliage  deep 
green  ;  flowers  very  large,  double,  spherical,  and  of  a  bright 
red  carmine  color  ;  habit  perfect ;  floriferous ;  very  fragrant. 
A  seedling  of  Madame  Isaac  P^reire. 

"Madame  Eugene  S^bille  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
vigorous ;  branches  straight  and  firm  ;  foliage  light  green  ; 
peduncle  very  firm  ;  flower  large,  double,  finely  formed  ;  color 
cherry  red,  the  center  slightly  darker  ;  very  floriferous. 
Seedling  of  Madame  Charles  Crapulet. 

"Madame  Schwartz,  of  Lyon-Guillotiere,  introduced  the 
following  seedling  varieties  : 

"  Mademoselle  Juliette  Berthaud  (bourbon).  Plant  vigor- 
ous ;  foliage  elegant  ;  flower  medium  in  size,  with  reflexed 
petals  ;  color  yellow-white,  mingled  with  carnation  and  rosy 
white  towards  the  center.  The  lower  part  of  the  petals  is 
citron-yellow  ;   fragrant  and  remontant. 

"Roger  Lambelin  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous; 
foliage  abundant,  and  light  green  in  color;  flower  medium 
size  and  well  formed.  The  petals  are  clear  red,  margined 
and  spotted  with  pure  white  and  light  rose  ;  stamens  numer- 
ous and  conspicuous. 

"Madame  Delville  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous; 
foliage  beautiful  ;  flower  very  large,  double,  perfect  in  form, 
center  compact ;  color  a  bright  rose,  becoming  lighter  at  the 
borders,  and  passing  into  clear  rose  ;  the  under  side  of  the 
petals  is  silvery  ;  very  fragrant.      Seedling  of  Alfred  Colomb. 

"  Eugene  Verdier,  of  Paris,  sent  out  the  following  varieties  : 

"  Souvenir  de  Clairvaux  (tea).  Plant  vigorous;  branches 
strong  and  erect ;  foliage  dark  green  and  glossy ;  thorns  few  ; 
flower  medium  to  large,  very  double  and  well  formed,  borne 
on  a  firm  peduncle  ;  color  a  beautiful  shade  of  china-rose,  the 
base  of  the  petals  being  apricot-yellow,  flushed  with  nankeen 
and  marked  with  carmine  ;   floriferous  and  fragrant. 

"Docteur  Chopart  (^bourbon).  Plant  vigorous;  branches 
straight  and  firm  ;  thorns  numerous ;  foliage  deep  green  ; 
flowers  medium  in  size,  and  well  formed  ;  color  a  soft  beauti- 
ful rose. 

"Docteur  Bastien  (hybrid  remontant).       Plant  vigorous; 


Ornavientals .  49 

branches  erect  and  light  green  ;  thorns  few  ;  foliage  deep 
green  ;  flowers  medium  to  large,  double,  perfect  in  form, 
spherical  ;  petals  broad  and  concave  ;  color  a  bright  currant 
rose  magenta  ;  very  fragrant. 

"Souvenir  de  C^cile  Vilin  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
vigorous,  branches  firm  and*  straight,  thorns  not  numerous, 
foliage  dark  green  ;  flowers  large,  double,  well  formed,  like 
Annie  Wood  ;   color  carmine-amaranth,  with  bright  purple. 

"  Elie  Lambert,  Lyons,  introduced  Madame  Elie  Lambert 
(tea).  Plant  exceedingly  floriferous  and  uncommonly  vig- 
orous, although  of  small  size  ;  buds  borne  on  firm  peduncles  ; 
flower  cup-shaped,  well  formed,  its  center  rose  color,  and 
beautifully  set  off  by  the  pure  white  of   the  exterior  petals. 

"Mr.  Veysset,  of  Royat-les-Bains,  introduced  Madame 
Angelique  Veysset  (hybrid  tea).  Flower  rose  colored, 
streaked  with  bright  red.      It  is  a  sport  of  La  France. 

"Alexandre  Bernaix,  of  Villeurbanne,  near  Lyons,  produc- 
ed the  following  : 

"Mademoiselle  Adelina  Viviand-Morel  (tea).  Plant 
sarmentous,  foliage  glossy  ;  the  coloring  is  very  clear  apricot, 
passing  into  canary-yellow,  with  golden  tints  which  fade  into 
straw-yellow,  relieved  by  carnation  ;  very  fragrant. 

"Madame  la  Princesse  Bassaraba  (tea).  Plant  small,  vig- 
orous, branching,  very  floriferous  ;  bud  ovoid  ;  flower  medium 
large  and  double  ;  color  flesh  carmine  changing  to  carnation 
in  the  outer  petals,  and  changing  from  a  canary  yellow  to  pale 
chrome  while  opening. 

"  Souvenir  de  Mademoiselle  Elise  Chatelard  (dwarf  poly- 
antha).  Plant  dwarf  branching  at  the  base  and  forming  a 
thick  symmetrical  bush  ;  foliage  small,  deep  green  above, 
paler  on  the  under  side  ;  flowers  abundant,  about  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  finely  formed  ;  the  color  is  a  fresh  red-carmine. 
The  external  petals  are  mucronate,  those  of  the  center 
crimped. 

"Jean  Ducher,  of  Montplaisir-Lyons,  introduced  the 
Beauts  de  Grange  de  H^by  (hybrid  tea).  Plant  vigorous, 
wood  smooth,  branches  straight ;  foliage  glossy,  bronzed  green, 
thorns  few.  The  flower  is  large,  double,  and  borne  on  a  firm 
peduncle  ;  color  pure  white,  lightly  tinged  with  yellow  at  the 
center.  Cross  between  Baronne  A.  de  Rothschild  and 
Madame  Ch^danne  Guinoiseau. 


50  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

''Three  roses  were  introduced  by  Mr.  Pernet,  of  Charpen- 
nes-les-Lyons  : 

''Triomphe  de  Pernet  p^re  (hybrid  tea).  Plant  vigorous, 
branches  straight  and  firm ;  flowers  large,  almost  double, 
bright  red,  gracefully  borne  ;  buds  very  long  and  opening 
easily  ;  the  plant  flowers  continuously  and  abundantly.  It  is 
a  cross  between  Monsieur  D^sir  and  General  Jacqueminot. 

''Marquise  de  Salisbury  (hybrid  tea).  Plant  vigorous, 
branches  straight  and  firm,  thorns  numerous  ;  foliage  dense, 
and  dark  green  in  color,  bordered  with  red  ;  flowers  medium 
to  large,  almost  double,  bright  velveted  red  ;  buds  long  and 
T-shaped  ;  very  floriferous. 

"Madam  Dubost  (bourbon).  Plant  vigorous,  branching; 
flowers  borne  in  corymbs,  almost  double,  medium  to  large, 
light  carnation  at  the  borders  of  the  petals,  and  bright  red  at 
the  center ;  floriferous. 

"Jean  Perrier,  of  Lyons,  sent  out  Professeur  Ganiviat 
(tea).  Plant  very  vigorous  and  floriferous  ;  flower  well  form- 
ed, large,  double,  and  borne  on  a  firm  peduncle  :  color  red, 
shaded  with  crimson. 

"M.  Liabaud,  of  Lyons-Croix-Rousse,  introduced: 

"Comtesse  de  Bernis  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigor- 
ous ;  branches  straight,  reddish  ;  foliage  light  green  ;  flowers 
large,  double,  bright  rose ;  very  floriferous. 

"  Docteur  Branche  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous, 
branches  firm,  thorns  few  and  small ;  foliage  glaucous  and 
bearing  small  thorns  on  the  under  side  ;  flowers  large,  double, 
the  petals  being  large  and  cherry  red. 

"  Rougier-Chauvi^re  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  very 
vigorous  and  the  branches  firm ;  thorns  strong,  reddish,  and 
numerous ;  foliage  large,  deep  green,  armed  with  small  thorns 
on  the  under  side  ;  flowers  large,  double,  velvety  red-purple- 
amaranth. 

"Madame  Joseph  Linossier  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
vigorous,  branches  straight,  thorns  small  and  numerous,  foli- 
age light  green  and  abundant ;  flowers  large,  almost  double  ; 
color  very  soft  rose,  margined  and  marbled  with  bright  rose. 
Sport  of  Madame  Montet. 

"Madame  Pierre  Liabaud  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
very  vigorous,  branches  firm  and  always  terminating  in  four 
or  five  flower  buds,  thorns  quite  numerous  ;  foliage  metallic- 


Ornamentals.  51 

green ;  flower  large,  double,  arched,  and  carnation-white. 
Seedling  of  Madam  Isaac  P^reire. 

''Souvenir  de  Lady  Ashburton  (tea)  was  introduced  by 
Charles     Verdier,     Ivry-sur-Seine.  Plant    very     vigorous, 

branched,  and  floriferous  ;  branches  numerous,  rather  short, 
the  bark  red  and  slightly  glaucous  ;  thorns  long,  very  sharp, 
curved ;  peduncles  strong ;  sepals  reddish  ;  foliage  glossy 
green  above,  glaucous  and  often  tinged  with  red  below;  flow- 
ers large,  double,  and  very  variable  in  color,  being  copper-red, 
salmon-yellow,  sometimes  red,  often  intense  red,  light  yellow, 
and  presenting  all  these  shades  either  separately  or  mingled, 
depending  upon  the  stage  of  flowering ;  very  fragrant.  A 
vegetable  chameleon. 

''Nabonnand  &  Sons,  of  Golfe-Juan,  introduced  the  follow- 
ing kinds  : 

"Princess  Marguerite  d'  Orleans  (tea).  Plant  very  vigor- 
ous ;  flower  very  large,  double,  perfect,  peduncle  long  and 
firm ;  buds  long  and  well  formed ;  the  outer  petals  very  deli- 
cate pale  rose,  silvery  on  the  lower  side,  the  inner  ones  bright 
carmine  red.    Cross  of  Papa  Gontier  and  Isabelle  Nabonnand. 

"G6n^ral  de  Mertchansky  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous; 
flower  large,  double,  erect,  and  of  perfect  form ;  buds  elon- 
gated and  opening  well ;  wood  reddish,  thorns  few ;  color  a 
soft  carnation  rose,  the  center  more  bright ;  very  floriferous. 

''Jaune  Nabonnand  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous;  flower 
very  large,  double,  opening  easily  ;  buds  long  and  well  form- 
ed ;  wood  reddish,  thorns  few,  foliage  large.  Color  a  chrome 
yellow,  tinted  with  chamois,  the  center  somewhat  copper  col- 
ored, the  under  side  of  the  petals  much  lighter  ;  outer  petals 
very  large  ;  floriferous. 

"  Maurice  Rouvier  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous  and  hardy, 
forming  a  large  bush  ;  flower  very  large  and  double,  of  per- 
fect form  ;  buds  long,  opening  well ;  wood  reddish-brown, 
thorns  few  ;  foliage  light  green  ;  flowers  abundantly  and  con- 
tinuously. Color  a  soft  rose,  lightly  veined  with  red,  the 
outer  petals  somewhat  lighter. 

"La  Chanson  (tea).  Plant  very  vigorous;  foliage  large, 
deep  green  ;  flower  very  large,  double,  erect,  usually  solitary 
on  a  firm  peduncle  ;  buds  long  and  perfect ;  color  bright  rose- 
carmine,  nacreous,  the  center  darker,  gilded.  A  cross  of  Isa- 
belle Nabonnand  and  G^n^ral  Schablikine. 


52  Annals  of  Hortiadture . 

''Etienne  Levet,  Montplaisir-Lyon,  sent  out  Mademoiselle 
Josephine  Viollet  (noisette).  Plant  vigorous,  hardy,  sar- 
mentous  ;  flower  very  large  and  double,  opening  well,  of 
perfect  form,  very  fragrant ;  color  copper-yellow  at  the  cen- 
ter of  the  petals  and  rose-salmon  on  the  borders,  sometimes 
a  soft  rose  white  ;  buds  long,  foliage  dark  green.  Cross  be- 
tween Ophirie  and  Mar^chal  Niel. 

' '  The  following  sorts  were  put  out  by  M.  Corboeuf-Marsault, 
of  Orleans  : 

"Mademoiselle  Marie-Louise  Bourgeois  (moss).  Flowers 
large,  double,  well  formed  ;  color  a  light  carnation-white  upon 
a  ground  color  of  chrome-yellow  ;  fragrant  and  vigorous. 

''Madame  C^cile  Morand  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
moderately  vigorous ;  flower  large,  very  double  and  well 
formed  ;  color  deep  carmine-red,  the  under  side  of  the  petals 
silvered  ;  very  floriferous. 

''Mademoiselle  Madeleine  Delaroche  (tea).  Plant  sar- 
mentous :  flower  large,  very  double,  carnation-rose ;  very 
floriferous.     A  seedling  of  Mathilde  Lenaerts. 

"M.  Chauvry  introduced  two  varieties  : 

"  Mademoiselle  Thirion-Montauban  (tea).  Plant  very  vig- 
orous, of  good  habit,  hardy  ;  foliage  deep  green,  reddish-pur- 
ple on  the  under  side  ;  buds  round,  usually  solitary  ;  flowers 
cup-shaped,  large,  well  formed  ;  color  white,  center  light  yel- 
low, the  borders  of  the  petals  rose,  sometimes  dotted  with 
red.      Seedling  of  Shirley  Hibberd. 

"Souvenir  de  Pierre  Magne  (tea).  Plant  vigorous, 
branches  straight,  foliage  deep  green  ;  flower  medium  to  large, 
semi-double ;  color  a  deep  china-rose  on  a  copper-yellow 
ground  color,  passing  to  light  rose,  the  under  side  of  the 
petals  a  deeper  rose  ;  very  floriferous.  Cross  of  Souvenir  de 
David  d'Angers  and  Madame  B^rard. 

"L^veque  &  Son,  of  Ivry-sur-Seine,  gave  the  following  : 

"  Mademoiselle  Andr^e  Worth  (bourbon).  Plant  very  vig- 
orous ;  flower  large,  double,  perfect  in  form  ;  color  white, 
slightly  tinged  with  rose  or  pure  carmine,  shading  exceedingly 
delicate. 

"Belle  Yvryenne  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  very  vigor- 
ous ;  foliage  glaucous-green  and  abundant ;  flower  very  large 
and  double,  perfect  in  form  ;  color  a  bright  rose-red,  mingled 
with  white  and  carmine. 


Ornamentals.  ^2 

''General  Korolkow  (h3^brid  remontant).  Plant  very  vig- 
orous ;  foliage  dark  green  ;  flower  large,  double,  well  formed  ; 
color  deep  red-carmine,  shaded  with  purple  and  brown. 

''Madame  Brault  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous; 
foliage  lanceolate,  light  green ;  flower  large,  double,  well 
formed  ;  color  bright  clear  rose. 

"Madame  Theodore  Vernes  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
vigorous  ;  foliage  abundant  and  dark  green  ;  flower  large, 
double,  well  formed;  color  bright  rose,  the  borders  of  the 
petals  having  a  softer  hue. 

"Professeur  Chargueraud  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant 
vigorous  ;  foliage  abundant  and  deep  green ;  flower  large, 
double,  well  formed ;  color  deep  red,  marbled  with  brown 
and  crimson-red. 

"  Professor  Lambin  (hybrid  remontant).  Plant  vigorous; 
foliage  glaucous-green  ;  flower  large,  double,  well  carried,  the 
color  a  bright  rose  or  clear  red.  In  form,  color  and  florifer- 
ousness  it  is  of  the  first  order. 

"Eiffel  (multiflorus  climbing,  not  remontant).  Seedling 
of  Grifferaie.  It  has  the  foliage  of  the  parent,  but  the  flow- 
ers are  larger,  and  deep  red-crimson  ;  very  floriferous. 

"Giffard  (multiflorus  climbing,  not  remontant).  Seed- 
ling of  Grifferaie;  foliage  same  as  that  of  the  parent  but  the 
flower  is  larger,  well  formed,  and  of  a  bright  clear  red-car- 
mine color;  very  floriferous. 

"Recapitulating,  we  find  that  the  varieties  are  thus  divided  : 

Tea 27 

Hybrid  Tea 7 

Hybrid  Remontant 24 

Bourbon 5 

Noisette 2 

Multiflorus,  not  Remontant 2 

Moss 2 

Dwarf  Polyantha i 

Total 70." 

Another  view  of  new  foreign  roses  is  presented  by  C.  P. 
Strassheim  in  Eose?izeitung,  as  follows  : 

"During  my  many  visits  in  the  Moselle  district  I  had  excel- 
lent opportunities  for  visiting  the  roseries  of  Lambert  & 
Reiter,  Trier,  and  of  Soupert  &  Netting,  Luxembourg,  and  I 
closely  watched  the  new  varieties  that  were  being  tested.      In 


54  Aymals  of  Horticulture. 

company  with  Mr.  Netting,  I  repeatedly  examined  the  novel- 
ties in  the  latter  place,  and  the  following  varieties  impressed 
me  as  being  particularly  valuable.  I  even  believe  that  in  the 
future  they  will  occupy  permanent  positions  in  our  gardens. 
There  are  still  many  other  promising  varieties,  but  they  were 
not  in  a  condition  most  favorable  for  judging  of  their  merits. 

''Of  the  many  varieties  that  I  saw  the  one  which  struck 
me  most  favorably  as  regards  form  and  color  was  the  rose 
Madame  Moreau  (tea)  of  Moreau-Robert.  The  deep  copper- 
yellow  color  of  this  rose  can  be  found  in  no  other.  The 
shade  is  sometimes  approached  in  Beauts  de  I'Europe,  and 
perhaps  in  Madame  B^rard  and  a  few  others,  but  in  none  is 
there  such  a  rich  color  as  in  Madame  Moreau.  If  we  con- 
sider Clotilde  Soupert  (polyantha)  as  a  novelty  of  1890,  it 
nevertheless  hardly  requires  mention  here,  for  it  is  already  so 
well  known  on  account  of  the  color  and  number  of  its  flowers. 

"Another  excellent  tea  rose  is  Sappho,  of  W.  Paul  & 
Son.  The  color  is  a  deep  straw  yellow.  The  buds  are 
almost  perfectly  spherical,  but  when  expanded  the  flower  is 
in  the  form  of  a  cup.  The  plant  is  of  very  free  habit,  blooms 
abundantly,  and  is  by  no  means  to  be  neglected  for  cut-flowers. 

"A  third  tea  rose  is  Miss  Marston  (of  Pries).  Its  ground 
color  is  white  with  a  flush  of  yellow,  the  outer  petals  having  a 
margin  of  pink  at  the  tips,  passing  into  apricot-yellow  towards 
the  center.  When  the  flower  is  fully  opened  the  yellow 
recedes,  the  inner  petals  appear  to  be  white,  and  the  outer 
ones  assume  a  deeper  rose-pink.  The  form  is  spreading  and 
open,  producing  a  magnificent  effect. 

''Duchesse  Marie  Salviati,  of  Soupert  &  Netting,  should 
occupy  the  fourth  place.  The  form  of  the  flower  is  very  dif- 
ferent from  that  of  the  others.  The  buds  are  very  long,  as  in 
Niphetos  when  grown  under  glass,  Reine  Marie  Henriette, 
and  a  few  others,  but  still  the  flower  opens  very  easily.  What 
gives  this  variety  an  especial  value,  besides  its  form,  is  its 
peculiar  coloring.  The  shades  are  a  dark  orange-yellow, 
flesh-colored  rose,  and  the  finest  peach-red.  Since  these 
tints  run  together,  the  gray-rose  of  David  Pradel  may  some- 
times be  seen  on  individual  flowers.  In  coloring,  this  variety 
perhaps  approaches  most  closely  the  beautiful  old  Mont  Rose, 
but  in  form  it  is  radically  different. 

''The  tea  rose  Rheingold,  of  Lambert  &  Reiter,  must  also 


Ornamentals.  55 

be  mentioned  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its  form  and  color. 
Unfortunately  it  is  of  rather  weak  growth,  due  probably  to 
its  continuous  flowering.  The  coloring  is  almost  exactly  the 
same  as  that  of  William  Allen  Richardson,  but  the  form  of 
the  flower  is  regular  and  faultless.  It  is  an  excellent  rose  for 
bouquets. 

''Another  tea  rose  worthy  of  mention  is  Jaune  Guillaumez 
(of  Bonnaire).  Its  buds  are  also  long,  and  the  flower  is  of  a 
brick-red  color,  passing  into  a  salmon-yellow  towards  the  cen- 
ter. This  coloring  is  not  often  found  in  roses,  and  although 
we  have  pink  tea  roses  which  pass  into  various  tints  of  yel- 
low towards  the  center,  there  is  none  possessing  such  a  red 
color  as  the  Jaune  Guillaumez.  The  form  of  the  flower  is  also 
very  regular  and  beautiful. 

''Among  the  tea  hybrids  I  could  not  fail  to  notice  Bona 
Weillschott  (of  Soupert  &  Notting)  on  account  of  its  brilliant 
color.  This  rose  may  be  particularly  recommended  for  group- 
ing on  a  lawn  because  of  the  abundance  of  its  flaming  car- 
mine flowers. 

"The  above  are  all  seedling  varieties,  and  may  be  highly 
recommended. 

"  I  shall  now  mention  a  few  sports,  of  which  two  are  excep- 
tionally good.  The  best,  most  beautiful  and  undoubtedly  the 
most  valuable  is  the  tea  hybrid  Augustine  Guinoisseau  (of 
Guinoisseau  &  Sons),  or  White  La  France.  This  rose  has 
the  same  character  of  wood,  foliage,  growth  and  abundance 
of  bloom  as  our  old  La  France,  and  the  flowers  have  the  same 
form,  only  they  are  white.  It  is  a  sport  of  La  France,  and  so 
much  resembles  the  parent  form  that  if  without  flowers  it 
would  be  mistaken  for  it.  When  opening,  the  blossom  is  of  a 
light  cream  color,  such  as  is  found  in  many  other  white  roses, 
as  Elise  Boelle,  Madame  Nomann,  etc. 

"A  second  rose,  a  pure  tea,  is  The  Queen*  (of  Dingee  & 
Conard).  This  comes  from  the  old  Souvenir  d'un  Ami,  and 
has  its  well  known  characters,  only  the  flower  is   pure  white. 

"Another  white  tea  rose,  Madame  Olga  (of  Leveque),  is 
also  said  to  be  a  sport,  although  known  for  a  long  time.  I 
have  a  suspicion  that  M.  Leveque  does  not  possess  our  Gross- 
herzogin  Mathilde  or  else  this  sport  would  have  been  known 


*See  Annals  Horticulture, 


^6  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

to  him.  I  do  not  think  I  am  mistaken,  for  the  form  and  color 
of  the  flower,  the  wood,  growth  and  foHage  of  this  sport  re- 
semble those  of  Grossherzogin  Mathilde  as  much  as  one  egg 
does  another. 

"A  third  white  tea  rose  is  Climbing  Niphetos  (of  Keynes 
&  Co).  I  am  not  very  well  satisfied  with  this  rose  either,  for 
what  I  have  seen  of  the  Climbing  Niphetos  is  all  Niphetos 
with  very  little  climbing  about  it.  If  that  is  to  come  later,  the 
originator  unfortunately  forgot  to  mention  the  fact. 

''In  conclusion,  I  must  mention  another  tea  hybrid,  one 
which  possesses  all  the  characteristics  which  a  good  rose  should 
not  have.  This  is  the  White  Lady  (of  W.  Paul  &  Son).  But 
it  is  very  often  of  a  pink  color  ;  indeed,  I  have  found  this  to  be 
the  rule.  Judging  from  most  of  the  plants  one  would  suppose 
they  were  Lady  Mary  Fitzwilliam,  of  which  the  White  Lady 
is  supposed  to  be  a  sport,  nor  is  there  an}^  cause  for  complaint 
about  an  unusually  strong  growth,  for  not  only  is  this  moder- 
ate, but  indeed  very  moderate.  Such  roses,  especially  if  they 
are  sports,  had  better  remain  with  the  originators.  However, 
I  shall  not  pass  final  judgment,  but  rather  hope  that  I  am  mis- 
taken, and  that  time  will  remedy  the  defects  of  these  two  roses. 
Nevertheless  I  stand  by  what  has  been  said  in  regard  to  the 
varieties  first  mentioned,  and  I  hope  to  speak  favorably  of 
those  that  were  not  in  good  condition,  at  their  next  period  of 
flowering." 

Orchids.  Among  professional  growers  and  fanciers,  orchids 
have  received  the  usual  amount  of  attention  during  the  year, 
and  the  extent  of  the  introductions  in  this  country  can  be 
learned  from  the  list  of  introductions  given  on  a  later  page. 
Popular  interest  in  these  plants  is  also  growing,  but  there  are 
few  general  cultivators  who  attempt  to  grow  them  to  any  ex- 
tent. The  interest  appears  to  be  rather  one  of  curiosity, 
and  exhibitions  of  them  are  always  well  attended.  The  in- 
terest in  orchids  in  England  appears  to  be  unabated,  and  as 
we  draw  our  supplies  largely  from  thence,  I  have  obtained  from 
W.  J.  Bean,  of  the  Royal  Gardens,  Kew,  the  following  com- 
plete list  of  introductions  into  that  county  during  1890  : 

By  whom  raised 
Name.  or  introduced.  Country  or  Origin. 

iErides  Augustianum Linden    ....  Phillipine  Islands. 

"        d'Ansonii Low Natural  hybrid?  Burmah. 

Angraecum  Hetiriquesianum Island  of  St.  Thomas,  West  Africa. 

"  primulinum Low Natural  hybrid,  Madagascar. 


Ornamentals. 


57 


By  whom  raised 
Name.  or  inttoduced.  Country  or  Origin. 

Bulbophyllum  lemniscatoides  .   .   .  Lansberge  .  .   .  Java. 

Calanthe  Mylesii Garden  hybrid,  C.  nivalis  X  C.  Veitchii 

"         rubens Langkawi  Islands,  Malay  Peninsula. 

"         Veitchii,  var  alba Garden  hybrid. 

Cattleya  Ballantiniana Sander    ....  "  C.   Trianie  C.  X  War- 

scewiczii. 

"        Gaskelliana,  var.  picta Venezuela. 

"        granulosa,  var.  Buysson- 

iana Linden   ....  Guatemala. 

"        intricata,  var.  maculata Brazil. 

"        labiata, var. Warocqueana  Linden    .    .    .   .  South  America. 

"        Rex ^         ....  Central  America. 

"        superba,  var.  alba  ....  Rand Amazon  Valley. 

Coryanthes  Bungerothii Linden    ....  Venezuela. 

Cymbidium  Tracvaiium Sander    ....  Burmah. 

Cypripedium  Alci'ades Sander   .    .    .   .  Garden  hybrid,  C.  insigne  X  C.  hirsu 

turn. 
"  "Alice" "        ....  " 


'Alfred"     Drewett 

Antigone Veitch  .  . 

Aylingii Ayling     . 

Buchanianum 

Castleanum Sander    . 

'Constance" Drewett 

Cythera 


Deboisianum  ....  Vervaet  . 

Doris Cookson  , 

Elinor" Drewett 

Eyermannianum  .  .  Sander  . 
H.  Ballantine"  .  .  .  Veitch  .  . 
Hera 


C.  Stonei  X  C.  Spicer- 

ianum. 
C.venustum  X  C.  Phil- 

lipinense. 
C.    Lawrenceanum    X 

C.  niveum. 
C.   niveum  X  C.   cilio- 

lare. 
C.   Spicerianum   X   C. 

Druryi. 
C.  hirsutissinum  X  C. 

superbum. 
C.  Stonei  X  C.Curtisii. 
C.  Spicerianum   X   C. 

purpuratum. 
C.  venustum  X  C.  Box- 

allii,  var.  atratum. 
C.    venustum    X     C. 

Stonei. 
C.  s  el  liger  u  m  X  C. 

Veitchii. 
C.  barbatum  X  C.  Spi- 
cerianum. 
C.    Fairrieanum   X   C. 

purpuratum. 
C.  Spicerianum    X   C. 

villosum. 


Hookerfe.var.Volon- 

teanum Low  &  Sander   Borneo. 

insigne,    var.    longi- 

sepalum Sander    ....  Northern  India. 

insigne,  var.  Macfar- 

lanei "  " 

Leeanum,     var.     bi- 

florum Garden  hybrid,  C.  insigne,  var.  Chan- 

tinii    X   C.  Spicer- 


Leeanum,  var.  gigan- 
teum Heath 


Maynardii Sander 

Niobe Veitch  . 

Northumbrian"     .   .Drewett 
Numa Veitch  . 


lanum. 

C.  insigne  X  C.  Spice- 
rianum. 

C.  purpuratum  X  C. 
Spicerianum. 

C.  Fairrieanum  X  C. 
Spicerianum. 

C.  insigne,  var.  Maulei 
X  C.  calophyllum. 

C,  Lawrencianum  X  C. 
Stonei. 


58 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


Name. 
Cypripedium  CEnone  . 

"  Osbornei 


Pollettianum 


By  whom  raised 
or  introduced. 
Sander    . 

Osborne  . 


Sander 


Country  or  Origin. 
Garden  hybrid,  C.  HookeraeXC.  super- 


Siamense 
Vipani    . 


Weidlichianui 


Bangkok,  Siam. 

Vipan Garden  hybrid. 


biens. 
C.    Harrisianum, 

superbum  X  C. 

cerianum. 
C.    calophyllum 

venustum. 


var. 
Spi- 


"  Youngianum    .   . 

Dendrobium  atroviolaceum  .  . 
"  Cassiope  (hybrid) 
"  Venus 


Sander 
Sander 


Laelia  anceps,  var.   Thomsoniana 
"     Tresederiana 


Laelio-Cattleya  "  Proserpine" 

MasdevalliaCostaricensis  .  .    . 
"  fulvescens    .   .   .   . 

"  guttulata 

"  Lowii 

"  Measuresiana    .   . 


C.  niveum  X  C.  Philli- 

pinense 
C.     Hartwegii    X     C. 

Schlimii. 
C.  superbiens  X  C.  Roe- 
belenii. 

Veitch Eastern  New  Guinea. 

Cookson  .  .   .    .  D.  JaponicaX  D.nobile,var.  albiflorum. 
....  Garden    hybrid,   D.   Falconerii    X    D. 
nobile. 

Mexico. 

Statter Cattleya    crispa     •;    Cattleya    Loddi- 

gesii. 
Veitch Garden  hybrid,  Laelia  Dayana  X  Cat- 
tleya velutina. 
Costa  Rica. 
New  Granada. 

.  Tropical  America. 

Low New  Granada. 


Sander    . 
Hoesman 


Sander 


O'Brieniana 
Rolfeana  .  . 
Stella  .... 


Garden   hybrid, 

amabilis. 
New  Grenada? 


M.  Tovarensis 


M. 


Sander 
Hincks 


M.    Estradae    X    M. 


Maxillaria  longisepala  .  .   . 

Moorea  irrorata 

Odontoglossum  Leroyanum 

"  Wattianum 

"  Youngii  .   . 

Oncidium  Larkinianum  .  . 
"  Leopoldianum  . 

Phaius  Cooksonii 


Phal^nopsis  Schilleriana,  var.  alba 
Rodriguezia  Fuerstenbergii  .  .  ,  . 
Scaphosepalum  antenniferum  .  .  . 
Sobralia  Lowii 

"       Sanderae 

"       Wilsoniana 

Sophro-Cattleya  Calypso  (hybrid) 


.  Garden    hybrid, 
Harry  ana. 
Linden    ....  Venezuela. 

Tropical  America. 

Leroy Garden  hybrid,  O.  crispum  X  O.  luteo- 

purpureum. 
Sander    .    .    .   .  Natural  hybrid. 

Mexico. 

Brazil. 

Linden    ....  Andes. 

Cookson    .   .    .  Garden  hybrid,  P.  Wallichii  X  P.  tuber- 
culosus. 

Phillipine  Islands. 

Sander    ....  New  Grenada. 
Shuttleworth    .  Tropical  America, 

Low New  Granada. 

Sander    ....  Central  America. 


Trichopilia  punctata 

Vanda  Amesiana,  var.  alba  . 

Zygopetalum  caulescens  .  .   . 

"  Jorisianum    .   . 

(Bollea)  Whitei 


Veitch Sophronitis     grandiflora    X     Cattleyi 

Harrisoniana. 
Sander    ....  Costa  Rica. 

India. 

Sander    ....  Brazil. 
Linden    ....  Venezuela. 
White New  Granada. 


General  Foreigti 


Notes.  W.  Watson,  of  the  Royal  Gar- 
dens, Kew,  writes  as  follows  to  Garden  and  Forest  of  the  new 
ornamentals  of  1890: 

''The  whole  catalogue  of  the  new  plants  of  last  year  con- 
tains scarcely  anything  of  exceptional  merit.    Not  even  among 


Ornameutals.  cq 

orchids,  usually  so  rich  in  new  prizes  for  the  cultivator,   is 
there  any  one  plant  of  extraordinary  interest  or  beauty  equal 
to  those  we  already  possessed,  though  there  are  not  a  few 
which  might  be  classed  as  first-rate  acquisitions  did  they  not 
resemble  so  closely  others  already  in  cultivation.      The  ques- 
tion naturally  arises,  how  is  it  that  so  few  good  plants  are  in- 
troduced   now,   compared  with  the    rich    harvest    each    year 
brought,   say  in  Dr.    Lindley's    time,   or  even   later  ?     Have 
nurserymen  and  others  interested  discovered  that  more  can 
be  made  out  of  the  material  already  at  hand  by  cross-breeding, 
selection,  etc.,  than  out  of  new  introductions  ?     It  cannot  be 
that  the  ground  is  exhausted,  that  everything  worth  having 
has  been  secured.      There  are  scores,  one  may  safely  say  hun- 
dreds of  beautiful  plants  known  to  botanists  which  have  never 
yet  been  seen  in  the  garden.      China,    Upper  Burmah,  New 
Guinea,    Madagascar,   Africa  and  South  America  teem  with 
good  garden  plants  of  all  kinds.      Even  ground  already  beaten 
over  by  collectors  contains  many  beautiful  plants  unknown  in 
horticulture,    while  among  early  introductions,    which   have 
since  disappeared  from  gardens,   there  are  a  great  number  of 
first-rate  things.      Of  course  we  have  an  enormous   number  of 
beautiful  plants  in  every  department  of  the  garden,  and,  as 
many  would  say,   more  than  sufficient  for  our  needs.      Yet  a 
new  introduction  of  sterling  merit  is  certain  to  find  general  fa- 
vor, and  while  we  all  love  old  favorites  we  are  always  ready  to 
welcome  new  friends. 

"Orchids. — Perhaps  the  most  interesting  new  orchid  of 
1890  is  Aloorea  irrorata,  a  new  genus,  which  flowered  at  Glas- 
nevin,  and  is  named  in  compliment  to  the  curator,  Mr.  Moore. 
It  is  allied  to  houlletia,  has  a  spike  eighteen  inches  long, 
bearing  a  dozen  fleshy  flowers,  two  inches  across,  and  colored 
rich  reddish-brown.  Unfortunately,  Mr.  Moore's  plant  is 
unique,  and  w^e  do  not  even  know  of  what  country  it  is  a  native. 
Dejidrobiiim  Macfarlanei,  introduced  and  flowered  by  Messrs. 
J.  Veitch  &  Sons,  is  beautiful  in  flower,  but  it  comes -from 
New  Guinea,  and,  like  almost  all  the  dendrobiums  from  that 
region,  it  is,  unfortunately,  too  difficult  to  manage  to  ever 
find  general  favor.  Among  cattleyas  the  only  new  introduc- 
tions of  note  are  C.  War  oc  que  ana,  C.  Lrndeni  and  C.  Rex,  of 
the  Messrs.  Linden.  The  first-named  is  an  improved  C.  Gas- 
ke//ia?ia,  the  second  a  good  C.  labiata,  and  the  third  not  unlike 


6o  Annals  of  Horticultitre. 

the  white  C.  aurea,  known  as  C.  Imschootiana.  Cymbidiian 
Tj'acyanuin  is  a  big-flowered  C.  Hookerianum,  the  older  name 
for  which  is  C.  graudifloj'inn.  Three  new  sobralias,  named  6". 
Lowii,  S.  Sandercp  and  S.  Wilsoni  differ  only  slightly  in  color 
from  species  already  known  in  gardens.  There  are  only  two 
newly  introduced  cypripediums — C.  Schoinburgkii  and  C.  Sia- 
inense — and  these  are  scarcely  more  than  botanical  curiosities. 
The  same  may  be  said  of  the  seven  new  species  of  masdeval- 
lia.  This  genus  is  attracting  an  unusual  amount  of  attention 
just  now,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  more  new  species  have 
been  introduced  lately  than  of  any  other  genus  of  orchids. 
The  pick  of  the  lot  is  AI.  Lowii,  which  has  the  habit  of  M. 
Chimcura,  tailed  flowers,  three  inches  across,  and  white  with 
purple  spots.  Varieties  of  species  already  established  in  gar- 
dens continue  to  appear  among  the  numerous  plants  annually 
imported,  and  some  of  these  are  valuable.  Cattleyas  have 
produced  C.  Lawrenciana,  var.  Vinckii,  with  flowers  of  a  de- 
cided bluish  or  magenta  hue  ;  C.  aurea,  var.  Imschootiana,  with 
white  sepals  and  petals  and  a  richly  colored  lip  ;  C.  gra?mIosa, 
var.  Buyssoniana,  with  white  sepals  and  petals.  Laelias  have 
revealed  several  excellent  varieties,  particularly  in  Z.  prcsstans, 
alha  and  L.  elegans,  Broonieatia. 

''Hybrid  orchids  eclipse  in  beauty  and  interest  the  new  in- 
troductions. Best  of  all  is  Fhaius  Cooksoni,  a  hybrid  between 
P.  tiiberculosiis  and  P.  Wallichii,  raised  by  Mr.  Norman  Cook- 
son.  It  has  the  constitution  of  the  latter  parent  and  the  ek*- 
gance  of  the  former,  plus  a  rich  rosy  color.  This  orchid  ought 
to  prove  a  useful  garden  plant.  Equaling  the  phaius  in  in- 
terest is  the  h3'brid  Odoutoglossiim  Leroyaniun,  raised  by  M. 
Leroy,  gardener  to  Baron  E.  de  Rothschild,  at  Gretz,  its 
parents  being  O.  crispuin  and  O.  luteo-piirpureiiin.  It  is  the  first 
hybrid  odontoglossum  originated  in  the  garden.  Equally  in- 
teresting are  the  two  bigeneric  hybrids  produced  and  flowered 
last  year  by  Messrs.  J.  Veitch  &  Sons — namely,  Epiphro7iitis 
Vcitchii  and  SopJiro-  Cat  t  ley  a  Calypso.  Masdevallia  stella  is  an  ad- 
ditional hybrid  in  this  genus.  Dendrobiums  have  produced 
several  beautiful  hybrids,  those  exhibited  by  Sir  T.  Laurence 
at  the  beginning  of  the  year  being  at  least  as  beautiful  and  in- 
teresting as  the  best  of  those  previousl}^  raised  ;  they  are  named 
Juno,  Luno,  Chrx'sodiscus  and  Melanodiscus.  Something  like 
thirty  hybrids  have  been  added  to  cypripedium,  and,  whilst  a 


Ornamentais.  6i 

few  of  them  are  good,  most  of  them  are  of  no  account.  The 
cream  of  them  are  Aylingii,  H.  Ballantine,  Pollettianum,  Vi- 
pani  and  Osbornei.  Cattleyas  and  laeHas  have  added  nothing 
particularly  noteworthy. 

"Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants. — The  most  interesting  new 
plants  in  this  department  are  the  following  :  HeliampJiora  nu- 
ta?is,  which  has  been  successfully  introduced  from  Roraima 
by  Messrs.  Veitch  and  which  flowered  in  their  nursery  last 
year.  It  is  a  near  ally  of  sarracenia,  having  erect,  pitcher- 
like leaves  and  regular  white  flowers  not  at  all  like  those  of 
sarracenia  and  darlingtonia.  Hitherto,  however,  the  heliam- 
phora  has  not  shown  a  disposition  to  grow  freely  under  culti- 
vation. Messrs.  Veitch  have  also  distributed  three  new 
nepenthes  of  good  quality — namely,  N.  stcnopJiylla,  a  narrow 
pitchered  species  not  unlike  TV".  Curtisii,  and  two  varieties  of 
the  excellent  N.  Bui'kci,  Tx^^xa^d  prolific  a  and  excel/ens. 

''Clematis  Stanleyi'^  must  be  numbered  among  the  prizes  of 
last  year,  but  it  needs  no  more  than  mention  in  these  pages. 
Hcemanthus  Lindeni  is  a  handsome  species  in  the  way  of  H. 
Kalbreyeri  2iX\di  H.  pimiceus.  Mr.  ^\\\V  s  Sonerila  orientalis  and 
varieties  are  pretty  additions  to  this  class  of  stove  plants  ;  they 
have  prettily  marked  foliage,  a  free  branching  habit,  and  pro- 
duce bunches  of  bright-rose  attractive  flowers  in  profusion. 
A  new  fern  in  the  way  of  Ptcj'is  Cretica,  but  far  more  elegant, 
has  been  introduced  by  Mr.  Bull  and  distributed  under  the 
name  of  Fteris  ensifonnis,  var.  Victor cc.  This  will  become 
popular  as  a  table  plant,  as  its  fronds  are  semi-erect,  very 
graceful  and  prettily  mottled  with  silvery  gray  on  a  bright  green 
ground. 

''  Calla  Ellioitiana  is  a  plant  which  ought  not  to  be  lost  sight 
of,  as  it  has  all  the  charm  of  the  common  C.  ^-Ethiopica,  differ- 
ing onl}^  in  the  clear  sulphur-yellow  of  the  spathe.  C.  yEthio- 
pica,  var.  Little  Gem,  is  remarkable  in  having  small  flowers/ 
and  leaves  scarcel}'  a  foot  high. 

''Cineraria  lanata,  a  tall,  handsome-flowered  greenhouse 
plant,  and  Dipladejiia  atropurpurea,  with  rich  purplish-maroon 
flowers,  were  reintroduced  into  gardens  last  year  after  an  ab- 
sence long  enough  to  make  them  practically  new. 

"  Hardy  Plants. — Liliiim  Henryi  is  the  most  interesting  and 
promising  of  these.      It  has  already  been  noted  in  Garde  ft  and 

*  Figured  and  described  in  Gard   &  For.,  Oct.  22,  1890,  512,  513. 


62  Annals  of  Hortiadture. 

Forest,^  but  I  may  supplement  the  information  already  given 
by  recording  the  fact  of  the  bulbs  having  stood  uninjured  the 
severe  weather  here  of  the  past  two  months.  L.  Bolafideri  is 
another  new  lily,  small-flowered,  almost  black  in  color  and 
likely  to  please  those  who  cultivate  this  beautiful  but  some- 
what refractory  genus.  Three  new  species  of  gladiolus, 
namely,  G.  decoratiis,  G.  prwiulinus  and  G.  Kirkii,  flowered  at 
Kew  last  year,  and  were  so  distinct  in  color  and  size  as  to  have 
attracted  the  attention  of  breeders  of  these  plants.  These 
three  will  no  doubt  eventually  be  heard  of  again.  Thalic- 
tnim  Delavayi,  a  pretty  hardy  plant  from  south-western 
China,  completes  the  list  of  new,  good,  hardy,  herbaceous 
plants. 

"Trees  and  Shrubs.  —  Cytisus  scopariiis,  var.  Afidrea?uis,  is 
the  only  beautiful  new  plant  in  this  department.  It  is  a  seed- 
ling variety  of  the  common  broom,  the  flowers  large,  rich  yel- 
low, with  the  wings  colored  velvety  maroon.  Grafted  on 
short  stocks  of  the  type  it  makes  a  presentable  pot-plant  and 
flowers  freely  when  small,  so  that  it  should  prove  valuable  in 
spring  as  a  greenhouse  plant." 

The  fear  expressed  by  Mr.  Watson  that  we  are  giving  our 
attention  too  exclusively  to  the  improvement  of  old  plants  is 
no  doubt  well  founded.  The  days  of  active  and  general  in- 
troduction of  new  species  have  passed  away.  It  is  but  nat- 
ural that  our  chief  effort  should  be  that  of  ameliorating  the 
rich  and  varied  harvest  of  a  few  decades  ago,  but  there  must 
still  remain  in  foreign  lands  more  plants  worthy  of  introduc- 
tion than  we  now  have  in  our  gardens.  Even  the  most  fam- 
iliar countries  still  possess  treasures  for  us.  We  have  drawn 
so  largely  upon  Japan,  for  instance,  for  our  fruit  and  orna- 
mental plants  that  there  is  a  common  feeling  that  it  holds 
nothing  more  for  us.  I  have  therefore  asked  Professor  George- 
son,  of  the  Kansas  Agricultural  College,  who  was  for  three 
years  connected  w^ith  the  Imperial  College  of  Agriculture  in 
Japan,  to  write  upon  the  question,  What  more  can  Japan  con- 
tribute to  our  horticulture  ? 

''  No  other  country  of  its  size  has  contributed  so  much  to  en- 
rich and  beautify  our  gardens  as  Japan.  There  is  not  a  pleas- 
ure garden,  scarcely  a  door  yard,  in  the  land,  with  a  modest  col- 
lection of  shubbery,   which  does  not  contain  representatives 

*iii  ([890),  428,  484,  525. 


Ofiiavientals.  63 

from  that  charming  little  country.  But  can  we  expect  more 
from  that  quarter  ?  The  answer  is  a  distinct  affirmative.  It 
has  still  many  gems  to  offer  which  now  are  unknown  to  us  or 
known  only  to  botanists,  and  many  which  we  do  possess  are 
not  appreciated. 

"  The  writer  does  not  pretend  to  know  all  that  may  be  found 
there,  but  will  call  attention  to  a  few  things  that  have  come 
under  his  observation.  Japan's  ability  to  contribute  to  our 
horticulture  is  especially  strong  in  the  line  of  ornamental 
plants.  It  is  not  that  it  lacks  vegetables  and  fruits  unknown 
or  unsuited  to  American  gardens,  for  the  list  of  these  is  long 
and  interesting,  but  their  adoption  here  is  more  a  matter  of 
fashion  and  caprice  than  is  the  case  with  ornamental  plants. 
A  handsome  new  shrub  or  tree  is  always  and  readily  appreci- 
ated by  everybody,  but  when  a  new  vegetable  becomes  a  can- 
didate for  favor,  its  success  depends  largely  on  the  art  of  cook- 
ing, and  perchance  its  use  involves  an  alteration  in  our  ac- 
customed diet,  which  is  almost  sure  to  prove  fatal  to  its  gen- 
eral culture.  The  public  stomach  is  exceedingly  conservative. 
The  finocchio  of  Italy  and  the  celeriac  of  Holland  and  Ger- 
many have  never  become  favorites  in  America,  although  their 
value  is  conceded  here,  and  they  are  highly  esteemed  at  home. 
We  should  probably  not  relish  Japanese  radishes  which  are  a 
foot  and  a  half  in  length  and  four  inches  thick  throughout,  but 
prepared  as  they  are  in  Japan  in  a  kind  of  pickle  and  eaten  as 
a  condiment  with  rice,  I  can  testify  that  one  can  learn  to  like 
them.  It  would  not  be  difficult  to  enumerate  a  score  of  vege- 
tables worthy  of  culture  for  their  intrinsic  merits,  but  I  shall 
here  confine  myself  chiefly  to  their  ornamental  plants,  their 
culture  at  home,  if  cultivated  at  all,  and  the  merits  which  re- 
commend them  to  this  country.  And  in  order  that  we  may 
understand  their  taste  in  landscape  work,  and  the  better  ap- 
preciate the  plants  they  grow,  let  us  first  take  a  brief  glance 
at  the  conditions  under  which  these  have  been  developed. 

"  We  of  the  western  hemisphere  are  apt  to  consider  Japanese 
efforts  at  dwarfing  trees  and  shrubs  as  bad  taste  and  a  trifling, 
inexcusable  waste  of  time  and  energy,  and  we  cannot  under- 
stand their  love  for  miniature  representations  of  natural  scen- 
ery in  their  gardens.  Nevertheless,  a  Japanese  garden  has  a 
grotesque  charm  about  it  which  grows  in  strength  as  one  dis- 
covers the  motive  of  the  arrangement.     The  development  of 


64  Ajiyials  of  Hortiailtu?'e. 

the  taste  which  takes  expression  in  dwarfed  forms,  miniature 
mountains  and  streams  has  no  doubt  been  largely  influenced 
by  the  cramped  conditions  under  which  the  people  live.  The 
40,000,000  people  in  Japan  are  huddled  together  on  about 
20,000  square  miles  of  country.  This  one  fact  throws  light  on 
many  otherwise  inexplicable  features  of  their  agriculture  and 
horticulture.  It  explains  why  the  land  is  nearly  everywhere 
worked  b}^  hand.  The  farms,  or  rather  gardens,  are  too  small 
to  support  beasts  of  burden  in  addition  to  the  people.  It  ex- 
plains the  laborious,  painstaking  care  with  which  ever}^  foot  of 
soil  is  worked  and  cropped  twice  and  often  three  times  a  year. 
It  explains  the  industrious  gathering  and  saving  of  fertilizers, 
and  the  almost  miserly  economizing  of  space  for  all  purposes. 
It  has  made  the  Japanese  a  nation  of  horticulturists.  The 
whole  cultivated  area  is  one  vast  garden.  This  fact,  too,  is 
no  doubt  also  a  leading  cause  in  the  dominating  taste  for 
dwarf  forms  in  ornamental  trees.  Their  pleasure  gardens, 
often  only  a  few  yards  square,  did  not  afford  room  for  free- 
growing  trees,  and  what  thus  had  its  origin  in  necessit}^  has 
become  a  national  characteristic.  In  their  fields  and  culti- 
vated patches  there  is  no  space  especially  dedicated  to  vege- 
tables, as  with  us.  Their  peas,  beans,  greens,  radishes  and 
yams  grow  side  by  side  with  wheat,  barley  and  other  grains 
which  would  here  be  denominated  field  crops.  The  irrigated 
rice  alone  cannot  be  classed  with  the  garden  crops,  as  it  is 
often  grown  over  extensive  tracts  of  low-land  to  the  exclusion 
of  everything  else. 

''The  garden  proper  is  a  flower  and  pleasure  garden  alto- 
gether. This  enclosure  either  surrounds  the  house  or  in  most 
cases,  in  towns  and  villages,  is  situated  back  of  the  house,  and 
is  very  generally  fenced  by  a  hedge.  It  is  crowded  with  dwarf 
trees  or  low  shrubs,  has  usually  a  lake  or  small  pond,  or  at 
least  a  basin  in  which  water  plants  are  growing,  also  a  more 
or  less  tortuous  stream  crossed  by  a  bridge,  an  artificial 
mound,  a  stone  lantern  and  perhaps  a  grotto,  all  arranged 
with  much  skill.  The  writer  has  seen  all  this  in  a  garden  twenty 
feet  square.  These  same  features  are  dominant  in  all  cases. 
The  rich  man's  garden  may  be  larger,  even  park-like,  but  we 
find  the  same  attempt  to  imitate  nature  by  artificial  mounds 
to  represent  hills,  and  lakes,  streams,  grottos  and  the  land- 
scape adorned  with  the  favorite  trees  and  shrubs,  with  bridges, 


Ornamentals.  65 

stone  lanterns  and  sometimes  also  buildings.  Buddhist  and 
Shinto  temples  are  numerous,  for,  according  to  their  light, 
the  Japanese  are  a  religious  people.  The  grounds  dedicated 
to  these  temples  constitute  their  public  parks  which  are  open 
at  all  times,  and  where  the  people  gather  for  recreation  and 
amusement.  They  differ  from  the  gardens  in  that  they  show 
little  or  no  attempt  at  artificial  landscape  work,  and  usually 
contain  groves  of  majestic  trees,  while  dwarfed  and  trained 
specimens  are  comparatively  scarce. 

*' What  trees  and  shrubs  do  we  find  in  these  places  ?  In 
the  temple  groves  forest  trees  predominate.  Cryptomeria, 
bamboo,  pines,  keaki,  oak,  camphor  trees,  ginkgo  trees,  cam- 
ellias, flowering  cherries  and  plums,  and  some  shrubs  especi- 
ally regarded  as  sacred,  like  the  Illicium  religiosinn,  are  the 
leading  trees.  In  the  gardens  the  available  space  generally 
controls  the  character  of  the  flora.  The  larger  forest  trees 
are  often  absent ;  flowering  cherries  and  plums  are  always  pre- 
sent ;  dwarfed  and  trained  forms  of  pine  and  other  evergreens 
are  great  favorites,  and  besides  these  a  large  variety  of  shrubs 
and  flowering  plants,  some  of  which  are  well  known  here, 
while  others  are  not. 

''This  brief  outline  of  the  character  of  the  ornamental 
stock  in  most  demand  gives  us  also  a  good  index  to  the  con- 
tents of  the  nurseries.  These  establishments,  w^hich  are 
usually  numerous  on  the  outskirts  of  every  considerable  town, 
give  little  attention  to  the  propagation  of  fruit  trees  and 
berry  plants,  and,  in  fact,  but  few  nurseries  have  any  of  these. 
Ornamental  stock  is  all  important.  They  are  interesting  places 
to  foreigners.  It  was  from  these  at  Tokio,  Nagasaki  and 
other  open  ports  that  Fortune  procured  the  collections  which 
so  enriched  the  gardens  of  Europe  and  America  thirty  years 
ago.  Evergreens  of  every  kind,  but  especially  conifers,  pre- 
dominate. Of  the  latter  they  have  a  dozen  or  more  species, 
and  scores  of  varieties,  in  common  culture,  trained  in  many 
forms.  And  I  want  especially  to  enter  a  plea  for  the  intro- 
duction and  more  general  planting  of  the  numerous  dwarf 
varieties  of  pines,  firs,  cypresses  and  arbor  vitaes,  and  of  many 
other  conifers.  The  leading  species  may  usually  be  found 
here,  but  their  varieties  are  not.  They  differ  much  in  habit 
of  growth,  length  of  needles  and  general  appearance,  and  are 
known  by  distinctive  names.      And  the  same  is  true  of  nearly 


66  Ajinals  of  Horticulture. 

every  other  species  of  plant  under  culture ;  the  varieties  are 
numerous  and  usually  handsome.  Owing  to  the  length  of  the 
voyage,  cost  of  transportation  and  the  difficulty  of  procuring 
competent  persons  to  make  selections,  importations  are  for 
the  most  part  confined  to  seed  which,  of  course,  does  not  re- 
produce the  varieties  as  seen  there.  The  surest  way  to  get 
what  they  have  that  is  desirable  is  to  go  there  and  make  se- 
lections as  Fortune  did.  As  an  example  of  what  we  may  yet 
obtain  from  there,  the  Japanese  maple  may  serve  as  an  illustra- 
tion. Perhaps  there  are  30  or  40  varieties  cultivated  here. 
But  a  nurseryman  at  Oji,  who  grew  them  largely,  told  me  that 
he  knew  some  four  hundred  varieties.  Oji  is  a  suburb  on  the 
north  of  Tokio  where  the  nurseries  are  noted  for  their  collec- 
tions of  maples.  Those  mentioned,  and  camellias,  azaleas, 
flowering  plums  and  cherries  and  some  hardy  palms  {^Cham- 
CETops  excelsa  and  Rhapis  flahelliformis'),  together  with  a  large 
collection  of  miscellaneous  kinds  of  less  import,  constitute  the 
stock  of  the  nurseries. 

"The  fruit  trees,  persimmons,  pears  and  grapes,  are 
mostly  propagated  by  the  growers  themselves.  Each  of  these, 
too,  could  contribute  to  our  horticulture.  There  are  already 
many  of  the  persimmons  in  America,  but  so  far  as  I  have  learned 
there  are  none  that  can  stand  the  winters  even  in  the  central 
states.  There  are  a  few  kinds  which  are  hardy  in  the  north- 
ern part  of  the  main  island  which  might  extend  the  limit  of 
their  culture  here.  Of  their  pears  there  is  possibly  but  one 
variety,  the  Kago  or  Mino,  which  would  be  considered  worth 
culture  here  by  people  in  general,  though  they  are  all  excel- 
lent cooking  pears ;  but  those  which  root  freely  from  cuttings 
would  be  desirable  for  stocks,  especially  the  wild  species  {Fyrus 
Ussurieiisis).  As  for  Japanese  grapes,  they  excel  our  native 
varieties  in  all  desirable  points,  and  could  they  be  established 
here  would  become  the  leading  grape  of  the  country.  There 
is,  however,  a  question  of  their  success  here,  as  they  are  un- 
doubtedly of  vinifera  origin. 

"Following  is  a  list  of  desirable  trees  and  plants  which 
Japan  can  contribute  to  our  horticulture.  Some  of  them  are 
not  new,  but  are  still  rare;  others,  and  this  is  true  of  most  of 
the  cultivated  kinds,  though  known  in  a  general  way  still  have 
many  desirable  varieties  that  are  strangers  to  this  country,  and 
still  others  I  believe  to  be  unknown  to  horticulture. 


Ornamentals.  67 

"Flowering  cherries  {Frimus  Psendo-Cei'asus,  Lindley. 
Japanese,  Sakura).  Fruit  bearing  cherries  in  Japan  are  rare, 
and  those  which  may  be  found  there  have  been  imported  from 
America.  They  have,  however,  a  large  number  of  kinds  from 
the  above  species,  which  are  extensively  cultivated  solely  for 
their  flowers.  They  bloom  during  April  and  early  May,  at 
which  season  the  whole  country  is  gay  with  the  pink  blossoms. 
No  garden  is  so  small  and  poor  as  not  to  have  its  cherry  trees. 
The}^  may  be  dwarfed  and  gnarled  specimens  grown  in  six 
inch  pots,  or  they  may  be  stately  trees  that  overshadow  the 
premises,  but  cherries  will  not  be  wanting.  We  in  this  utili- 
tarian age  and  land  are  apt  to  look  askance  at  cherry  trees 
that  produce  nothing  but  flowers,  yet  were  they  known  they 
would  surely  be  appreciated.  From  modest  single  pink  or 
white  flowers  they  vary  through  all  shades  of  red  to  magnifi- 
cent double  ones  two  inches  in  diameter.  A  few  kinds  are 
sweet  scented,  and  at  least  one  kind  has  green  flowers.  There 
must  be  in  the  neighborhood  of  a  hundred  varieties,  or  per- 
haps more,  most  of  which  would  be  an  ornament  to  any  lawn. 
When  fully  expanded  the  trees  are  a  perfect  cloud  of  bloom, 
and  some  of  the  double  ones  remain  intact  for  a  month. 

"Flowering  plums  {Frinms  Mume,  Sieb.  and  Zucc. ;  Jap., 
Utne,  Mwne).  Although  they  bloom  earlier,  beginning  in  Tokio 
in  Januar}^  and  continuing  till  April,  I  place  these  plums  sec- 
ond to  the  cherries,  because  less  magnificent.  But  still  they 
are  unique  and  greatly  admired  by  the  Japanese.  They  have 
the  advantage  of  being  sweet-scented,  and  of  blooming  at  a 
time  when  they  have  but  few  rivals.  Like  the  cherries,  the 
varieties  are  very  numerous,  the  blooms  shading  from  white  to 
dark  red,  single  and  double,  large  and  small.  They  are  grown 
both  as  free  standing  trees  and  in  pots,  and  being  slow  growers 
and  easily  dwarfed,  they  are  favorites  for  the  latter  purpose. 
The  blossoms,  even  the  double  ones,  are  followed  by  round 
greenish-yellow  plums  of  the  size  of  the  green  gage,  which, 
however  are  not  of  a  high  quality.  There  are  probably  50  va- 
rieties, many  of  w^hich  deserve  to  be  generally  planted  for 
ornament  here. 

"The  double-flowered  peach  is  found  in  many  varieties 
which  I  believe  to  be  unknown  here.  The  varieties  bloom 
later  than  the  plums,  and  more  profusely.  On  some  kinds  the 
branches  are  literally  solid  spikes  of  flowers. 


68  Annah  of  Horticulture. 

"  Mematsu  pine  {^Piniis  de?isiflora,  Sieb.  and  Zucc. ;  Jap., 
Mematsu,  Aka-matsii).  This  pine  is  a  favorite  everywhere.  It 
has  many  dwarf  forms.  A  common  mode  of  training  these  is 
in  the  shape  of  a  flat  or  round-headed  bush,  onl}^  a  couple  of 
feet  high.  Another  common  way  of  training  is  as  an  irregular 
P3^ramid,  in  which  each  leading  branch  is  spread  into  a  flat- 
tened bunch,  and  these  arranged  one  above  the  other  with  in- 
tervals of  a  foot  or  so.  Seen  from  a  distance,  trees  so  trained 
remind  one  of  stratified  clouds  on  the  horizon.  Though  such 
methods  of  training  would  not  harmonize  with  surroundings 
here,  yet  these  low  pines,  allowed  to  follow  their  natural  bent, 
would  add  much  to  the  beauty  of  American  gardens. 

'-'Thunberg's  pine  {^Pinus  Thunbergii,  Parlot.;  Jap.,  O-matsu, 
Kuro-matsii).  This  species  has  also  many  dwarf  forms  which 
would  be  desirable  acquisitions.  And  the  same  remark  ap- 
plies to 

"The  oriental  arbor-vitae.  Some  nursery  catalogues  men- 
tion a  golden  arbor-vitae,  but  the  Japanese  have  more  than 
one.  I  call  to  mind  having  noticed  at  least  three  ;  one  a  good 
sized,  free-growing  tree,  another  of  medium  size  and  growth, 
with  branches  much  flattened,  and  a  third  a  dwarf,  slow  grower 
with  bunched  branches,  apparently  a  result  of  the  suppressed 
growth  of  the  leading  shoots,  all  three  kinds  with  bright  golden 
shoots,  especially  on  the  south  side. 

'' Other  arbor-vitaes  are  the  following  :  Thuja  obtusa,  Mas- 
ters ;  Jap.,  Hinoki,  KamakuraJiiba  ;  also  a  variety  of  this  nam- 
ed breviraf?iea,  Jap.,  Chabo-hiba.  Thuja  pisifera.  Masters 
(^Retinospora  pisifera,  Sieb.  and  Zucc  );  Jap.,  Sawara,  Shinobu- 
hiba.  Thuja  Japonica,  Maxim.;  Jap.,  Goro-hiba.  Thuja  dolabra- 
ta,  L. ;  Jap.,  Hime-asunaro.  All  these  are  common  forest  trees 
in  the  mountain  regions  of  the  main  island,  where  they  grow 
to  great  size.  They  are  beautiful  ornamental  trees,  especially 
the  last  named,  and  deserve  attention  here. 

^^  Cijptomeria  Japonica,  Don  (Jap.,  Sugi,  Euko-Sugi),  is  an- 
other tree  which,  though  no  stranger  here,  deserves  wider  cul- 
ture than  it  receives.  It  grows  to  enormous  size.  At  Nikko, 
for  instance,  specimens  can  be  found  six  to  seven  feet  in  di- 
ameter, a  hundred  and  fifty  feet  tall  and  as  straight  as  candles. 
One  of  the  finest  avenues  in  the  country  is  the  road  to  Nikko, 
which,  for  several  miles,  is  closely  lined  on  both  sides  by  these 
handsome  trees.      Plantations  of  artificial  forest  are  also  com- 


Ornamentals.  69 

monly  made  of  this  tree,  and  closely  planted  groves  of  it  can 
be  seen  on  every  hand.  It  grows  wild  in  the  mountains  of 
Akita  Ken  in  the  north  of  the  main  island,  but  it  does  not 
propagate  itself  readily,  a  circumstance  from  which  it  is 
argued  that  it  is  an  introduced  tree.  It  is,  however,  easily 
propagated  from  seed,  which  is  borne  in  abundance,  and  the 
young  plants  are  very  generally  used  for  hedges,  being  planted 
very  close  and  trimmed  freely.  The  wood  is  used  for  lumber 
and  building  purposes  and  much  resembles  red  cedar. 

'■^ Podocarpus  macropJiylla,  Don  (Jap.,  Alaki,  Kusa-inaki),  ^-nd 
Podocarpiis  Nageia,  R.  Br.  (Jap.,  Nagi),  and  its  variety  rotundi- 
folia,  Maxim.  {]2ip.,  Marul?a-nagi),  are  fine  tall  trees,  the  first 
named  especially  having  very  large  leaves.  They  thrive  well 
in  Tokio,  but  their  habitat  is  in  southern  Japan,  and  they 
would,  probably,  not  be  hardy  in  the  northern  states. 
"Of  the  firs  may  be  mentioned  : 

^^ Abies  fif-ma,  S.  and  Z.  (Jap.,  Mcv/ii);  Abies  Veitchii,  Lind- 
ley  (Jap.,  Shirabisd).  Both  of  these  are  large  forest  trees 
in  the  north,  and  are  desirable  evergreens.  The  bluish  foliage 
of  the  latter,  with  two  narrow  white  lines  on  the  under  side  of 
the  needles,  renders  it  especially  ornamental.  They  would  be 
hardy  anywhere  in  the  United  States.  Other  species  might 
be  mentioned,  as  A.  Mariesii,  Masters  ;  A.  Jesoensis,  S.  and 
Z  ;  A.  Sachaliensis,  Masters  ;  A.   Tsi/ga,  S.  and  Z. 

''A  couple  of  magnolias  should  be  mentioned  as  of  special 
merit,  viz  :  Magnolia  hypoleuca,  S.  and  Z.,  Jap.,  Ho-7io-ki  \  and 
Magnolia  Kobus,  D.  C,  Jap.,  Koboshi.  Both  of  them  grow 
in  the  northern  island,  and  would  be  perfectly  hardy  in  Amer- 
ica. The  first  named,  especially,  is  a  magnificent  tree.  It  is 
of  rapid  growth  and  attains  a  height  of  75  feet  or  more,  and 
the  trunk  a  thickness  of  two  feet.  The  leaves  are  obovate,  often 
a  foot  or  more  in  length,  shining  bright  green  and  arranged  in 
a  close  rosette  around  the  flowers  on  the  tips  of  the  branches. 
It  blooms  in  June,  when  the  strong  fragrance  of  the  flowers  is 
carried  long  distances  by  the  wind.  The  flowers  are  some 
nine  inches  in  diameter,  white,  with  flesh}^  petals.  The  fruit 
is  a  cone-shaped  pod,  with  red  seed.  Good  judges  pronounce 
it  equal  in  beauty  to  our  Magnolia  grandiflora,  and  it  has  the 
great  advantage  of  being  hardy  in  the  north.  I  confidently 
predict  that  it  will  meet  with  general  favor  as  soon  as  it  be- 
comes known  here.      The  wood  also  has  its  merits ;  it  is  fine 


yo  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

grained  and  close  and  takes  a  brilliant  polish.  It  is  much  used 
for  carving  and  inlaid  work. 

^'Magnolia  Kobus  is  a  somewhat  smaller  and  more  spreading 
tree  than  the  other,  and  it  blooms  earlier.  It,  too,  is  a  desira- 
ble ornamental  tree. 

"The  family  Styracaceae  furnishes  two  trees  which  should 
also  be  mentioned  here  : 

^'  Styrax  Japonica,  S.  and  Z.,  Jap.,  Ye  go,  Ye  go  no-ki  \  and  Sty- 
rax  Obassia,  S.  and  Z.,  Jap.,  Haku-unboku.  The  former  is  now 
offered  in  some  catalogues  as  a  new  thing.  It  is  a  small  tree, 
some  twenty  feet  tall,  with  rounded  head  and  rather  close 
growth.  It  is  quite  common  in  central  Japan.  In  early  sum- 
mer it  produces  an  abundance  of  white,  pendant,  slightly  fra- 
grant flowers,  somewhat  resembling  small  cherry  flowers,  and 
these  are  followed  by  gelatinous  berries  which  emit  a  strong 
fragrance  when  crushed.  Styrax  Obassia  is  a  larger  and  more 
stately  tree,  and  much  the  handsomer  of  the  two.  It  is  also 
less  common.  In  growth  and  leaf  it  reminds  one  of  the 
American  linden.  The  flowers  appear  in  June,  in  large,  up- 
right racemes.  They  are  abundant,  quite  large,  white  and 
fragrant.  It  is  a  tree  that  will  meet  with  favor  in  American 
gardens  as  soon  as  known.* 

''Albizzia  Julibrissin,  Boiv.  (Jap.  Nemu-no-ki').  This  legu- 
minous tree  is  common  in  the  southern  states,  but  I  have  also 
seen  it  in  northern  Japan,  my  attention  being  particularly  at- 
tracted to  a  very  handsome  specimen  in  the  court  yard  of  the 
government  office  at  Sendai,  in  full  bloom.  The  foliage  is  fine, 
twice  pinnate  and  the  flowers  pink,  long  stemmed  and  feathery. 
It  blooms  in  the  last  of  July  and  beginning  of  August. 

"Another  striking  tree,  which,  however,  is  peculiar  to  the 
south,  though  it  can  be  grown  all  over  the  main  island,  is 
Sterciilia  platanifolia,  L.  (Jap.  Aogiri).  It  is  a  rapid  grower  with 
few  branches,  smooth  grayish-green  bark  and  very  large  pal- 
mately  veined  leaves,  the  leaf  stalk  being  often  a  foot  and 
a-half  to  two  feet  long. 

''  Zelkowa  Keaki,  Sieb.  (Jap.,  Keaki).  This  tree  belongs  to 
the  nettle  family  and  in  foliage  somewhat  resembles  the  elm. 
It  is,  however,  a  much  larger  tree  than  the  elm.  The  trunk 
has  a  smooth  light  gray  bark  and  it  branches  rather  irregularly. 
It  is,  perhaps,  the  finest  deciduous  forest  tree  in  Japan.  The 
wood   is  hard,  white,  fine  grained  and   is  commonly  used  for 

*See  Annals  Hort.,  1889,  los;  also  introduction  list  in  this  volume. 


Ornamentals.  yi 

lumber  and  for  every  sort  of  wooden  manufacture.  It  grows 
to  an  enormous  size  ;  trunks  six  feet  thick  are  not  rare  and  it 
is  tall  in  proportion.  It  has  open  cymes  of  small  bluish  or 
purple  flowers,  but  the  beauty  of  the  tree  lies  chiefly  in  its 
majestic  appearance. 

''Of  the  many  species  of  oak  indigenous  to  Japan  I  shall 
mention  only  Quei-cus  cuspidata,  Thunb  ;  Jap.,  Shii,  Shii-no-ki. 
It  is  an  evergreen  oak  largely  used  for  hedges  and  ornament 
in  Tokio.  It  would  probably  be  hardy  anywhere  south  of 
Washington.  The  leaves  are  two-ranked,  shining  dark  green, 
long,  rather  narrow,  dentate  and  pointed,  as  the  name  indicates. 
Its  small  acorns  are  peddled  on  the  street  and  eaten  like  nuts, 
having  no  bitterness  or  astringency  whatever. 

"Among  shrubs,  one  of  the  most  common  in  Japanese  gar- 
dens is  Nandina  dojuestica,  Thunb.  (Jap.,  Nanten),  of  which 
there  are  many  varieties  under  culture.  It  is  an  evergreen 
bush  with  rather  large,  shining,  dark  green  pinnate  leaves  and 
slender  upright  branches.  Old  bushes  are  some  eight  feet 
tall.  The  flowers  are  not  conspicuous,  but  they  are  succeeded 
by  large  persistent  clusters  of  bright  red  or  white  berries, 
which  add  greatly  to  the  beauty  of  the  plant.  It  would  prob- 
ably be  hardy  as  far  north  as  Maryland.  The  varieties  differ 
in  size  of  leaf,  habit  of  growth  and  color  of  berries.  Photi- 
nia  glabra,  Maxim  (Jap.,  Kaneme-mochi^.  A  handsome  ever- 
green bush  or  small  tree,  with  dark  green,  rather  large  leaves 
and  pretty  white  flowers  resembling  those  of  the  privet.  The 
young  leaves  are  purple,  which  gives  the  bush  a  peculiar  ap- 
pearance in  spring.  It  is  much  used  for  hedges  and  orna- 
ment. In  this  connection  it  might  be  mentioned  that  Camellia 
Japofiica,  the  single  flowered  camellia,  grows  wild  in  central 
Japan  where  I  have  often  seen  trees  thirty  feet  high  and  the 
trunk  a  foot  thick.  This  wild  species  would  doubtless  be 
hardy  over  a  considerable  portion  of  the  United  States  and 
would  add  variety  to  the  shrubbery  wherever  it  can  thrive. 
The  innumerable  varieties,  both  single  and  double,  are  grown 
both  in  pots  and  as  garden  shrubs.  Efikiantlius  Japonicus, 
Hook.  (Jap.,  Doda7i  tsr/tsugi)  is  a  handsome  deciduous  shrub 
belonging  to  the  heath  family,  which  is  well  worth  introduc- 
tion. It  is  wild  over  a  large  portion  of  Japan,  and  would 
probably  be  hardy  in  the  Middle  States.  Its  leaves  turn  a 
brilliant  scarlet  early  in  the  fall,  and  on  this  account  is  much 


72  A?inals  of  Horticulture. 

grown  for  ornament  and  hedges.  The  flowers  are  not  showy. 
Lindera  sericea,  Blume  (Jap.,  Ktiro-vioji).  A  deciduous  shrub 
belonging  to  the  laurel  family,  which  is  worthy  of  culture. 
Its  leaves  somewhat  resemble  those  of  the  syringa.  The 
wood  is  fragrant  and  is  commonly  used  for  tooth-picks. 
Zanthoxylitm  piper  itum,  D.  C.  (Jap.,  Sans  ho)  ;  Z.  schi?iifotiu??i, 
S.  and  Z.  (Jap.,  Ijiu-sansho)  ;  Z.  ailanthoides,  S.  and  Z.,  (Jap., 
Karasu-sansho)  ;  Z.  planispinum,  S.  and  Z.  (Jap.,  Fuyu-sa?tsho). 
Are  all  hardy,  fragrant  shrubs  well  worth  culture.  They  are 
all  more  or  less  thorny,  especially  the  last  two,  which  also 
grow  to  the  size  of  small  trees.  Varieties  of  the  first  named 
are  grown  for  the  seed  and  for  ornament,  and  some  of  them 
are  thornless.  Hex  crenata,  Thunb.  (Jap.,  Inu-tsuge),  is  a  box- 
like evergreen  bush  of  much  beauty,  and  it  is  worth  culture. 
Lespedeza  bicolor,  Turcz.,  Jap.,  Hagi,  Yawa-hagi,  is  a  half- 
woody  shrub  much  grown  for  ornament,  and  is  also  abundant 
wild.  It  sends  up  from  the  roots  slender,  willowy  shoots, 
clothed  with  feathery  foliage  and  small  purple  pea  blossoms 
all  summer  long.  It  would  probably  be  hardy  everywhere  in 
America.  Several  other  species  of  lespedeza  are  good  fodder 
plants. 

''Vines.  Vitis  inconstans,  Miq.  {]di'^.,  JVatsii-Zuta,  Tsitta.)  It 
seems  probable  that  this  very  handsome  vine,  which  is  so 
common  in  Japan,  has  already  found  its  way  to  this  country, 
but  if  so,  I  have  failed  to  learn  the  fact.  It  is  a  woody  vine, 
which  climbs  by  tendrils  like  the  Virginia  creeper,  and  clings 
tenaciously  to  all  objects  of  support,  whether  trees  or  build- 
ings. It  is  found  in  abundance  in  groves  and  woods  every- 
where in  central  Japan,  and  I  think  it  would  be  hardy  any- 
where in  America.  The  leaves  on  the  young  wood  are  small, 
those  on  older  wood  large,  impressing  the  casual  observer  with 
the  idea  that  there  are  two  distinct  vines.  In  shape  they  re- 
mind us  of  the  grape  leaf,  and  they  are  so  numerous  as  to 
form  a  "thick  carpet  on  the  wall.  Earl}^  in  the  fall  the  vine 
turns  a  brilliant  scarlet.  It  is  the  handsomest  vine  for  cover- 
ing buildings  that  it  has  been  my  privilege  to  see.  Akebia 
lobata,  Decaisne  (Jap.,  Mintsba-akebid).  This  species  of  the 
akebia  is  not  known  to  American  horticulture.  It  is  a  stronger 
grower  than  A.  quinata,  and  I  believe  hardier.  It  is  common 
in  the  mountains  of  northern  Japan,  where  I  have  seen  some 
very  large  vines.      The  leaves  have  but  three  leaflets,  and  are 


Onimncntals.  y. 


larger  than  those  of  A.  quinata.  The  fruit  is  hke  that  of  the 
latter.  It  climbs  by  twining.  Actiuidiavolubilis,  Planch.  (Jap 
Shirakiichi-zuru).  Actinidia  polygama  is  known  here,  but  I  be- 
lieve the  above  species  to  be  a  stranger  to  this  country  It 
would  be  hardy  anywhere  in  America,  as  it  is  indigenous  to 
the  island  of  Yezo.  It  chmbs  to  a  height  of  70  or  80  feet,  and 
may  be  suited  to  arbors.  In  appearance  it  resembles  A.  poly- 
gama. Schizophragma  hydrangeoides,  S.  and  Z.  (Jap.,  Yuki- 
kazura  Iwa-kagami,  Uchi-wagi).  This  beautiful  climber  has 
already  been  introduced,  but  it  is  not  known  as  well  as  it  de- 
serves to  be.  In  some  portions  of  the  mountain  forests  of  cen- 
tral Japan  nearly  every  tree  is  covered  with  it.  It  climbs  up 
the  straight  trunks  of  the  cryptomeria,  and  when  it  blooms  in 
July  and  August,  the  trunks  from  top  to  bottom  are  studded 
with  the  large  bunches  of  its  odd  white  flowers.  Kadsura 
Japomca,  L.  (Jap.,  Sane-kadsura),  is  another  wood-vine  of  much 
beauty.  It  grows  chiefly  in  the  south.  It  climbs  by  twining 
the  slender  branches  about  the  objects  of  support,  and  would 
be  suited  to  verandas  and  arbors  in  sheltered  positions  The 
foliage  resembles  that  of  the  so  called  madeira  vine  " 


§3-     FLANT  DISEASES   AND   INSECTS. 


Plant  diseases  were  unusually  prevalent  and  serious  during 
1890,  and  insects  were  about  normal  in  numbers  and  destruc- 
tiveness.  Among  fungi,  attention  was  particularly  drawn  to 
the  apple  scab,  especially  in  New  York,  as  it  was  supposed 
to  be  responsible  for  much  of  the  apple  failure.  Grape  dis- 
eases were  also  serious,  and  for  the  first  time  the  mildew  and 
rot  invaded  the  vineyards  of  western  New  York  to  an  alarming 
extent.  A  new  grape  disease  has  also  occasioned  much  alarm  in 
California,  and  a  new  trouble  has  arisen  in  western  New  York. 
The  New  York  disease  fortunately  bids  fair  to  submit  to  such 
treatment  as  thorough  under-drainage  and  careful  culture,  but 
the  disease  invading  the  Pacific  coast  is  yet  wholly  obscure. 
The  New  York  disease  is  known  as  rust  or  blight,  and  is  indi- 
cated by  a  browning  or  shrivelling  of  the  leaves  and  the  con- 
sequent death  or  retardation  of  the  fruit.  The  injury  first 
appears  as  small  reddish  or  brown  discolorations  between  the 
veins.  So  far  as  known,  the  trouble  is  a  physiological  one, 
apparently  due  to  cold  and  insufficiently  drained  soil,  and  it 
was  probably  brought  on,  or  at  least  augmented,  by  the  ex- 
cessive rains  of   1890.* 

But  experimentation  has  kept  pace  with  the  difficulties,  and 
it  has  been  proved  beyond  all  doubt  that  many  of  our  worst  dis- 
eases and  insects  can  be  kept  in  check  profitably  by  the  use  of 
sprays.  Grape  growers  in  all  the  best  grape  regions  are 
adopting  the  copper  sprays,  and  many  orchardists  are  treating 
apples,  pears  and  other  fruits  with  good  success.  In  most 
parts  of  the  country  the  growers  are  following  closel}^  upon 
the  experimenters  in  the  application  of  fungicides  and  insecti- 
cides. So  great  has  become  the  general  intererest  in  the  sub- 
ject that  growers  in  several  states  are  asking  for  the  enact- 
ment of  laws  looking  to  the  control  of  plant  diseases  and  in- 
sects. It  is  only  a  question  of  a  short  time  until  nearly  every 
state  will  add  this  important  labor  to  its  government  machin- 


*See  Journ.  M^-cology,  vi.  95. 

(74) 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  75 

ery.  Laws  for  the  suppression  of  peach  yellows  exist  in 
Michigan,  Ontario,  New  York,  Virginia  and  Delaware, 
although  in  the  last  state  the  law  applies  only  to  the  south- 
ern half  of  the  state.  New  Jersey  has  a  law,  which  was  ap- 
proved in  May,  for  the  suppression  of  any  new  diseases  which 
may  enter  the  state.  It  is  entitled  "An  act  to  prevent  the 
spread  of  fungous  diseases  of  plants,"  and  is  as  follows: 

"When  the  officers  of  the  State  Agricultural  Experiment 
Station  shall  discover  any  new  fungous  growth  which  is  doing 
injury  to  plants  or  vines,  and  while  the  same  is  confined  to 
limited  areas,  they  are  hereby  authorized  and  empowered  to 
enter  upon  any  lands  bearing  vines  or  plants  so  affected,  and 
destroy  the  same  by  fire  or  otherwise,  as  they  shall  deem  best. 

"Any  damage  to  private  property  resulting  from  the  opera- 
tion of  destroying  the  said  fungous  growth  by  the  officers  of 
the  state,  shall  be  certified  to  by  them,  and  the  amount  of 
damage  paid  to  the  owners  thereof,  from  the  same  fund  and  in 
the  same  manner  as  is  paid  to  owners  of  diseased  animals 
killed  by  the  State  Board  of  Health. 

"  Expenditures  under  this  act  shall  not  exceed  one  thousand 
dollars  in  any  one  year. 

"This  act  shall  take  effect  immediately." 

The  most  signal  legislation  of  the  year,  however,  is  that 
directed  against  the  gipsy  moth  {Ocne?'ia  dispar)  in  Massa- 
chusetts. Public  attention  was  first  called  to  this  insect  by 
Professor  Fernald  in  a  special  bulletin  of  the  Massachusetts 
Hatch  Experiment  Station  in  November,  1889.  The  gipsy 
moth  appears  to  have  been  introduced  into  Medford  twenty 
years  ago  by  L.  Trouvelot,  who  was  conducting  experiments 
upon  silk  culture.  The  insect  escaped  from  him,  and  subse- 
quently spread  rapidly.  In  Europe  the  insect  is  regarded  as 
a  great  pest,  for  it  is  an  omnivorous  feeder.  The  state  enacted 
a  law  aiming  at  its  destruction,  and  appropriated  $50,000  for 
the  purpose.  The  first  commission  was  a  political  one,  and 
little  was  accomplished,  but  the  Governor  dismissed  it  and 
appointed  new  commissioners,  selected  from  members  of  the 
State  Board  of  Agriculture.  It  is  not  yet  determined  if  the 
insect  can  be  exterminated,  but  the  venture  is  an  important 
one  to  the  whole  countr}^,  because  it  will  indicate  the  extent 
to  which  we  can  hope  for  relief  from  insect  depredations 
through  laws.      J.  G.  Jack  writes,  in  Garden  and  Forest,  that 


76  Annals  of  Horticulhtre. 

''the  appropriation  and  expenditure  of  $50,000  alread}^  voted, 
however,  will  not  have  been  altogether  in  vain  ;  for,  besides 
the  accomplished  temporary  suppression  of  the  pest,  a  wide- 
spread popular  interest  in  entomolog}'  has  been  aroused,  and 
the  value  of  a  knowledge  of  such  things  has  been  once  more 
very  effectually  and  practically  demonstrated  to  those  who 
usually  behttle  such  studies."  The  legislation  in  both  New 
Jersey  and  Massachusetts  was  the  result  of  inquiries  con- 
ducted by  experimenters  of  the  respective  states,  and  it  is  an 
illustration  of  the  influence  which  experiment  stations  are 
already  beginning  to  exert. 

The  larger  part  of  the  experimentation  of  the  year  in  econo- 
mic mycology  and  entomology  has  been  that  of  perfecting  the 
means  and  materials  for  spraying  plants,  and  much  of  the 
best  efforts  of  the  next  few  years  will  probably  be  expended 
in  the  same  direction.  The  year  has  marked  the  advent  of 
several  new  pumps,  particularly  of  the  knapsack  pattern  ;  the 
ammoniacal  solution  of  carbonate  of  copper  has  superseded 
the  Bordeaux  mixture  in  general  favor,  and  initial  experi- 
ments have  been  made  in  the  combination  of  fungicides  and 
insecticides  and  in  the  exact  relations  of  the  arsenites 
to  injury  of  leaves.  Exact  reference  to  all  the  experiment 
work  of  the  year  w^ill  be  found  in  the  ''Register  of  Experi- 
mental Horticulture"  in  Part  II. 

Plant  diseases.  The  gist  of  the  year's  results  in  plant  dis- 
eases is  given  for  this  occasion  by  D.  G.  Fairchild  of  the  Di- 
vision of  Vegetable  Pathology  of  the  national  Department  of 
Agriculture  : 

"The  importance  of  investigating  the  diseases  of  our  crops 
is  becoming  more  and  more  apparent  as  our  knowledge  on  the 
subject  increases.  To  the  older  inhabitants  whose  memories 
stretch  back  into  the  days  of  sure  crops  and  bounteous  har- 
vests, the  successive  failures  and  multiplication  of  plant  dis- 
eases may  well  raise  the  question  of  what  these  plant  parasites 
are,  where  they  come  from  and  into  what  straits  they  must  in- 
evitably drive  the  horticulturist  of  the  future.  That  the  fung- 
ous diseases  of  plants  have  increased  during  the  past  few 
years  there  is  no  more  reason  to  doubt  than  that  the  weeds  of  the 
gardens  have  grown  and  spread  their  seed  from  field  to  field. 
The  two  cases  are  analogous.  From  the  beginning  of  hus- 
bandry the  attention  of  farmers  has  been  called   to  the  neces- 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  77 

sit}'  of  thorough  weeding,  3'et,  with  all  the  care  given,  many 
farms  are  almost  ruined  b}^  noxious  weeds.  Is  it  any  wonder, 
then,  when  it  is  considered  that  the  study  of  plant  diseases  is 
only  a  few  years  old  and  that  few  attempts  have  been  made 
to  combat  injurious  fungi,  that  orchards,  gardens,  and  green- 
houses are  filled  with  these  tiny  parasitic  weeds,  visible  only 
by  the  aid  of  the  microscope  ?  These  minute  fungi  which 
grow  upon  the  living  parts  of  our  cultivated  plants  and  send 
their  roots,  or  vegetating  threads,  deep  into  the  leaf  or  stem, 
instead  of  into  the  moist  earth,  have  probably  been  here  as 
long  as  the  oaks  or  poplars,  and  the  fungus  causing  the  grape 
vine  mildew  has  just  as  much  right  to  be  considered  an  old 
inhabitant  of  the  globe  as  the  vine  upon  which  it  lives.  The 
maladies  of  plants,  like  the  plants  themselves,  are  migratory, 
and  we  must  expect  to  find  new  diseases  in  our  greenhouses 
and  orchards  just  as  much  as  new  weeds  in  the  garden. 
While  it  may  be  said  that  this  tendenc}^  to  spread  or  migrate 
may  explain  in  part  the  apparently  sudden  appearance  of 
these  diseases,  the  main  reason  is  that  we  do  not  notice  them 
when  they  first  begin  their  work.  The  average  farmer  or  fruit 
grower  passes,  unnoticed,  hundreds  of  fungous  diseases  of 
his  growing  crops  ascribing  causes  of  'the  weather'  or  'too 
much  rain'  for  their  sickly  appearance. 

"If  these  lower  plant  forms  are  looked  upon  as  weeds,  it 
will  not  be  wondered  at  that  there  should  be  found  in  one 
year  hosts  of  new  forms,  some  of  which  are  living  upon  cul- 
tivated plants  and  are  hence  of  interest  to  cultivators.  Thus 
in  a  New  Jersey  cranberry  bog  a  new  fungous  disease  has 
been  found  which  forms  upon  the  cranberry  stems  and  leaves 
thousands  of  bright  rose-colored  galls  or  swellings,  checking 
the  growth  of  the  plant  and  preventing  fruiting.*  Because  of 
the  pronounced  habit  of  the  fungus  of  swimming  from  plant 
to  plant  and  bog  to  bog,  it  has  seemed  advisable  to  destroy  by 
fire  the  whole  infected  region  to  prevent  the  spread  of  the 
trouble.  The  disease  has  been  named  the  cranberry  gall 
fungus  {Synchytriiini  Vaccini,  Thomas)  and  is  so  described 
that  any  one  will  be  able  to  recognize  it.  In  Connecticut  Dr. 
Thaxter  has  discovered  a  new  and  destructive  rot  of  the  lima 
bean,  caused  by  a  new  species  (^Phytophthora  Phaseoli),  allied 
to  the  potato  rot  fungus,  f  which,  if  allowed  to  spread,  may 

*  Bull.  64,  New  Jersey  Ex.  Sta. 

t  Annual  Rep.  Conn.  Ex.  Sta.  18S9.    Jour.  Mycology  U.  S.  Dep.  of  Ag.  Vol.  vi.  No.  11. 


yS  A?ma/s  of  Horticulture. 

check  materially  the  growth  of  that  crop  in  America.  Among 
the  hollyhocks  of  New  York  greenhouses  a  destructive  malady 
(^Colletotrichum  malvariiui)  has  been  at  work  which  has  already 
made  great  inroads,  in  some  cases  stopping  entirely  the  cul- 
ture of  this  flower,  and  which,  as  will  be  noted  later,  has  been 
placed,  through  the  efforts  of  the  division  of  vegetable  patho- 
log}',  successfully  under  control.  Almost  every  scientific  pub- 
lication on  the  subject,  and  nearly  every  bulletin  from  the  ex- 
periment station  botanists,  announces  the  discovery  of  some 
new  disease  of  economic  importance.  Two  entirely  new 
maladies  of  spinach  in  New  Jersey  have  threatened  the  grow- 
ers with  disaster  and  called  forth  an  excellent  bulletin*  on  the 
subject  by  Dr.  Halsted.  The  discovery  in  France  by  Prilleux 
and  Delacroix  of  a  destructive  germ  disease  of  potato  and 
pelargonium  stems,  the  simultaneous  rediscovery  of  the  cu- 
cumber mildew  from  Cuba  in  America  and  Japan,  are  both 
points  likely  to  prove  of  importance  before  another  year. 

''That  mysterious  and  as  yet  imperfectly  known  disease  of 
the  California  vine,  the  scourge  of  the  region,  has  refused  as 
yet  to  be  crowded  into  the  categor}^  of  bacterial  or  germ  ma- 
ladies, although  studied  both  in  its  home  and  among  the  hills 
of  Sicily  and  Algeria  by  N.  B.  Pierce,  agent  of  the  division 
of  vegetable  pathology.  The  malady  resembles  the  foUetage 
of  the  French  vineyards  and  for  the  present  it  must  be  placed, 
together  with  the  new  malady  of  western  New  York,  with  the 
imperfectly  understood  diseases  awaiting  further  investigation 
on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  The  appearance  in  Kansas  and 
Georgia  of  a  striking  peach  disease  called  peach  rosette  and 
cosidered  by  Dr.  Erwin  F.  Smith  as  only  a  form  of  the  yel- 
lows, reinforces  anew  the  importance  of  the  investigations 
into  this  mysterious  malady  which  promises  more  this  year 
than  ever  before  to  be  identified  as  a  specific  germ  disease. 
Aside  from  these  newly  discovered  diseases  there  are  the  old 
troubles,  which  although  well  known  by  name,  are  but  imper- 
fectly understood. 

"The  fungus  of  the  strawberry  leaf-spot  or  rust,  which 
ruins  hundreds  of  strawberry  beds  yearly,  has  been  traced  in 
the  laboratory  of  Cornell  University  through  its  winter  growth, 
and  the  reason  why  it  is  profitable  to  collect  and  burn  the 


*  Bull.  70,  New  Jersey,  Exp.  Sta. 


Plant  Diseases  ajid  Bisects.  79 

leaves  in  the  fall  or  winter  is  as  evident  now  to  the  pathologist 
as  that  weeds  killed  before  they  seed  will  diminish  the  next 
year's  weed  crop. 

"  The  onion  smut,  which  has  diminished  the  profits  of  onion 
growing  in  Connecticut,  has  been  so  well  worked  out  by  Dr. 
Thaxter*  that  the  intelligent  farmer  with  the  facts  before  him 
can  scarcely  fail  to  make  this  crop  a  success.  By  simply  sow- 
ing the  seed  in  drills  along  which  has  previously  been  scatter- 
ed a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  air-slaked  lime  and  fiowers  of 
sulphur,  the  fungus  which  enters  the  onion  seedling  beneath 
the  ground  is  immediately  checked. 

''The  cranberry  scald,  which  yearly  ruined  hundreds  of 
bushels  of  this  most  profitable  crop,  and  which  not  long  since 
was  attributed  to  such  indefinite  causes  as  unfavorable  atmos- 
pheric conditions,  has  been  so  successfully  studied  at  the  New 
Jersey  Experiment  Station  that  systematic  and  perfectly  in- 
telligent attempts  are  in  progress  against  the  trouble. 

"The  potato  scab  has  attracted  unusual  attention  this  year 
and  at  least  two  kinds  have  been  described.  One,  discovered 
by  H.  L.  Bolley  of  Indiana, f  is  caused  wholly  by  the  attacks 
of  a  germ  or  one-celled  organism  of  extremely  minute  size, 
known  as  a  bactei-iiim,  which  enters  the  young  growing  tuber, 
and  by  rapid  growth  in  the  cells  beneath  the  skin,  breaks 
down  the  tissue  and  forms,  upon  the  maturing  of  the  potato, 
the  deep,  ugly  pits  so  well  known.  The  other,  equally  well 
described  by  Dr.  Roland  Thaxter  in  a  paper  at  the  meeting  of 
Agricultural  Colleges  and  Experiment  Stations,  resembles  the 
former  in  appearance  almost  precisely,  and  is  the  result  of  the 
action  of  a  fungus  which  is  found  abundantly  upon  rotting 
manure,  and  is  closely  related  to  the  moulds.  These  discov- 
eries, together  with  that  of  the  German  investigator  who  finds 
a  very  low  form  of  plant  life,  a  slime  mould,  as  the  cause  of 
the  malady,  give  us  a  deeper  insight  into  the  hitherto  some- 
what mysterious  affection,  and  form  a  basis  for  intelligent 
practical  experimentation.  From  these  recent  discoveries,  the 
contagious  nature  is  fully  settled  and  the  danger  of  planting 
scabby  tubers,  or  employing  lime,  ashes,  or  especially  stable 
manure,  in  excess  is  pointed  out. 

*Ann.  Report  Conn.  Exp.  Station,  1S89. 
fAgric.  Sci.  243,  2;)7. 


8o  A7inals  of  Horticultiire . 

"  Turning  now  to  the  question  as  to  what  progress  has  been 
made  in  the  matter  of  treating  these  various  troubles  about 
which  so  much  is  already  known,  we  have  only  to  point  to 
the  almost  universal  success  during  the  season  in  the  treat- 
ment of  pear  leaf-blight,  pear  and  apple  scab,  black-rot  of 
the  grape  and  blight  or  rot  of  the  potato  and  tomato.  In  the 
minds  of  investigators  there  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  effective- 
ness of  the  copper  compounds,  carbonate  or  sulphate,  in  the 
treatment  of  such  superficial  diseases  as  pear  or  apple  scab. 
The  experiments  the  past  year  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin  and 
Maryland  point  strongly  to  the  necessity  of  early  treatment, 
and  although  another  season  is  necessary  to  prove  fully  the 
truth  of  the  statement,  three  sprayings  before  the  fruit  is  half 
an  inch  in  diameter  will  in  all  probability  protect  the  fruit 
from  the  disease.  Later  treatment  will  probably  be  unneces- 
sary, and,  judging  from  the  trials  this  year,  are  likely  to  prove 
corrosive  in  their  effect  upon  the  skin  of  the  pear  and  apple. 
The  pear  leaf-blight  has  for  several  3^ears  defoliated  the 
orchards  of  both  this  country  and  Europe,  but  is  now  subject 
to  the  will  of  every  fruit  grower  who  uses  the  means  at  his 
command.  The  solutions  most  profitable  in  its  treatment, 
judging  from  the  year's  experiments,  are  the  ammoniacal 
copper  carbonate  solution  (3  ounces  of  the  carbonate  to  one 
quart  of  the  ammonia  and  22  gahons  of  water)  and  the  well 
known  Bordeaux  mixture.*  Three  sprayings  with  either  of 
these  solutions  will  undoubtedly  preserve  the  foliage  intact. 
The  mildews  of  the  grape  vine  have  received  their  usual  at- 
tention, especially  in  Italy  and  France,  during  the  past  year, 
the  question  considered  being  simply  new  modes  of  cheapen- 
ing the  labor  of  application. 

''The  discovery  above  mentioned  of  a  promising  remedy 
for  onion  smut,  the  successful  treatment  of  the  holl5^hock  an- 
thracnose  in  the  greenhouses  of  Peter  Henderson  with  the 
Bordeaux  mixture,  the  prevention  of  the  mignonette  leaf 
spot  by  the  same  remedy,  and  the  highly  satisfactory  experi- 
ments in  this  country  and  France  toward  checking,  economi- 
cally, the  ravages  of  potato  blight,  all  show  the  interest  that 
is  being  aroused  on  the  subject  of  remedies  for  plant  diseases. 
The  question  of  economy,  which  has  until  recently  prevented 


Six  pounds  of  copper  sulphate,  4  pounds  of  lime  and  22  gallons  of  water. 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  8i 

many  from  attempting  to  combat  the  black-rot  of  the  grape, 
has  been  settled  during  the  past  year  in  a  neglected  vineyard 
of  Virginia.  Here  the  Bordeaux  mixture  yielded  as  net  gain 
for  a  total  outlay  of  $6.51,  $25.89,  or  297  per  cent,  upon  in- 
vestment ;  the  ammoniacal  solution  of  copper  carbonate,  above 
mentioned,  yielded  for  an  expenditure  of  $3.32,  $22.60,  or  685 
percent,  upon  the  outlay,  while,  where  no  sprayings  were  made, 
no  grapes  whatever  were  gathered. 

''The  new  realization  that,  unless  these  fungous  pests  are 
fought,  there  will  be  no  profit  in  fruit  growing  and  truck  gar- 
dening has  created  a  demand  for  cheaper  and  less  complicated 
machinery  with  which  to  apply  the  various  fungicidal  mixtures, 
and  this  demand  has  been  promptly  met  by  the  manufacture 
of  various  knapsack  pumps,  tw^o  of  which  are  shown  in  '  Tools 
and  Conveniences  of  the  Year,'  in  Part  II.  One  introduces 
a  new  material  into  the  construction  of  such  machinery,  in 
the  shape  of  indurated  fibre-ware.  This  ware  possesses  the 
advantage  of  being  strong  and  light,  and  promises  to  be  even 
more  durable  than  copper,  should  the  demand  for  the  pump 
ever  place  it  fully  upon  the  market.  The  Galloway  pump  was 
devised  by  B.  T.  Galloway,  with  the  view  of  putting  upon 
the  market  a  cheap  and,  at  the  same  time,  durable  knapsack 
sprayer.  It  has  several  advantages  of  simplicity  and  ease  of 
manipulation.  Since  no  patents  are  upon  it,  any  copper 
manufacturer  may  construct  it  and  may  secure  figures  and  a 
description  of  its  construction  by  applying  to  the  Department 
of  Agriculture. 

"  Aside  from  this,  the  matter  of  the  manufacture  of  a  more 
convenient  fungicide,  or  a  more  convenient  form  of  the  old  tried 
formulas,  has  attracted  some  attention,  and  the  firms  of  Peter 
Henderson  &  Co.  of  New  York  City,  Benj.  Hammond  of  Fishkill- 
on-the-Hudson,  W.  S.  Powell  &  Co.  of  Baltimore,  E.  Bean  of 
Jacksonville,  Fla.,  and  perhaps  others,  have  taken  the  matter 
into  consideration  and  we  may  expect  soon  to  see  commercial 
fungicides,  as  well  as  commercial  fertilizers,  put  up  in  the  most 
convenient  form  for  immediate  use.  The  progress  of  the  year, 
while  it  has  not  revealed  any  entirely  new  fungicides,  has  tested 
old  ones  and  suggested  most  valuable  modifications  and  combi- 
nations, such  as  that  of  the  Bordeaux  mixture  with  the  arsenites 
in  the  treatment  of  apple  scab  and  codlin  moth.  The  only 
modification  worthy  of  notice  here  is  that  discovered  by  M. 


82  An7ials  of  Hoi'tiailhwe . 

Perret  of  France,  which  consists  in  adding  to  a  2  per  cent,  mix- 
ture of  copper  sulphate  and  sodium  carbonate  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  to  three,  one-twentieth  of  a  part  of  cheap  molasses. 
Should  this  fungicide  prove  to  be  what  it  promises,  it  will 
supersede  the  old  and  well  known  Bordeaux  mixture  of  copper 
sulphate  and  lime,  and  greatl}^  reduce  the  cost  of  the  treatment 
of  plant  maladies. 

''But  if  an  index  of  progress  is  looked  for  only  in  the  sci- 
entific facts  discovered,  or  the  application  of  these  facts  to  the 
needs  of  the  fruit  grower  or  gardener,  a  misconception  of  the 
state  of  affairs  may  occur.  Ten  years  ago  few  would  have 
believed  that  any  state  would  legislate  against  such  things  as 
pear  blight,  peach  yellows  or  black-rot  of  the  grape,  yet  in 
1890  New  Jersey  framed  a  law  which  provides  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  all  plants  affected  by  new  diseases  which  are  considered 
dangerous  to  the  agriculture  and  horticulture  of  the  state,  and 
for  the  reimbursement  of  the  owner  from  the  state  treasury. 

''A  project  is  now  on  foot  to  connect  in  an  international 
association  all  economic  vegetable  pathologists,  or  students 
of  plant  diseases.  Should  such  a  plan  be  consummated  nothing 
but  good  can  result,  as  it  will  furnish  the  long  looked  for  inter- 
communication betw^een  American  and  European  investigators 
which  is  so  much  needed. 

"In  conclusion,  it  may  be  said  that  one  of  the  most  promis- 
ing indications  of  future  good  to  be  accomplished  by  the  inves- 
tigations of  plant  diseases  is  the  constantly  increasing  interest 
manifested  in  the  work  by  practical  men.  Everywhere  there 
is  a  demand  for  more  light  on  such  matters  and  it  is  only  a 
question  of  time  when  this  subject  will  be  as  thoroughly  under- 
stood as  ordinary  matters  connected  with  the  growing  of 
crops." 

The  treatment  of  grape  mildew  at  the  School  of  Agriculture 
at  Montpellier,  France,  in  1890,  is  told  by  George  Bencker  in 
Le  Progres  Agricole: 

"The  national  school  of  agriculture  at  Montpellier  has  this 
year  continued  its  experiments  with  the  various  preparations 
used  to  prevent  mildew  on  the  grape.  The  materials  were 
applied  to  two  plats  of  vineyard  which  had  been  used  during 
preceding  years  for  experimentation  ;  one  plat  received 
liquid  treatment,  the  other  was  treated  with  powders.  The 
plats  were  divided  into  squares  for  the  use  of  the  various  pre- 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insect<i.  83 

parations.      The  following  table  shows  the  amount  of  each  pre- 
paration used  : 

Bordeaux  Mixture \  i  k.*  sulphate  of  copper Mo   i   hect.f    of 

[Boicilhe  bo7-delaise)    .  .  ^  2  k.  slacked  lime f      water. 

Verdet ^      ,  ^  to    i     hect.    of 

{^Dibasic  acetate  of  copper')  (         \       water. 

f  I  k.  sulphate  of  copper   .  .  ] 

Improved   Bordeaux  Mixture  J  5  k.   sugar (to     i     hect.    of 

[Boui//ie   bordelaise  celeste)    j  5  k.  aluminium  calcide  .  .  .   f      water, 
i  I  k.  slacked  lime I 

Bordeaux   Mixture  and   spori-  (  '  ^  ^f^'^^l^y  °^  ^°PP^'-  "  |  to    i     hect.    of 

( r-i    \  -Nik.  slacked  lime - 

vore  (Glue) )      ,  .  I       water. 

^         '  (  I  k.  sponvore ) 

Mixture  of  carbonate  of  soda  j  i  k.  sulphate  of  copper.  .  ^  to     i     hect.    of 

and  sulphate  of  copper.  {  2  k.  crystals  of  soda  ....  f      water. 

Gelatinous  hydrocarbonate  of  ^  i  ^^    ^    ^^^^     ^^ 

CO  p  p  e  r    yhydrocarbonate  -(1.5  k [- 

de  ciiivre  gelatineiix) ..,,,.(  ) 

Aluminium    mixture,    without  \  i.  73  k.  chloride  of  calium  \  to    i     hect.    of 

copper I  3-  7  k-  alum \      water. 

Check  square,  no  application. 

''Mr.  Duchein,  who  conducted  the  experiments,  made  three 
applications  to  each  square  : 

The  first  application May  21,  i8go. 

The  second  application June    2,  i8go. 

The  third  application July   25,  i8go. 

"The  following  powders  were  used  upon  the  squares  of  the 
second  plat,  one  kind  to  each  square  :  Shawinski's  powder, 
Shawinski's  sulphur,  cuprosteatite,  sulfosteatite,  sulfocyanide 
of  copper,  sulphated  verdet  {soufre  au  verdet),  hydrated  sul- 
phate of  copper  {soufre  a  V  hydrate  de  cuivre),  sulphated  sulphur 
{soufre  sulfate),  cupro-phosphate  {cuivro-phosphate),  sulphur 
and  cupro-phosphate  {soufre  au  cuivro-phosphate). 

''These  squares  received  four  applications  : 

The  first  application May  20,  1890. 

The  second  application  ...    June  2,     1890. 

The  third  application June  23,  1890. 

The  fourth  application July    25,    i8go. 

"  Since  the  mildew  did  not  appear  in  the  squares  this  year, 
the  relative  merits  of  the  substances  used  cannot  be  estimated, 
except  in  regard  to  the  length  of  time  in  which  they  remain 
effective. 

*  Kilogram  or  kilo,  i  k.  =  2.  2  lbs.  f  Hectolitre,  =  26.  4  gals. 


84  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

''Among  the  powders,  the  sulfosteatite  and  the  cuprostea- 
tite  proved  to  possess  the  greatest  adherence,  and  conse- 
quently, in  case  of  an  attack  they  would  have  protected  the 
vines  longer  than  the  other  substances.  The  principal  ingre- 
dient of  these  powders  is  talc,  which,  when  dry,  has  the 
greatest  adhesive  power.  But  while  the  sulfosteatite  natur- 
ally contains  only  lo  per  cent,  of  sulphate  of  copper,  the  cu- 
prosteatite  has  15  per  cent,  in  the  form  of  hydrate  of  copper, 
and  consequently  it  cannot  burn,  as  sometimes  occurs  with 
the  sulfosteatite. 

"We  have  frequently  called  attention  to  the  danger  of  us- 
ing substances  containing  soluble  sulphates.  The  danger  is 
increased  when  the  powders  contain  sulphate  of  copper  in  a 
natural  state,  however  finely  divided.  When  a  drop  of  w^ater 
dissolves  one  of  these  particles  a  concentrated  solution  is  im- 
mediately formed  and  this  has  an  exceedingly  caustic  action. 

"The  squares  upon  which  the  liquids  had  been  applied  re- 
ceived the  last  application  July  25.  The  summer  rains  soon 
washed  away  all  traces  of  the  Bordeaux  mixture  and  shortly 
afterwards  of  the  other  materials  also,  excepting  two.  The 
mixture  of  carbonate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  copper  resisted 
the  action  of  the  weather  admirably,  but  the  stains  of  verdet 
showed  plainly  upon  the  leaves  even  after  they  had  fallen  in 
November.  Like  results  have  been  obtained  wherever  the 
verdet  has  been  tried,  and  thousands  of  acres  have  been  treat- 
ed with  it.  This  property  of  the  verdet  is  of  prime  impor- 
tance, for  we  are  thereby  enabled  to  make  fewer  applications 
and  these  retain  their  efficacy  for  an  indefinite  period.  Three 
applications  were  made,  in  order  to  reach  the  later  growths  of 
the  vine. 

"The  above  observations  have  led  Mr.  Duchein  to  arrange 
the  liquids  in  the  following  order,  based  upon  the  length  of 
time  during  which  they  remain  effective  : 

"I.    Verdet. 

"2.    Carbonate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  copper. 

"  3.    Improved  Bordeaux  mixture. 

"4.    Sulphocyanide  of  copper  (liquid). 

"5.    Eau  celeste. 

"6.    Gelatinous  hydrocarbonate  of  copper. 

"7.    Aluminium  mixture. 

"8.    Bordeaux  mixture  and  sporivore. 

"q.    Bordeaux  mixture. 


Pla7it  Diseases  and  Insects.  85 

''Powders.  Although  it  is  advisable  to  use  liquids  when 
possible,  those  who  find  this  method  of  treatment  impracti- 
cable will  obtain  good  results  with  powders,  especially  cupro- 
steatite.  In  the  powder  cupro-phosphate,  the  sulphate  of  copper 
is  in  the  form  of  a  hydrate,  and  thus  cannot  burn.  The  phos- 
phate of  lime,  in  which  this  oxide  is  found,  is  also  a  fertilizer 
for  grapes  ;  certainly  this  is  an  advantage,  but  is  it  not  to  the 
detriment  of  the  adhesive  quality?  We  must  not  lose  sight 
of  the  fact  that  we  are  trying  to  destroy  the  mildew ;  the  mixed 
powders  (sulphate  and  the  salts  of  copper),  designed  to  guard 
against  the  oidium  and  the  mildew,  are  not  very  successful. 
It  is  better  to  combat  the  diseases  separately,  although  at  the 
national  school  last  year  the  sulphur  of  Skawinski  was  found 
more  effective  against  mildew  than  Skawinski's  powder. 
Plainly  here  was  an  anomaly. 

"Liquids.  This  year  Mr.  Duchein  wished  to  try  a  fungi- 
cide having  aluminium  for  its  essential  ingredient  instead  of 
copper.  It  is  composed  of  2  k.  of  alum  to  i  k.  of  chloride 
calcium,  used  in  the  proportion  of  5^  k.  to  a  hectolitre  of 
water.  Since  the  mildew  did  not  appear,  the  value  of  this 
compound  could  not  be  determined,  but  there  is  little  reason 
to  believe  that  it  would  prove  more  valuable  than  the  bouillie 
biteri'oise  which  contains  no  copper  and  which  was  not  used  at 
all  this  year,  as  it  has  been  found  to  be  worthless. 

"The  gelatinous  hydro-carbonate  of  copper  would  have  been 
better  than  the  preceding,  but  in  regard  to  adherence  and 
durability  it  is  far  from  being  equal  to  the  carbonate  of  soda 
and  sulphate  of  copper. 

"Sporivore  is  a  glue  which  is  added  in  the  proportion  of  i 
k.  in  a  hectolitre  of  water  to  a  Bordeaux  mixture  consisting  of 
I  k.  of  sulphate  of  copper  and  i  k.  of  lime.  This  material  is 
still  less  adhesive  than  the  hydrocarbonate  ;  besides,  when 
applied,  it  covered  the  leaves  with  an  impermeable  coating,  so 
that  they  drooped  from  want  of  air.  But  fortunately  this  was 
washed  off  and  growth  recommenced. 

"This  proves  the  error  of  those  who  wish  to  make  the  Bor- 
deaux mixture  more  adhesive  by  adding  some  substance  such 
as  gelatine,  gum,  glue,  etc.  Adhesion  should  be  obtained  only 
by  means  of  soluble  salts  which  recrystallize  on  the  leaves  in 
the  form  of  a  tightly  fitting  net. 

"  In   1887  we  maintained  that  a  solution  of  verdet  is  and 


86  A7i7ials  of  Horticulture. 

always  will  be  the  available  form  in  which  copper  will  be  most 
effective  against  mildew,  and  this  solution  alone  fulfils  all  the 
necessary  conditions,  viz  : 

''I.  Absolute  certainty  of  never  burning,  whatever  the 
amount  applied. 

''2.    Ease  of  preparation. 

''3.  Solution  obtained  without  the  addition  of  any  other 
substance. 

"4.  Copper  dissolves  without  the  addition  of  any  other 
substance. 

''5.  The  ease  with  which  the  substance  remains  in  sus- 
pension. 

''6.    Immediate  destructive  action  against  mildew. 

"  7.    Complete  adherence  to  the  leaves. 

''8.    Indefinite  preservation. 

''9.  Natural  richness  in  the  hydrate  of  the  binoxide  of 
copper. 

"  10.    Cheapness. 

''II.    Required  number  of  applications  as  small  as  possible. 

"One  of  the  failings  of  the  Bordeaux  mixture,  and  of  the 
carbonate  of  soda  and  sulphate  of  copper,  is  that  they  do  not 
contain  sufficient  dissolved  copper.  This  defecft  might  be  re- 
medied in  the  laboratory  but  it  is  impracticable  to  do  so  in  the 
field.  Sugar  and  lime  have  been  the  principal  agents  used 
for  this  purpose,  giving  rise  to  two  classes  of  fungicides — 
those  prepared  in  the  laboratory,  and  those  made  by  the  grow- 
er. The  preparation  of  either  kind  is  difficult  and  expensive. 
The  same  results  do  not  always  follow  the  use  of  the  same 
proportions  of  the  ingredients.  Sometimes  more  and  some- 
times less  lime  is  required  to  exactly  precipitate  all  the  sul- 
phate ;  and  again  a  certain  amount  of  sugar  does  not  always 
dissolve  a  corresponding  amount  of  the  oxide.  Nor  does  the 
preparation  retain  a  uniform  strength.  Its  action  grows 
weaker  so  that  only  the  amount  to  be  used  immediately  should 
be  prepared.  A  still  more  serious  objection  is,  that  the 
amount  of  lime  or  soda  used  to  neutralize  the  acid  may  not 
be  sufficient,  and  consequently  the  valuable  sulphates  remain- 
ing would,  when  applied,  seriously  burn  the  foliage. 

"  In  the  improved  Bordeax  mixture  the  most  difficult  opera- 
tions have  already  been  made.  One  admirable  quality  is  the 
ease  with  which  it  remains  in  suspension.  Its  cost  is  about 
45  cents  per  hectolitre.      In  regard  to  adhesion  and  durability 


Plaiit  Diseases  and  Insects.  87 

it  ranks  third.  But  by  analysis  it  was  found  to  contain  a 
large  proportion  of  free  soluble  sulphates,  and  consequently 
there  is  a  manifest  possibility  of  its  burning  the  foliage,  es- 
pecially if  the  solution  on  the  leaves  is  concentrated  by  sev- 
eral applications,  or  by  the  carelessness  of  the  operator.  If 
more  lime  is  added  it  unites  with  the  sugar  and  is  a  total  loss, 
and  still  the  solution  may  not  be  completely  saturated. 

''The  name  improved  Bordeaux  mixture  could  more  appro- 
priately be  applied  to  a  preparation,  the  formula  of  which  has 
been  given  by  Mr.  Duchein.  It  combines  the  merits  of  the 
Bordeaux  mixture  and  the  eau  celeste.  Mr.  Duchein  prepares 
the  Bordeaux  mixture  according  to  the  formula  already  given, 
but  uses  as  little  water  as  possible.  The  lime  is  in  excess  and 
this  facilitates  the  operation.  Then  he  adds  as  little  ammonia 
as  possible,  just  enough  to  obtain  a  blue  coloration  in  the  su- 
pernatant liquid.  All  that  is  then  necessary  is  to  add  suf- 
ficient water  to  produce  a  hectolitre  of  the  liquid.  This  is  a 
simple  and  cheap  preparation,  and  perhaps  the  only  objection 
to  it  is  its  want  of  adhesive  power." 

Insects.  Some  of  the  most  important  results  of  the  year  in 
economic  entomology  have  been  collated  for  me  by  Professor  J. 
B.  Smith  of  the  New  Jersey  Experiment  Station  : 

"The  plum-curculio  was  one  of  the  favorite  subjects  of 
investigation  during  the  3^ear,  Ohio,  Michigan,  Iowa  and  New 
Jersey  having  devoted  considerable  attention  to  it.  In  Ohio, 
Weed  carried  on  his  plum  spraying  experiments  'under  ordi- 
nary commercial  conditions,'*  spraying  one-half  of  an  orchard 
of  900  plum  trees,  and  jarring  the  other.  The  result  was  extra- 
ordinary. Of  the  sprayed  trees  not  more  than  3  per  cent,  of 
the  fruit  was  injured  ;  of  the  jarred  trees  not  more  than  4 
per  cent.  There  is  no  statement  of  what  neighboring  orchards 
were  like,  and  this  record  stands  in  strong  contrast  to  the  results 
attained  by  Gillette  and  Cook.  Cook,  after  strongly  recom- 
mending the  arsenites  for  the  curculio,t  tried  his  own  recom- 
mendations most  thoroughly,  and  with  a  most  deplorable  lack 
of  success.  X  Although  treated  in  the  most  careful  manner,  every 
plum  on  the  sprayed  trees  was  injured.  He  adopts  now  the 
rather  startling  theory  that  the  curculio  is  a  friend,  because  it 


*Bull.  8,  vol.  iii.  Ohio  Exp.  Sta.  fBull.  53,  Mich.  Exp.  Sta. 

tSee  a  thorough  discussion  of  arsenites  for  the  plum  curculio  in  Annals  Hort.  1889,  61. 


88  Annals  of  Horticultiu'e . 

prevents  over-bearing,  and  he  suggests  planting  plum  trees  in 
apple  orchards  to  prevent  injury  to  the  apples.  Webster  has 
reported  *  the  results  of  his  experiments  in  breeding  curcu- 
lios  on  different  varieties  of  apples  and  plums,  and  concludes 
positivel}^  that  plums  planted  among  apple  trees  do  not  protect 
the  latter.  As  with  many  other  species,  it  is  probably  a  ques- 
tion of  the  number  of  insects;  when  numerous  enough  they 
will  take  every  fruit  suitable  to  their  purpose.  When  compara- 
tively scarce,  they  may  exercise  a  choice.  Gillette  reports^  as 
the  results  of  his  studies,  that  the  curculio  prefers  the  import- 
ed to  the  native  varieties  of  plums,  48.8  per  cent,  of  the  former 
and  only  6.6  per  cent,  of  the  latter  being  infested.  He  also 
reports  that  he  found  spraying  an  excellent  remedy,  although 
not  applied  under  the  best  conditions.  He  has  since  repeated 
his  spraying  experiments  under  the  best  possible  conditions 
and  reports  absolute  failure.  The  sprayed  trees  were  more 
infested  than  the  unsprayed  checks.  Green,  who  tried  spray- 
ing with  arsenites  in  Minnesota  J  again  reports  the  most  grati- 
fying success.  It  is  evident  from  these  contradictory  experi- 
ences that  spraying  is  far  from  being  a  satisfactory  and  reliable 
remedy  for  the  injuries  of  the  plum  curculio.  The  special  cir- 
cumstances that  produce  success  in  the  one  case  and  failure  in 
the  other,  are  still  beyond  our  ken. 

"J.  B.  Smith  has  made  some  experiments  in  a  different 
line.  §  He  finds  that  the  insects  will  not  develop  in  growing 
apples,  Avhile  in  dropped  fruit,  almost  every  egg-puncture  was 
represented  by  a  full-grown  larva  later  on,  provided  the  ap- 
ples were  allowed  to  decay.  When  decay  was  prevented  by 
keeping  the  fruit  absolutely  dry,  none  of  the  larvae  developed. 
As  a  consequence,  he  strongly  urges  the  systematic  gathering 
and  destruction  of  all  fallen  fruit  as  the  best  way  of  prevent- 
ing the  maturing  of  the  species.  Nine  full-grown  larvae  were 
found  in  a  single  apple,  and  the  destruction  of  all  such  fruit 
must  do  much  to  lessen  the  numbers  for  the  following  reason. 

''All  of  the  publications  confirm  the  statement  that  there 
is  only  a  single  annual  brood  of  the  curcuHo,  although  &gg 
laying  extends  to  the  end  of  July,  or  even  later. 

"  Gillette  has  also  studied  the  plum-gouger  {Coccotof^Jis  pni- 

*  Insect  Life  ii.  305.  t  Bull.  9,  Iowa  Exp.  Sta. 

X  Bull.  10,  Minn.  Exp.  Sta.  gGarden  and  Forest.  Nov.  19,  \%o. 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  89 

fiicida),  a  species  which  ranks  close  to  the  curculio  in  destruct- 
iveness,  and  he  finds  that  this  prefers  the  native  varieties, 
more  than  27  per  cent,  of  the  fruit  being  infested.  Spraying 
is  of  no  vakie  in  this  c^zse,  and  jarring  to  collect  the  beetles  is 
recommended.  The  infested  fruit  does  not  drop,  and  gathering 
it  before  August  i  is  recommended  to  prevent  maturing  the 
larvae. 

"  Miss  Ormerod*  in  her  thirteenth  report  describes  an 
attack  by  the  ''pear  blight  beetle"  of  American  writers, 
{Xylebonis  dispar-pyri)  on  plum,  in  some  parts  of  England. 
She  suggests  trapping  by  placing  poles  among  the  trees,  on 
the  theory  that  dead  or  dying  wood  will  exercise  a  superior 
attraction,  and  then  recommends  burning  these  traps  before 
the  insects  mature.  This  is  only  another  application  of  the 
method  adopted  by  the  German  foresters  to  protect  growing 
trees  from  the  ravages  of  others  of  the  bark  borers  {Scoly- 
tidce).  Badly  infested  trees  should,  of  course,  be  cut  and 
burned. 

"Weed  gives  usf  a  description  of  all  stages  of  the  cherry 
louse  (yMyzus  cerasi),  but  adds  nothing  to  our  knowledge  of 
remedies.  Smith  treats  the  same  insect,  J  and  recommends 
kerosene  emulsion  or  fish  oil  soap  as  destructive  agents. 

''The  cherry  slug  {Selandi'ia  cerasi)  has  been  injurious  to 
both  pear  and  cherry  in  Nevada,  and  Hillman  §  recommends 
tobacco,  hellebore  and  buhach,  all  of  which  were  tried  and 
found  successful. 

"Peach  insects  received  comparatively  little  attention. 
Erwin  F.  Smith  has  given  ||  a  very  complete  description  of 
the  peach  louse  (^Aphis  persicce-iiiger),  a  new  insect,  and  an  ac- 
count of  its  depredations  in  Virginia,  Maryland,  Delaware  and 
New  Jersey.  He  discusses  its  habits  at  considerable  length, 
and  thinks  that  much  of  the  injury  to  the  peach,  usually 
called  the  yellows,  may  be  due  to  this  insect.  He  sug- 
gests no  remedies  for  the  underground  form,  but  has  since 
found  Tf  that  tobacco  dug  into  the  ground  around  the  tree 
is    satisfactorily.       The     true    yellows,    however,    is     not     to 

♦Report  of  Observations  of  Injurious  Insects  and  Common  Farm  Pests  during  the  year 
18S9.     London.  1890. 
t  Bull.  2.  vol.  i.  Ohio  Exp.  Sta.  Technical  Ser. 

t  Bull.  72.  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta.  I  Bull.  10,  Nev.  Exp.  Sta. 

II  Entomo.  Amer.  vi.  101-201.  1[Bull.  75,  N.J.  Exp.  Sta. 

A.    H. — 7 


go  Annals  of  Hortiadture. 

be  confounded  with  this  injury.  J.  B.  Smith  has  treated  of 
the  same  insect,*  and  recommends  potash  in  the  form  of 
kainit  as  most  satisfactory,  acting  both  as  a  fertihzer  and  in- 
secticide. For  the  serial  forms,  whale  oil  soap  is  recom- 
mended. Later,  he  repeats  E.  F.  Smith's  recommendation  of 
tobacco  for  underground  forms. 

''The  peach  tree  borer  has  also  been  treated  by  J.  B. 
Smith, f  who  recommends  mechanical  means,  wrapping  the 
base  of  the  tree  with  upright  straw  or  newspaper,  to  prevent 
oviposition,  or  destructive  means  by  pouring  diluted  kerosene 
emulsion  around  the  base  after  removing  the  top  soil. 

"  Alwood,  of  the  Virginia  station,  related  at  the  meeting  of 
the  economic  entomologists  in  November,  that  painting  the 
trunk  with  ordinary  white  paint  to  which  a  little  Paris  green 
is  added  is  a  perfect  protection.  Of  course,  all  these  applica- 
tions must  extend  for  a  depth  of  at  least  six  inches  below  the 
soil  to  be  effective. 

''Apple  insects  have  received  the  usual  amount  of  atten- 
tion. Spraying  for  the  codlin  moth  larvae  was  practiced  at 
several  stations,  and  uniform  success  is  reported.  There  is  no 
longer  a  doubt  that  we  have  a  safe  and  reliable  remedy  for  the 
injuries  done  by  this  insect. 

"Weed  has  studied  the  oyster-shell  bark  louse  (yMytilaspis 
po7noriH7i)  and  the  scurfy  bark  louse  (yCJiiotiaspis fiirfiiriis^  and 
recommends  J  scrubbing  trunk  and  branches  with  carbolic 
mixture,  i  pt.  crude  carbolic  acid  to  7  parts  of  a  solution  made 
by  disolving  i  qt.  soft  soap  or  yi,  lb.  hard  soap  in  2  quarts 
boiling  water. 

"The  buffalo  tree  hopper  {Ceresa  bubahis)  has  proved  in- 
jurious in  Ohio  by  puncturing  twigs  and  branches  for  oviposi- 
ting and  for  this,  the  kerosene  emulsion,  used  after  the  young 
insects  have  made  their  appearance,  is  recommended. 

"In  New  Jersey,  muriate  of  potash  in  water,  used  to  wash 
tree  trunks,  has  proved  effective  in  destroying  the  scurfy  scale.  § 

"Apple  plant  lice  were  also  reported  on  by  Hillman,  ||  who 
recommends  for  the  leaf  lice  the  standard  preparations  of 
kerosene  and  tobacco,  and  for  the  root  lice  {Schizo7ieura  lanigera) 

*  Bull.  72,  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta.  t2d  Ann.  Rept.  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta. 

t  Bull  4.  vol.  iii.  2,  sec.  Ohio  Exp.  Sta.  §  Bull.  75.  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta. 

liBull.  II.  Nev.  Exp.  Sta. 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  91 

suggests  that  the  same  application  be  made  in  a  trench  around 
the  base  of  the  tree. 

''  From  New  Zealand  comes  the  statement  *  that  soot,  buried 
6  or  7  inches  deep  under  infested  apple  trees,  rids  them  of  this 
same  woolly-aphis,  the  '  American  blight '  as  they  call  it. 

"In  Miss  Ormerod's  report  a  number  of  apple  pests  are 
treated,  none  of  which  are  of  particular  interest  to  Amer- 
ican horticulturists  save  the  bud-moth  {^Tffietocera  ocell- 
ina^  for  which  no  satisfactory  remedy  is  suggested.  This 
is  interesting,  because  Harvey  stated  at  the  meeting  of  the 
economic  entomologists  in  November  that  this  insect  had 
attacked  the  terminal  buds  of  the  blackberry  in  Maine,  an 
entirely  new  habit  for  this  species. 

''  Harvey  has  also  studied  the  '  railroad  worm  '  {^Trypeta  po- 
monella)  in  Maine.  His  results  are  not  yet  published,  but  we 
understand  that  gathering  and  destroying  the  infested  fruit  is 
recommended  as  the  most  practical  remed}^ 

''Gillette  gives  a  brief  account  of  the  apple  curculio  f 
(^Anthonomus  quadri-gibbns^  which  has  been  seriously  injurious  in 
some  parts  of  Iowa.  Spraying,  jarring  and  the  destruction  of 
fallen  fruit  are  all  recommended  for  this  insect. 

"A  second  edition  of  Miss  Ormerod's  valuable  'Manual  of 
Injurious  Insects  and  Methods  of  Prevention,' has  been  issued 
in  England,  during  the  year.  It  contains  much  of  interest  to 
horticulturists  everywhere.  Of  present  interest  is  the  article 
on  the  'wood  leopard  moth'  {Zeiizera  cescali).  This  pest 
has  been  quite  recently  imported  into  this  countr}^,  and  is  now 
beginning  to  spread,  radiating  in  every  direction  from  the 
vicinity  of  Jersey  City.  In  Europe  it  is  destructive  to  pear  ; 
in  this  country  it  has,  thus  far,  been  found  only  on  elm.  J 

"  Riley  §  has  treated  the  6-spotted  mite  of  the  orange  {Tet- 
ra?iychus  6-macidatus),  and  finds  it  easil}^  controlled  by  the 
various  soap  and  kerosene  preparations,  by  sulphur  and  even 
clear  water.  Clean  culture  is  also  an  effective  method  of  pre- 
venting injury.  He  also  calls  attention  ||  to  the  fact  that  some 
of  the  scales  infesting  oranges  in  Florida  have  made  their 
apperance  in  California,  and  repeats  his  suggestion  that  a  quar- 
antine be  established  in  these  states  against  infested  plants 

*  New  Zealand  Farmer,  Dec.  1889,  cited  in  Insect  Life  ii.  290. 

tBull.  77.  Iowa  Agl.  Exp.  Sta. 

JEnt.  Amer.  vi.  31.     Garden  and  Forest.  Jan.  1890,  30. 

i  Rept.  Se'cy.  Agl.  for  1889  (issued  1890)  ||  Insect  Life  ii.  341. 


92  A?i7ials  of  Hortic2dtu7'e. 

received  from  the  others.  Coquillet  has  an  excellent  and  inter- 
esting article  *  on  the  use  of  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  for  the  de- 
struction of  the  red  scale  in  California.  He  finds  this  perfectly 
effective,  and  describes  how,  after  the  necessary  apparatus  has 
been  obtained,  the  gas  can  be  produced  at  a  cost  of  about  26 
cents  per  ordinary  sized  tree,  quite  a  reduction  from  the  older 
method  which  costs  about  76  cents  per  tree. 

''Val^ry  Mayet  has  issued  a  work  on  '  Les  Insects  de  la 
Vigne'  (Paris  1890,  pp.  470,  5  plates,  4  colored,  and  470  fig- 
ures), which  is  the  most  complete  and  important  ever  issued 
on  the  subject,  but  calculated  of  course  more  particularly  for 
the  European  grower. 

'' Newman  f  finds  bagging  grapes  an  effective  protection 
against  insect  attack,  but  recommends  it  only  for  choice 
bunches. 

''Riley  has  described  the  early  stages  of  the  rose-chafer | 
(^Macrodaciylus  subspinosus),  and  gives  a  resume  of  the  history 
of  the  species  as  an  injurious  insect.  No  additions  to  reme- 
dies against  the  mature  insects  are  made,  but  it  is  suggested 
that  if  their  breeding  places  could  be  found,  kerosene  appli- 
cations might  destroy  the  larvae.  J.  B.  Smith  has  given  his 
experience  §  with  this  insect  in  New  Jersey,  and  finds  that 
none  of  the  recommended  applications  are  of  the  least  avail 
when  the  invasion  is  an  extensive  or  serious  one.  It  costs 
more  to  protect  the  vineyard  than  the  resulting  crop  is  worth, 
and  he  recommends  bagging  as  the  only  practical  remedy. 

''On  currants.  Miss  Ormerod  ||  describes  an  interesting 
attack  by  mites  {Phytoptus  ribis)  for  which  no  practical  remedy 
has  yet  been  found;  and  a  white  woolly  scale  (yPulvinaria 
ribesice)  allied  to  our  cottony  maple  scale,  for  which  she  re- 
commends whitewashing  the  plants  in  the  winter.  Koebele 
reports  \  that  in  the  Santa  Cruz  mountains,  California,  it  is 
impossible  to  raise  currants,  owing  to  the  attacks  of  one  of  the 
buprestid  beetles  {Chyrsobothris  inali),  the  larvae  of  which  bores 
into  stems,  branches  and  even  roots.  Collecting  the  beetles, 
burning  infested  stalks,  and  whitewashing  as  a  protection,  are 
suggested  as  possible  remedies.  Gillette  also  calls  attention  to 
a  new  currant  borer  **  {^Hyperplatys  aspersus),  a  beetle,  hereto- 

*  Insect  Lifeii.  202.  fBull.  10,  Ala.  Exp.  Sta. 

X  Insect  Life  ii.  295.  g  Garden  and  Forest  July  16,  1890. 

li  p.  i,^,  report  supra  cit.  \  Bull.  22,  Div.  Ent.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agl. 
**Bull.  II,  Iowa  Exp.  Sta. 


Plant  Diseases  and  bisects.  93 

fore  found  in  cottonwood.  The  proposed  remedies  are  the 
same  as  for  the  imported  borer,  cutting  and  burning  infested 
stems.      The  currant  has  now  a  respectable  Hst  of  insect  pests  ! 

''Webster  gives  some  account  of  the  strawberry  crown- 
borer*  ^Tyloderma  fraga7'i(B)  and  describes  the  egg.  A  jump- 
ing beetle  {Haltica  igfiita)  has  been  found  injurious  near 
Columbus,  Ind.,  and  has  been  also  complained  of  from  Arizona 
and  Florida.  The  beetle  is  widely  distributed  and  is  a  close 
ally  of  the  grape  flea-beetle  ;  it  may  therefore  become  one  of 
the  pests  of  the  future.  No  suggestions  as  to  remedies  are 
made. 

*' J.  B.  Smith  has  treated  monographically  f  the  insects  in- 
festing the  cranberry,  giving  the  life-history  of  all  the  species 
and  the  means  of  destroying  them.  He  strongly  recommends 
laying  out  the  bogs  so  that  they  can  be  flooded  readily  and 
the  insects  drowned  out.  He  has  during  the  past  season  put 
his  own  recommendations  to  practical  use  and  the  results, 
eminently  satisfactory,  will  appear  in  the  forthcoming  annual 
report  of  the  Station. 

''Weed  has  continued  his  experiments  with  the  striped  cu- 
cumber beetle,  and  finds  tobacco  dust  most  successful,  after 
mechanical  covering  of  the  plants.  J  Smith  reports  §  similar 
success  with  tobacco  for  this  beetle,  and  gives  also  the  results 
of  a  series  of  experiments  on  the  squash  borer,  none  of  which 
were  entirely  satisfactor}^ 

"Miss  Murtfeldt  reports  ||  a  new  rose  slug  {Cladius  isome- 
ras)  as  injurious  in  Missouri,  and  suggests  hellebore  as  a 
remedy.  J.  G.  Jack  finds  ^  that  an  European  saw-fly  {Emphy- 
tus  cinctus,  injured  roses  at  the  Arnold  Arboretum.  Riley  and 
Howard  have  described  **  a  new  icerya  (/.  rosce^,  injuring  roses 
at  Key  West. 

"Bailey  has  made  a  series  of  interesting  experiments  ft  to 
ascertain  the  amount  of  injury  to  peach  foliage  by  applications 
of  Paris  green  and  London  purple.  He  concludes  that  London 
purple  should  not  be  used  on  peach  ;  that  Paris  green  at  the 
rate  of  i  lb.  to  300  gal.  of  water,  in  a  fine  spray,  did  not  injure 
foliage,  and  that  i  lb.  to  350  gallons  of  water  would  probably 
be  always  safe.      He  found  that  nearly  40  per  cent  of  London 

*  Bull.  33,  Ind.  Exp.  Sta.  t  Bull.  K,  N.  J.  Exp.  Sta. 

t  Bull.  3,  vol.  ii.  ser.  2,  Ohio  Exp.  Sta.  §  Bull.  75,  N.J.  Exp.  Sta. 

II  Bull.  22,  Ent.  Div.  Dept.  Agl.  \  Garden  and  Forest,  March  26,  1890. 

**  Insect  Life  iii.  93.  ft  Bull,  xviii.  Cornell  Exp.  Sta. 


94  Afinals  of  Horticulture. 

purple  is  quickly  soluble  in  water,  while  Paris  green  contains 
no  soluble  arsenic.  Anal3^ses  showed  that  arsenic  from  London 
purple  entered  into  the  texture  of  the  leaf,  while  that  from 
Paris  green  remains  entirely  upon  the  surface.  Experiments 
upon  plum  showed  that  spraying  with  London  purple  so  strong 
as  I  pound  to  200  gallons  produced  no  injury,  and  the  state- 
ment is  made  that  the  supposed  injury  to  plum  foliage  by  the 
arsenites  is  really  due  to  a  fungus.  He  also  found,  as  stated 
before  by  Cook,  that  old  peach  leaves  are  more  susceptible  to 
injury  than  young  leaves.  The  immunity  of  the  young  growth 
is  due  to  its  waxy  covering.  Injury  late  in  the  season  is  more 
apparent  than  early  in  the  season,  because  of  the  cessation  of 
growth.  A  convenient  device  for  producing  a  spray  by  com- 
pressing the  end  of  rubber  hose,  is  described  and  figured. 
Woodworth*  has  made  some  valuable  tests  upon  the  effects  of 
arsenites  upon  plants.  He  confirms  Bailey's  statement  that 
young  leaves  are  less  likely  to  be  injured  than  old  ones,  and 
that  'fresh  white  arsenic  produces  less  injury  than  any  of  the 
other  arsenites,'  but  when  the  same  material  is  not  freshly 
mixed  it  is  more  injurious  than  the  other  arsenites.  'Paris 
green  is  uniformly  less  injurious  than  London  purple.'  He 
also  finds  that  some  varieties  of  the  same  species  are  more 
susceptible  to  injury  than  others,  and  he  thinks  that  'varieties 
could  be  produced  by  selection  to  which  strong  poisoning 
would  do  no  injury.'  As  a  rule,  the  lower  surface  of  the  leaf 
is  more  easily  injured  than  the  upper  surface.  Gillette  has 
also  made  some  most  valuable  experiments  with  the  arsenites  f 
with  the  view  of  discovering  some  method  of  lessening  injury 
to  the  foliage.  He  finds  that  the  addition  of  milk  of  lime  to 
Paris  green  or  London  purple  will  almost  entirely  prevent  such 
injury.  As  peach  is  admittedly  the  most  susceptible,  the  re- 
sults of  this  experiment  with  London  purple  are  most  inter- 
esting in  comparison  with  Bailey's  recommendation  that  it  be 
not  used  on  peach  : 

*  Bull.  1 1,  Ark.  Exp.  Sta.  t  Bull.  lo,  Iowa  Exp.  Sta. 


Plant  Diseases  ajid  Insects. 


95 


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"The  London  purple  used  in  the  Bordeaux  mixture  pro- 
duced .02  injury  at  the  rate  of  i  lb.  in  25  gallons  of  water,  and 
none  at  all  at  a  less  strength.  No  chemical  reasons  for  this 
difference  in  results  are  given.  Analyses  and  experiments 
made  at  the  New  Jersey  Station  show  that  the  addition  of 
lime  to  London  purple  combines  the  soluble  arsenic,  forming 
with  it  an  insoluble  compound,  and  that  only  a  mere  fraction 
of  I  per  cent  will  not  so  combine.  This  is  really  one  of  the 
most  valuable  results  of  the  work  of  the  year  and  will  make 
London  purple  available  at  more  effective  strength  than  has 
been  heretofore  deemed  prudent. 

''This  report  would  not  be  complete  without  a  notice  of 
letters  patent  No.  440,612,  dated  November  11,  1890.  This 
was  granted  to  Frank  Jones,  Morse,  Kansas,  on  a  wonderful 
'  Process  of  Disinfecting  for  Destroying  Insects  on  Trees  and 
Plants.'  This  consists  in  washing  the  body  and  limbs  of  the 
plant  or  tree,  with  a  mixture  or  compound  of  the  following 
ingredients  in  the  specified  proportion,  to  wit:  soft  water, 
five  gallons;  indigo,  dissolved  in  the  water,  one  ounce;  as- 
afoetida  tincture,  three  ounces ;  soap,  dissolved  in  the  water, 
two  one-pound  bars,  and  at  or  about  the  same  time  drenching 
the  roots  of  the  tree  with  the  following  drench  mixture  applied 
in  connection  with  sulphur,  as  hereinafter  specified,  to  wit  : 
Water  five  gallons;  concentrited  lye  sixteen  ounces;  indigo 
one  and  one-half  ounces  ;  camphor  tincture,  four  ounces,  and 
sulphur,  a  sufiicient  quantity.  In  practice  the  sulphur  is  not 
mixed  with  the  compound  except  in  the  act  of  applying,  and 
the  method  of  applying  is  as  follows  :      In  treating  a  tree  six 


96  Anfiah  of  Hortiailhtre . 

inches  in  diameter,  I  first  sprinkle  about  four  ounces  of 
sulphur  upon  the  ground  close  around  the  foot  of  the  tree.  I 
then  pour  about  six  quarts  of  the  drench  mixture  upon  the 
sulphur  around  the  root  of  the  tree.  The  drench  is  absorbed 
by  the  roots  of  the  tree,  and  being  carried  to  the  bark  and 
leaves  of  the  tree,  combines  with  the  wash  above  mentioned 
which  has  been  applied  to  the  trunk,  and  the  result  is  effec- 
tive in  destroying  all  insect  life  upon  the  tree,  while  the  leaves, 
bark  and  fruit  remain  uninjured.'  Comment  upon  such  a 
patented  mixture  is  needless  !" 

Dr.  Riley,  Entomologist  of  the  national  Department  of 
Agriculture,  presented  at  the  meeting  of  the  Association  of 
Economic  Entomologists  at  Champaign,  Illinois,  in  Novem- 
ber, an  extended  report  upon  the  "Outlook  for  Applied 
Entomology,"  from  which  I  make  copious  extracts: 

"The  hydrocyanic  acid  gas  treatment  against  scale-insects 
is  becoming  more  and  more  common  in  California,  and  has, 
to  a  certain  extent,  superseded  the  use  of  washes,  especially 
against  the  red  scale  {Aspidiotus  Aurantii).  This  is  largely 
due  to  the  fact  that  recent  experiments,  carried  on  through 
Mr.  Coquillett,  have  resulted  in  a  great  cheapening  of  the 
process.  The  expense  has  been  reduced  one-third,  and  the 
bulky  machinery  mentioned  in  my  report  for  1887  has  been, 
for  the  most  part,  dispensed  with.  It  has  also  been  found 
that  the  use  of  the  process  at  night  is  safer  and  more  benefi- 
cial, in  that  it  lessens  the  effect  of  the  gas  upon  the  foliage. 

"The  repeated  importation  of  scale-insects  from  Florida 
into  Cahfornia  has  attracted  much  attention.  The  species 
concerned  are  principally  the  purple  scale  {Mytilaspis  citricold), 
the  long  scale  {M.  Gloverii^,  and  the  chaff  scale  {Parlaforia 
Fergandei).  The  fact  that  these  insects  must  have  been 
repeatedly  imported  into  the  state  in  past  years,  without 
obtaining  a  foothold,  has  been  used  as  an  argument  against  a 
quarantine,  and  a  great  deal  of  discussion  on  the  subject  has 
been  had  in  the  California  papers.  From  my  own  observa- 
tions in  the  state  I  am  convinced  that  where  the  proper  con- 
ditions of  shade  and  moisture  obtain  there  is  no  reason  why 
these  scale  insects  should  not  get  a  foothold,  but  that  they 
will  probably  die  out  in  the  hotter,  drier,  and  less  shaded 
localities.  An  agent  who  was  sent  to  Pomona  to  investigate 
certain  newly  planted  orange  groves  of  Florida  trees  found 


Plajit  Diseases  arid  Bisects.  97 

that  while  the  trees  were  planted  a  year  previously  and  had 
been  dipped,  according  to  custom  there,  in  a  caustic  solution, 
every  tree  examined  by  him  bore  a  few  specimens  of  the  pur- 
ple scale.  The  excitement  on  this  subject  in  California  has 
been  fostered  by  the  claims  of  rival  nurserymen  engaged 
either  in  the  importation  of  Florida  stock  or  dealing  in  varie- 
ties grown  at  home,  and  from  such  contrary  claims  from  per- 
sons prejudiced  by  their  business  interests  it  is  difficult  to 
extract  the  truth.  A  rigid  quarantine,  not  absolutely  prohibi- 
tive were  wisest,  for  great  injustice  might  be  worked  by  abso- 
lutely prohibitive  restrictions.  Careful  inspection  and  thor- 
ough treatment,  if  they  could  be  guaranteed,  would  prove  an 
effective  safeguard,  but  it  were  unsafe  to  trust  to  them  with- 
out a  rigid  quarantine. 

"I  have  commenced  a  series  of  experiments  upon  the 
black  scale  {Lecaniiim  olecB),  a  species  which,  ordinarily 
occurring  upon  the  olive,  has  long  damaged  citrus  fruits  in 
California.  The  horticulturist  of  the  Wisconsin  Station, 
E.  S.  Goff,  has  modified  the  Nixon  pump  by  adding  a  tube  so 
that  kerosene  may  be  drawn  from  one  receptacle  and  a  mix- 
ture of  soap  and  water  from  another,  thus  forming  a  mechan- 
ical mixture  in  the  act  of  spraymg.  This  modification,  at  the 
request  of  Professor  Henry,  I  have  had  tried  in  this  series  of 
experiments,  and  although  it  is  too  early  to  state  the  results, 
it  may  be  said  that  so  little  time  and  labor  are  required  in 
preparing  a  stable  emulsion  that  this  mechanical  substitute 
will  probably  not  come  into  general  use.  In  this  connection 
it  may  be  observed  that  the  formulae  recommended  by  some 
of  our  most  voluminous  writers  are  very  misleading,  and  are 
calculated  to  produce  only  a  mechanical  mixture  more  or  less 
unstable.  The  use  of  kerosene  temporarily  combined  with 
water  or  soapsuds  by  mechanical  means  dates  from  many 
years  back  ;  it  was  a  favorite  remedy  of  my  friend  Thomas 
Meehan,  who  urged  it  in  1871  in  the  Gardener's  Monthly; 
it  was  experimented  with  b}^  others,  and  I  used  it  successfully 
in  1872  against  an  undescribed  lecanium  on  Austrian  pine, 
as  also  against  aphides  on  the  place  of  Julius  Pitman,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  in  1874  ^^^^  1875  against  the  congregated  young 
of  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust.  But  the  true  and  stable  kero- 
sene emulsion,  which  now  forms  one  of  the  most  satisfactory 
and  widely  used  insecticides,  and  which  requires  two  parts  of 


98  Aiinals  of  Horticulture. 

the  oil  to  one  of  the  emulsifying  agent,  violently  churned 
until  a  stable,  butter-like  emulsion  results,  was  the  outgrowth 
of  my  efforts  in  the  investigation  of  the  cotton  worm,  the  milk 
having  been  first  suggested  in  1878  by  the  late  Dr.  W.  S. 
Barnard  w^hile  working  at  Selma,  Ala.,  and  the  most  satis- 
factory formula  in  1880,  by  H.  G.  Hubbard,  from  experiments 
which  I  had  continued  over  two  years,  on  orange  trees. 

''The  grape  phyhoxera  has  continued  to  attract  the  atten- 
tion not  only  of  most  European  governments  but  also  of 
those  of  Australia  and  New  Zealand.  It  continues  its  spread 
in  France,  having  at  last  invaded  the  more  valuable  cham- 
pagne districts.  The  last  report  of  the  Superior  Phylloxera 
Commission  of  that  country  shows  that  about  240,000  acres 
have  undergone  defensive  measures,  submersion  being  em- 
ployed in  72,000,  bisulphide  of  carbon  in  145,000,  and  sulpho- 
carbonate  of  potassium  in  23,000.  The  work  is  practically  at 
an  end  in  such  departments  as  H^rault,  Gard  and  Gironde, 
where  the  American  resistant  vines  have  most  effectually  been 
used  ;  while  the  wine  growers  of  Algeria,  Spain,  Italy,  Por- 
tugal, Hungary,  Austria  and  Switzerland  are  all  battling 
against  it,  and  are  all  more  or  less  aided  by  their  respective 
governments. 

''The  advent  of  the  insect  in  New  Zealand  has  been  the 
cause  of  much  writing  and  of  much  legislation  there,  and  the 
government  has  been  quite  anxious  to  get  the  best  and  latest 
information  on  the  subject.  There  is  very  little  that  is  avail- 
able in  the  way  of  published  experience  in  this  country,  as  my 
Missoiiri  reports  are  now  very  difficult  to  obtain.  I  would 
repeat  here  in  substance  what  I  have  recently  written  to  F.  D. 
Bell,  agent-general  at  London  for  New  Zealand,  because  the 
demand  for  the  information  is  continuous,  and  our  own  peo- 
ple are,  to  a  great  extent,  unfamiliar  with  the  facts. 

"During  the  more  than  twenty  years'  struggle  in  France 
against  the  species  innumerable  remedies  have  been  proposed, 
most  of  which  have  proved  to  be  absolutely  valueless.  A  few 
measures  have  been  devised,  however,  which,  under  proper 
conditions,  give  fairly  satisfactory  results.  These  consist  in 
(i)  methods  which  avoid  the  necessity  of  direct  treatment, 
comprising  the  use  of  American  stocks  and  planting  in  sandy 
soils;     (2)    the    employment    of    insecticides    (bisulphide    of 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  99 

carbon,  sulpho-carbonate  of  potassium,  and  the  kerosene 
emulsion)  ;   and  (3)  submersion. 

''It  was  early  found  in  the  histor}'  of  this  phylloxera  that 
most  of  the  cultivated  varieties  of  American  grape-vines,  as 
also  the  wild  species,  resisted,  or  were  little  subject  to,  the 
attacks  of  the  root  form  {radicicola^  of  the  phylloxera, 
although  the  leaf  gall  form  {gatlicola),  which  in  point  of  fact 
does  little  if  any  permanent  damage,  occurs  in  greater  num- 
bers on  many  of  our  wild  and  cultivated  sorts  than  on  the 
European  grape-vines,  which  are  all  derived  from  the  single 
species,  Vitis  vifiifera,  and  which  are  so  exceedingly  subject 
to  the  attacks  of  the  root  form.  This  fact  was  first  noticed  in 
France  by  M.  Laliman,  of  Bordeaux,  and  later  by  Gaston 
Bazille,  of  Montpellier,  and  was  independently  proved  on  a 
more  extended  scale  by  my  earlier  investigations  in  the  United 
States.  The  use  of  American  stocks  upon  which  to  cultivate 
the  susceptible  European  varieties  has  resulted  in  an  enor- 
mous trade  in  certain  American  seeds  and  cuttings  and  now 
supersedes  all  other  methods  against  the  insect. 

"  It  was  my  privilege  and  pleasure  to  spend  a  week  in  Au- 
gust, 1889,  among  the  world-renowned  Medoc  and  Sauterne 
vineyards  of  the  Bordeaux  district  in  France.  Here,  by  vir- 
tue of  the  rich  alluvial  soil  and  the  ease  with  which  the  chief 
vine3'ards  can  be  submerged,  the  phylloxera  has  made  slower 
headway,  and  the  opposition  to  the  use  of  American  resistant 
stocks  has  been  greatest.  Yet  they  have  finally  vanquished 
prejudice  and  are,  either  from  necessity  or  choice,  rapidly 
coming  into  general  use.  When  I  say  choice,  I  mean  that 
even  where  the  French  vines  yet  do  well  and  the  phylloxera 
is  kept  in  subjection  by  other  means  it  is  found  that  great 
vigor  of  growth  and  increase  in  healthfulness  and  yield  of 
fruit  result  at  once  from  the  use  of  American  stocks. 

"Without  going  into  a  lengthy  discussion  of  the  subject  of 
wild  American  species,  those  of  practical  importance  to  the 
grape-grower  are  the  following  :  Vitis  cestivalis,  V.  riparia, 
and  V.  Labj'usca. 

"The  varieties  derived  from  V.  cestivalis  are  of  value  for 
their  fruit  as  well  as  for  their  resistant  qualities,  and,  being 
easily  propagated  from  cuttings,  they  are  very  often  used  in 
France  as  stocks.  The  most  important  varieties  are  Jacquez, 
Herbemont,  Black  July,  and  Cunningham. 


lOO  Annals  of  Hortiailture . 

"The  varieties  of  Vitis  riparia,  both  wild  and  cultivated, 
are,  on  account  of  their  special  fitness,  almost  exclusively  em- 
ployed in  France  as  resistant  stocks,  for  which  they  easily 
take  first  rank.  The  varieties  used  are,  first,  the  wild  forms  ; 
and,  second,  the  cultivated  varieties  Solonis,  Clinton,  and 
Taylor.  Of  the  cultivated  varieties,  the  Clinton  was  one  of 
the  first  vines  tried  for  this  purpose  and  has  been  extensively 
used  with  fair  satisfaction.  The  Solonis  now  ranks  above  it, 
but  is  valueless  for  any  other  purpose  on  account  of  the 
acidity  of  its  grapes.  In  California,  the  Lenoir,  Herbemont 
and  Elvira  have  been  used,  but  late  experience  shows  that  the 
wild  riparia  is  most  satisfactory  there,  as  it  is  in  France. 

"The  different  varieties  of  Vitis  Lab^^nsca  are  less  resistant 
to  the  phylloxera  than  those  above  mentioned.  Certain  var- 
ieties have,  however,  been  grown  successfully  in  France,  and 
of  these  the  Concord  has  given  much  the  best  results  ;  but 
others,  Isabella  and  Catawba,  for  example,  succumb  there  to 
the  root-louse,  as  indeed  they  do  in  many  sections  of  this 
country. 

"Of  the  many  valuable  hybrids  obtained  from  the  Ameri- 
can species  of  vitis  which  are  serviceable  as  stocks,  the  more 
important  are  the  Elvira,  Noah  and  Viala.  The  last  named, 
perhaps  of  all  the  resistant  varieties,  gives  the  greatest  per- 
centage of  successful  grafts,  and  is  admirably  adapted  for 
grafting  on  cuttings. 

"Early  in  the  study  of  the  subject  it  was  found  that  the 
nature  of  the  soil  has  a  very  marked  influence  on  the  success 
of  the  different  stocks.  The  subject  has  now  been  quite  fully 
investigated  in  France,  and  the  latest  researches  are  formu- 
lated by  the  experimental  school  at  Montpellier  in  the  state- 
ment quoted  below,  which  will  be  of  interest  as  giving  the 
various  classes  of  soils,  together  with  the  American  vines  best 
adapted  to  each  : 

(i)  New,  deep,  fertile  soils  :  Riparia  (tomentous  and  glabrous),  Jacquez, 
Solonis,   Viala,   Taylor  and  Ciinninghani . 

(2)  Deep  soils,  somewhat  strong,  not  wet  :  Jacquez,  Riparia,  Solonis, 
Ctinnins^ha??i,   Viala,   Taylor. 

(3)  Deep  soils  of  medium  consistency,  new  and  not  dry  in  summer  : 
Riparia.,  Jacquez,  Solonis,   Viala,   Taylor,  Black  July. 

(4)  Light  pebbly  soils,  deep,  well  drained,  and  not  too  dry  in  summer  : 
Jacquez,  Riparia  (wild),   Taylor,  Riipestris. 

(5)  Calcareous  soils,  with  subsoil  shallow  or  granitic  :   Solonis,  Rupestris. 


Plant  Diseases  a7id  Bisects. 


lOI 


(6)  Argillaceous  soils,  white  or  gray  :    Cunningham . 

(7)  Argillaceous  soils,  deep  and  very  wet :    V.  cinerea. 

(8)  Deep,  sandy,  fertile  soils  :  Riparia  (wild),  Solonis,  Jacquez,  Cimning- 
ha?n,  Black  Jtity,  Riipestris. 

(9)  Light  pebbly  soils,  dry  and  barren  :  Riipestris,  York,  Madeira,  Ri- 
paria (wild). 

(10)  Deep  soils,  with  a  tufa  base  and  salt  lands  :   Solonis. 

(11)  Soils  formed  of  debris  of  tufa,  but  sufficiently  deep  :    Taylor. 

(12)  Ferruginous  soils,  containing  red  pebbles  of  silica,  deep  and  some- 
what strong,  well  drained,  but  fresh  in  summer.  All  the  varieties  indicat- 
ed, and  in  addition  :  Ilerbemont,  Clinton,  Cynthiana,  Marion,  Concord,  Her- 
})ian. 

''The  accompanying  table  from  the  last  report  of  the 
Superior  Phylloxera  Commission  indicates,  better  than  words 
can  tell,  the  steady  growth  in  the  use  of  American  vines  : 

Ykars. 


American  vines 
covered 

1881 22,000  acres. 

1882 42,700 

1883 70,000 


17  departments. 

22  ' 

28 

i»«4 131-909       "         34 

1885 188,200       "         34 

1886 276,900       "         37 

1887 413,700       "         38 

1888 536,900       ' '         43 

1889 719,500       "         44 

"On  the  subject  of  cirect  remedies,  the  value  of  the  kero- 
sene emulsion  for  this  purpose  has  not  been  properly  realized  in 
France,  because  of  the  relatively  high  price  of  petroleum  in 
her  grape-growing  departments.  A  series  of  experiments 
which  I  made  in  1883  showed  conclusively  its  great  value  for 
this  purpose,  as  it  not  only  destroys  the  insect  in  all  stages, 
but  also  stimulates  root  growth. 

"In  this  connection  I  have  recently  had  a  series  of  expe- 
riments made  through  Albert  Koebele's  agency,  in  the 
Sonoma  Valley,  California,  to  ascertain  the  effect  upon  the 
phylloxera  of  certain  of  the  resin  washes  which  proved  so 
valuable  when  used  against  the  fluted  and  other  scale-insects. 
The  results  have  been  quite  encouraging  and  the  experiments 
have  already  shown  that  in  the  use  of  those  washes  we  have 
a  valuable  addition  to  the  underground  remedies.  Soaps 
were  made  b}^  the  use  of  bicarbonate  of  soda,  sal  soda,  and 
caustic  soda,  each  mixed  with  resin.  In  the  earlier  experi- 
ments the  earth  was  removed  about  the  base  of  the  vine  to  a 
depth  of  6  inches  and  for  a  diameter  of  4  feet.      Ten  gallons 


I02  Amials  of  Hortiadtiire . 

of  the  mixture  were  poured  into  each  hole  and  found  to  pene- 
trate from  12  to  i6  inches  or  from  i8  to  22  inches  from  the 
original  surface  of  the  ground.  Most  of  the  insects,  as  also 
the  eggs,  were  destroyed  to  a  depth  of  16  inches.  In  the 
later  experiments  the  holes  were  made  only  about  2  feet  in 
diameter,  and  nearly,  if  not  quite,  the  same  results  were  ob- 
tained with  half  the  amount,  or  5  gallons  of  the  mixture. 
The  plan,  which  I  had  previously  adopted  for  the  applica- 
tion of  insecticides  to  underground  insects,  of  washing  the 
mixture  in  with  pure  water  was  tried  with  good  success.  Soon 
after  the  first  application  5  gallons  of  water  were  added,  and 
5  gallons  more  the  following  day.  This  would  indicate  that 
in  the  spring,  when  rains  are  frequent  (occurring  almost  every 
day)  in  the  Sonoma  Valley,  only  a  small  amount  of  the  mix- 
ture need  be  applied,  and  the  rains  will  do  the  rest,  as  exam- 
ination has  shown  that  up  to  a  certain  point  each  application 
of  water  intensifies  and  extends  the  action  of  the  original  in- 
secticide. The  best  soap  was  made  with  bicarbonate  of  soda, 
but  the  results  of  that  made  with  caustic  soda  are  so  little  in- 
ferior, while  the  price  is  so  much  less,  that  the  caustic  soda 
and  resin  soap  mixture  is  the  one  which  I  would  recommend. 
The  formula  which  was  found  preferable  is  as  follows : 

Caustic  soda  (77  per  cent.) 5  pounds 

Resin 40 

Water  to  make  50  gallons. 

**The  soda  should  be  dissolved,  over  a  fire,  in  4  gallons  of 
water,  then  the  resin  should  be  added  and  dissolved.  After 
this  the  required  water  can  be  added  slowly,  while  boiling,  to 
make  the  50  gallons  of  the  compound.  To  this,  water  may 
be  added  at  the  rate  of  9  gallons  for  i,  making  500  gallons  of 
the  dilute  compound,  sufficient  for  one  hundred  large  vines, 
at  a  cost  of  only  84  cents,  or  less  than  a  cent  a  vine. 

''Considering  the  effective  way  in  which  the  ravaged  vine- 
yards of  France  have  been,  and  are  being,  redeemed  by  the 
use  of  resistant  American  stocks,  and  considering  the  efficacy 
of  some  of  the  direct  remedies  discovered,  it  is  passing 
strange  that  no  disposition  has  ever  been  made  of  the  pre- 
mium of  300,000  francs  offered  in  the  early  history  of  the 
trouble  by  the  French  government.  It  cannot  be  awarded 
to  an}^  one  person,  but  should   be   distributed   among   those 


Plant  Diseases  and  bisects. 


103 


whose  labors  and  discoveries  resulted  in  the  several  feasible 
and  satisfactory  methods  of  coping  with  the  insect. 

"  Introduction  of  parasites  and  predaceous  species. — The 
success  which  has  attended  the  introduction  from  Australia  of 
Vedalia  cardinalis  has  been  phenomenal."^  Indeed,  few  who 
have  not  kept  in  knowledge  of  the  reports  and  the  actual 
condition  of  things  can  appreciate  the  remarkable  character 
of  the  results,  not  only  because  of  the  brief  period  required 
therefor,  but  because  of  the  thoroughness  of  the  work  of  the 
little  ladybird  and  the  moral  and  financial  benefit  to  orange 
growers  which  have  followed  in  its  wake. 

"The  striking  success  of  the  experiment  has  served  to  fix  at- 
tention, not  only  of  entomologists,  but  of  fruit  growers  and 
farmers,  to  this  mode  of  dealing  with  injurious  insects,  and 
there  is  no  question  but  that  the  cases  in  which  the  experiment 
may  be  more  or  less  successfully  repeated  are  numerous.  Let 
us  hope,  therefore,  that  the  moral  effect  will  be  as  great  as  its 
practical  effect  in  opening  up  means  and  wa3^s  in  the  future, 
as  it  should  serve  to  remove  the  disposition  to  deride  any  ex- 
penditure having  such  results  for  its  object.  Many  fears 
have  been  expressed  lest  after  sweeping  off  the  icerya  the 
vedalia,  being  so  far  as  we  now  know  confined  to  that  species 
for  food,  should  perish  and  that  the  icerya,  preserved  in  some 
restricted  places  undiscovered  by  its  enemy,  would  again 
multiply  and  become  destructive.  I  firmly  believe  what  I 
wrote  in  my  last  annual  report  as  United  States  Entomolo- 
gist, viz  : 

"  'We  may  hardly  hope,  however,  that  the  last  chapter  in 
the  story  is  written.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  more  than  probable, 
and  in  fact  we  strongly  anticipate  that  the  icerya  will  parti- 
ally recuperate  ;  that  the  vedalia  will,  after  its  first  victorious 
spread,  gradually  decrease  for  lack  of  food,  and  that  the  rem- 
nants of  the  fluted  scale  will  in  the  interim  multiply  and 
spread  again.  This  contest  between  the  plant-feeder  and  its 
deadliest  enemy  will  go  on  with  alternate  fluctuations  in  the 
supremacy  of  either,  varying  from  3^ear  to  year  according  to 
localit}'  or  conditions  ;  but  there  is  no  reason  to  doubt  that 
the  vedalia  will  continue  substantially  victorious,  and  that  the 
power  for  serious  harm,  such  as  the  icerya  has  done  in  the 
past,  has   been   forever  destroyed.      We  have   learned,    also, 

(*)    See  Annals  Hort.  1889,  62. 


I04  Annals  of  Horticulhire . 

that  it  will  always  be  easy  to  secure  new  colonizations  of  the 
vedalia  where  such  may  prove  necessary,  or  even  new  impor- 
tations should  these  become  desirable.' 

"During  the  year  I  have  endeavored  to  return  the  favors 
received  from  Australia  and  New  Zealand  by  sending  there 
some  of  the  natural  enemies  of  the  codlin  moth,  and  from 
last  accounts,  though  jeopardized  by  the  action  of  the  custom 
house  authorities,  the  experiment  promised  success  so  far  as 
a  species  of  raphidia  from  California  is  concerned.  I  have 
also  endeavored  to  introduce  some  of  the  parasites  which  at- 
tack the  hessian  fly  in  Europe,  and  which  do  not  yet  occur  in 
this  country.  These  efforts  have  been  made  by  correspon- 
dence, for  you  will  be  surprised  to  learn  that  the  restrictive 
'clause  in  the  appropriations  to  the  department  of  agricul- 
ture for  entomological  work,  which  limits  traveling  expenses 
to  the  United  States,  is  still  maintained  in  the  face  of  the 
vedalia  experience,  where  by  the  expenditure  of  ^1,500  many 
millions  were  saved.  The  maintenance  of  this  restricting 
clause  in  the  last  appropriation  bill,  under  these  circum- 
stances, is  a  travesty  on  legislative  wisdom,  and  all  the  more 
remarkable  because  done  by  the  Senate  in  opposition  to  the 
House  and  the  recommendations  of  both  the  Secretary  and 
Assistant  Secretary  of  Agriculture. 

"While  there  is  much  to  be  done  in  this  direction  in  future, 
I  can  not  let  this  occasion  pass  without  giving  a  note  of  warn- 
ing. Success  will  only  come  in  any  particular  case  when 
exact  knowledge  is  first  obtained  and  the  most  thorough 
scientific  methods  are  then  adopted ;  and  we  cannot  too 
severely  condemn  everything  that  savors  of  buncombe  and 
ignorance.  During  the  year  the  press  of  the  country  has  pro- 
minently heralded  the  fact  that  a  gentleman  from  San  Fran- 
cisco, especiall}^  charged  to  study  certain  entomological  mat- 
ters in  the  east,  found  while  in  Washington  the  two-spotted 
ladybird  i^Cocinelia  convergetata)  feeding  on  "the  aphis"  right 
under  the  windows  of  the  Division  of  Entomology  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  the  inference  intended  being  that 
the  entomologist  and  his  assistants  were  ignorant  of  the  cir- 
cumstance. Indeed  a  writer  in  one  of  the  California  papers 
of  recent  date  announced  this  discovery  under  the  sensational 
heading  "Another  good  bug — the  woolly  aphis  has  found 
its  Sedan."      How  supremely  ridiculous  this  sort  of  thing  ap- 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  105 

pears  to  the  well-informed  entomologist  I  need  not  tell  you, 
but  it  may  be  well  for  the  information  of  the  public  to  say  (as 
I  have  not  alluded  to  the  matter  elsewhere)  that  a  number  of 
different  species  of  ladybirds  feed  upon  the  woolly  aphis  and 
that  it  is  a  rule  with  the  insects  of  this  family  not  to  be  selecSf 
as  to  the  particular  aphid  they  prey  upon.  Hippodamia  con- 
vergens  (the  species  referred  to  as  the  Sedan  of  the  woolly 
aphis)  feeds  over  nearly  the  whole  extent  of  the  United  States 
upon  this  particular  schizoneura,  among  others,  and  the  fact 
that  both  the  species  referred  to  feed  upon  various  aphides  is 
well  known.  That  one  of  the  species  is  also  common  upon 
the  Pacific  coast  and  that  its  being  carried  there  from  the  east 
is  like  "carrying  coals  to  Newcastle"  may  not,  however,  be 
so  generally  known.  All  such  efforts  as  this  carried  on  by 
persons  unfit,  from  want  of  any  special  knowledge,  for  the 
mission,  must  invariably  do  harm,  not  only  because  of  the  ne- 
gative results  which  follow  but  because  of  the  lack  of  confi- 
dence in  such  work  which  they  will  engender  in  the  minds 
of  our  legislators. 

'' Insecticide  machinery. — A  profitable  hour  might  be  de- 
voted to  the  subject  of  insecticide  machinery,  but  I  must  con- 
tent myself  with  a  few  words.  At  a  trial  of  such  machinery 
at  the  Mareil-Marly  vineyards,  during  the  late  Paris  Exposi- 
tion, I  had  an  excellent  opportunity  of  witnessing  the  latest 
advances  made  in  France  in  this  direction,  and  it  was  extreme- 
ly gratif3'ing  to  note  that,  wath  whatever  modification  of  the 
power  employed  (and  many  of  the  machines  were  very  inge- 
nious), all  other  forms  of  spraying  tip  had  been  abandoned 
for  vineyard  purposes  in  favor  of  modifications  of  the  Riley 
or  cyclone  nozzle.  The  superiority  for  most  practical  pur- 
poses of  the  portable  knapsack  pumps  of  V.  Vermorel,  of 
Villefranche  (Rhone),  France,  was  sufficiently  evident.  M. 
Vermorel  has  identififd  himself  with  the  regeneration  and 
improvement  of  French  grape  culture  in  many  directions,  and 
is,  withal,  an  enthusiastic  student  of  insect  life.  I  spent  a 
very  profitable  day  with  him  last  year,  both  at  the  factory  and 
at  his  home,  where  he  has  established  a  virtual  experiment 
station  in  the  midst  of  a  fine  vineyard  on  American  roots, 
and  with  every  facility  for  various  fields  of  investigations, 
none  of  which  are  deemed  more  important  than  the  work  in 

A.    H.— 8 


lob  .  Anfials  of  Hortiadtiire. 

entomology,  for  he  fully  realizes  how  much  there  is  yet  to 
learn  of  some  of  the  commonest  insects  destructive  to  the 
vine,  even  in  an  old  country  like  France.  But  in  no  direction 
has  he  accomplished  as  much  good  as  in  his  work  with  insec- 
ticide and  fungicide  machinery.  His  sprayer  with  indepen- 
dent pump,  his  diaphragm  pump — L'Eclair — and  his  reservoir, 
with  suction  and  force  pump,  are  all  admirably  adapted  for  the 
purpose  they  were  invented  for  and  may  be  obtained  in  France 
at  a  cost  from  $5  to  $7,  which  is  tripled  before  reaching  this 
country,  thanks  to  our  present  tariff  system. 

''The  last  number  of  the  Journal  of  Mycology,  the  serial 
publication  of  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Pathology  of  the  De- 
partment of  Agriculture,  gives  full  description,  with  figures, 
of  a  knapsack  spraying  apparatus,  for  which  the  special  merit 
claimed  is  cheapness,  and  which  is  named  the  Galloway 
sprayer. 

''The  combination  of  a  suction  and  a  force  pump  with  knap- 
sack reservoir  has  been  frequently  made  in  France,  as  illus- 
trated by  the  apparatus  styled  the  '  Cyclone'  of  Vermorel ;  the 
Japy,  Vigeroux,  Nouges  and  Perrin  sprayers,  and  the  sprayer 
of  the  society  L'Avenir  Viticole.  A  number  of  pumps  manu- 
factured in  this  country  of  this  style  were  mentioned  or  de- 
scribed in  the  Fourth  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Entomological  Com- 
mission. These,  in  general,  are  much  inferior  to  the  French 
pumps  named,  which  are,  however,  modeled  after  those 
earlier  and  cruder  forms.  There  are  a  host  of  other  French 
knapsack  spraying  machines  which  differ  from  those  men- 
tioned, by  propelling  the  liquid  by  means  either  of  air  pumps, 
diaphragm  pumps,  or  devices  in  which  the  pump  is  attached  to 
the  reservoir  by  means  of  a  rubber  hose. 

"In  1888  Adam  Weaber,  of  Vineland,  N.  J.,  brought  out  the 
Eureka  sprayer,  a  very  serviceable  knapsack  pump  modeled 
after  the  French  machines.  The  French  sprayers  will  cost, 
including  duty,  shipping,  etc.,  from  $18  to  $25;  the  Weaber 
sprayer  is  sold  for  $21,  which  is  but  little  more  than  the  cost 
of  manufacture.  Professor  Galloway's  machine  is  sold  for 
$14,  or  from  one-fourth  to  one-third  less  than  the  Weaber  or 
the  French  sprayers. 

"  In  the  first  announcement  of  this  pump  in  No.  i,  vol.  6,  of 
the  publication  cited,  and  in  the  later  full  description,  no  state- 
ment is  made  of  the  indebtedness  of  the  inventor  to  these  older 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insech.  107 

machines,  except  in  the  case  of  the  original  description  of  the 
lance  and  nozzle  {op.  cit.  vol.  5,  No.  ii),  where  credit  is  given. 
This  naturally  gives  the  impression  that  the  apparatus  is  novel 
in  many  or  all  its  features. 

"When  compared  with  the  French  machines  the  following 
facts  become  apparent : 

''I.  The  reservoir  is  practically  identical  with  that  of  the 
Vermorel,  Japy,  and  other  French  machines  ;  and  the  opening 
for  introducing  the  liquid  with  strainer  and  lid  presents  no  new 
features. 

''2.  The  pump  is  an  ordinary  double  cylinder  (or  hollow 
piston)  force  pump,  the  hollow  piston  furnishing  an  air  cham- 
ber which  causes  the  liquid  to  be  forced  out  in  a  continuous 
stream. 

''3.  The  lance  and  nozzle  combination  consists  of  the  Riley 
nozzle  fitted  to  a  lance  and  provided  with  a  degorging  appa- 
ratus, which  also  acts  as  a  stop  cock  model,  exactly  after 
Raveneau's  apparatus,  and  is  practically  the  same  as  the  Japy 
degorger  and  stop  cock,  except  that  the  action  is  reversed. 
In  the  latter  (see  Insect  Life,  vol.  i.  p.  265,  fig.  61)  the  spring 
normally  closes  the  discharge  orifice,  and  in  the  former  the 
orifice  is  normally  open  and  is  closed  by  the  action  of  a 
lever  in  the  spring.  That  this  modification  of  the  foreign 
knapsack  sprayers  will  prove  a  serviceable  one  for  vineyard 
work,  and  by  reason  of  its  cheapness  and  availability  come 
into  general  use,  I  have  little  doubt. 

"A  new  and  distinct  type  of  insecticide  machine,  *  the  inven- 
tion of  G.  F.  Strawson,  Newbury,  Berks,  England,  has  attrac- 
ted no  little  attention  and  has  received  numerous  awards  during 
the  past  two  years  at  various  agricultural  shows  in  England, 
and  has  been  very  favorably  noticed  and  recommended  by 
competent  judges. 

''International  interests.— With  the  constantly  increasing 
facilities  for  intercommunication  between  different  parts  of  the 
globe  the  results  obtained  and  experiences  had  in  one  part  are 
soon  available  for  the  rest  of  the  world.  Thus  France  has 
more  than  repaid  the  United  States  for  the  good — however 
vast  and  important — that  has  resulted  to  her  by  the  use  of 
American  resistant  stocks.  Her  experience  with  these  Am- 
erican vines  has  reacted  beneficially  upon  our  own  viticulture 

*  Annals  Hort.  1889,  177,  fig.  15. 


io8  Ayinals  of  Horticulhcre. 

in  many  directions,  but  particularly  in  the  great  advance  which 
her  sons  have  made  in  insecticides  and  fungicides  and  in  con- 
venient, portable  insecticide  and  fungicide  appliances.  It 
has  often  been  said  of  the  French  that  they  are  not  an  origin- 
ating people  ;  however  that  may  be,  they  are  very  quick  at 
adopting  and  improving  ideas  and  discoveries  once  brought  to 
their  notice,  and  no  nation  is  more  appreciative  of  the  im- 
mense practical  benefits  to  be  received  by  the  adoption  of  the 
most  scientific  methods.  In  fact  no  nation  has  given  greater 
government  incentive  to  the  pursuit  of  science  in  its  bearings 
upon  the  welfare  of  mankind,  and  we  may  stud}^  with  profit 
what  she  has  of  late  years  done  in  our  own  line. 

''  I  had  a  delightful  visit  last  August  from  John  West,  who 
came  to  this  country  as  a  delegate  from  Victoria  to  ascertain 
all  he  could  of  our  methods  ;  also  from  W.  Catton  Gasby,  of 
Adelaide,  who  came  to  this  country  in  a  similar  capacity. 
Economic  entomology  in  their  part  of  the  world  is  extremely 
interesting  to  us  ;  for  while  the  seasons  are  reversed  as  com- 
pared with  ours  many  of  the  same  injurious  insects  occur  in 
both  countries.  Thus,  I  was  glad  to  get  perfect  confirmation 
from  Mr.  West  of  the  fact  that  the  Northern  Spy  and  the 
Winter  Majetin  are  found  to  protect  the  apple,  grafted  upon 
them,  from  the  woolly  aphis.  A  great  deal  has  been  published 
of  late  years  in  the  New  Zealand  and  Australian  papers  on 
'blight  proof  apple  stock,  and  they  have  had  an  important 
experience,  the  outcome  of  sore  necessity,  for  ScIiizo?ietira  lan- 
igera  has  there  been  one  of  the  most  serious  drawbacks  to 
apple  culture. 

''There  can  be  no  question  but  that  this  experience  will 
prove  of  value  to  our  apple-growers  wherever  these  varieties 
grow  well  and  the  woolly  aphis  abounds.  The  use,  as  stocks, 
of  such  varieties  as  enjoy  immunity  from  the  woolty  aphis  has 
occurred  to  our  own  people,  but  no  such  extended  experience 
has  been  had  in  regard  to  any  particular  resistant  varieties. 
Some  of  our  injurious  insects  are  often  worse  in  Australia 
than  they  are  with  us,  and  we  may  expect  to  reap  the  benefit 
of  the  experience  had  there  with  regard  to  them.  This  will 
doubtless  be  true  not  only  of  the  codlin  moth  but  of  their 
peach  aphis,  which,  from  all  that  I  can  learn,  is  substantially 
the  same  species  as  that  which  does  so  much  damage  in  our 
lighter  soils  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  and  which  Dr.  Erwin  F. 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  109 

Smith,  of  the  Division  of  Mycology  of  the  Department  at 
Washington,  has  carefully  studied  lately  and  described  in 
great  detail  as  a  new  species  under  the  name  of  Aphis  persicce- 
niger,  but  which  I  have  reason  to  believe  is  the  Aphis  prunicola 
of  Kaltenbach. 

''The  Italians  have  been  making  a  very  interesting  fight 
against  an  insect  which  has  threatened  their  very  important 
and  extensive  silk  industry  by  its  attacks  upon  the  mulberry 
tree.  This  insect  was  described  by  Targioni  Tozzetti  in  1885 
as  Diaspis  pentagona.  It  occurs  upon  a  number  of  different 
trees,  among  them  the  paper  mulberry,  the  spindle  tree,  the 
peach,  the  cherry,  laurel,  and  certain  willows,  as  well  as  upon 
the  cultivated  white  mulberry,  and  it  would  seem  that  its  taste 
for  the  latter  tree  is  one  recently  acquired,  judging  from  the  late 
date  at  which  the  habit  has  attracted  attention.  The  energetic 
director  of  the  entomological  experiment  station  at  Florence  in- 
vestigated the  pest  in  1886  and  recommended  the  use  of 
mechanical  means  at  the  time  of  hatching  of  the  young,  viz  ; 
the  scrubbing  of  the  trunks  and  large  branches  with  stiff 
brushes  and  a  subsequent  application  of  a  mixture  of  soap 
and  water  with  4  or  5  per  cent,  of  kerosene. 

''Professor  Franceschini,  the  editor  of  the  Rivistade  Bacchi- 
coltura,  recommended  the  adoption  of  the  Balbiani  formula  as 
used  against  phylloxera  and  consisting  of  crude  tar  oil,  naph- 
thalin,  quick  lime,  and  water  ;  the  naphthalin  being  dissolved 
in  the  tar  oil,  and  the  water  and  lime  afterwards  added  together. 
The  insect  appeared  first  in  several  cantons  of  the  province  of 
Como  and  speedily  spread  to  the  adjoining  localities.  The 
matter  was  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Ministry  of  Agricul- 
ture and  a  commission  was  appointed,  consisting  of  Professor 
Targioni  Tozzetti,  Dr.  Alpe,  and  Dr.  Andres,  who  immediately 
familiarized  themselves  with  the  methods  in  use  in  this  country 
and  have  made  extensive  experiments  with  our  kerosene  emul- 
sion, with  our  fumigating  processes,  and  with  other  new  reme- 
dies. The  subject  has  been  taken  in  hand  with  great  vigor, 
and  the  government  has  interested  itself  to  the  extent  of  ap- 
pointing inspectors  in  the  different  communes  in  the  infested 
territory  and  establishing  regulations  which  oblige  the  imme- 
diate report  of  new  localities  and  the  adoption  of  measures  of 
extinction,  when  ordered  by  inspectors.  These  regulations 
also  provide  that  the  inspectors  must  do  the  work  at  the  ex- 


I  lo  Annals  of  Horticultui^e. 

pense  of  proprietors  when  the  latter  refuse  to  do  so ;  they 
prohibit  the  exportation  of  leaves  from  infested  localities  to 
others,  and  provide  for  indemnity  to  owners  for  the  destruc- 
tion of  trees  when  the  degree  of  infection  is  such  as  not  to 
threaten  the  ultimate  life  of  the  trees.  Expenses  for  experi- 
ments of  all  kinds  and  for  the  watching  and  care  exercised  by 
agents  are  borne  by  the  state,  while  the  expense  for  the  execu- 
tion of  certain  of  the  regulations  are  borne  one-third  by  the 
proprietor  and  two-thirds  by  the  local  society.  A  fine  for  dis- 
obedience of  the  regulations  is  also  provided  for.  The  laws, 
as  published,  are  none  too  severe  considering  the  urgency  of 
the  case,  and  it  is  refreshing  to  notice  the  energy  with  which 
the  government  has  met  the  threatened  danger,  and  at  the  same 
time  gratifying  to  note  the  appreciation  shown  of  our  ow^n 
means  and  methods. 

''Use  of  contagious  germs  in  the  field. — IMost  of  3'ou  are 
aware  that  I  have  not  had  the  greatest  faith  in  the  availabihty 
of  contagious  disease  germs  as  a  means  of  battling  with  in- 
jurious insects  in  field,  garden,  orchard,  or  forest,  as  there 
are  so  man}''  delicate  questions  involved  and  so  many  obstacles 
in  the  way  of  practically  carrying  out  any  plan,  however  plau- 
sible theoretically,  or  true  in  principle.  Our  ability  to  con- 
taminate healthy  by  diseased  specimens  is  but  a  short  step  and 
leaves  man}^  important  questions,  as  of  rapid  dissemination, 
untouched.  The  theory  is  very  tempting  and  has  been  par- 
ticularly dwelt  upon  by  some  who  were  essentially  closet-work- 
ers, having  but  faint  realization  of  the  practical  necessities  of 
of  the  case.  Theoreticall}",  with  those  insect  diseases  of  a 
cryptogamic  nature,  having  a  complex  life-history  and  a  resting 
spore,  the  dfficulties  are  greater  than  with  those  of  a  bacterial 
origin,  and  it  is  to  these  last  that  we  should  look  for  important 
aid  if  it  be  available.  Yet  if  the  work  of  Messrs.  Lugger  and 
Snow  should  be  fully  substantiated,  the  best  results  have  so 
far  been  obtained  with  the  entomophthora  of  the  chinch  bug. 
No  one  will  be  more  pleased  to  have  his  doubts  dissipated  by 
some  tangible  evidence  of  the  practicabilit}^  of  this  method 
than  m3^self.  Success,  if  possible,  will  come  only  by  investi- 
gation upon  thorough^  careful  and  scientific  lines,  such  as 
those  begun  and  still  pursued  b}^  Professor  Forbes.  The  ease 
with  which  he  conveyed  the  silk  worm  pebrine  to  other  larvae  ; 
his  conveying  the  cabbage  worm  micrococcus  to  other  larvae, 


Plant  Diseases  and  Insects.  1 1 1 

and  his  carr3'ing  this  micrococcus  in  cultures  over  winter  are 
promising  facts,  as  is  also  Professor  Osborn's  contaminating 
cabbage  worms  in  Iowa  with  specimens  brought  from  Illinois. 
Congress,  having  at  its  last  session  appropriated  ^2,500  for 
some  further  investigation  of  the  boll  worm,  the  possibilities 
in  this  direction  for  this  particular  insect  have  caused  me  to 
plan  investigations  having  for  their  object  thorough  field  ex- 
periment with  some  of  these  disease  germs. 

^'  Heliothis  arniigera,  the  boll  worm,  is  one  of  those  cosmo- 
politan insects  which  has  become  more  injurious  in  the  United 
States  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  w^orld,  by  virtue  of  its 
partiality  for  green  corn,  green  cotton  bolls,  and  green  toma- 
toes. The  polyphagous  and  partially  endophytous  habit  of 
the  larva  renders  its  destruction  difficult,  except  during  the 
earlier  free-living  stages  by  the  fine  spraying  of  the  arsenites 
on  the  under  surface  of  the  leaves.  The  ideal  treatment  for 
the  larger  burrowing  worms  is  some  rapidly  spreading  dis- 
ease germ  that  would  penetrate  and  destroy  them  in  their 
hidden  recesses.  The  insect  was  reported  as  extremely 
abundant  in  cotton  bolls  during  the  summer,  especially  in 
Texas ;  but  by  the  time  the  appropriation  became  available 
its  numbers  had  decreased,  and  it  was  too  late  in  the  season 
to  do  much  more  than  prepare  for  next  year.  We  may  expect, 
as  a  result  of  special  investigation,  much  additional  fact  and 
experience  both  as  to  habits,  natural  enemies  and  means  of 
control ;  but  it  is  my  desire  to  make  the  trial  of  these  disease 
germs  the  special  feature  of  the  investigation.  Of  those  em- 
ployed in  the  investigation,  F.  W.  Mally  was  a  former  assis- 
tant to  Professor  Forbes  and  has  some  experience  in  the  study 
and  culture  of  disease  germs ;  while  Dr.  A.  R.  Booth  is  some- 
thing of  an  enthusiast  on  the  subject  and  has  already  estab- 
lished the  suceptibility,  through  contact,  of  the  boll  worm  to 
the  cabbage  worm  micrococcus  (J/,  pieridis)  of  Burrill.  We 
hope  to  carry  the  germs  through  the  winter  so  as  to  continue 
the  experiment  as  early  as  possible  next  year.  I  have  in 
mind  as  probably  the  most  promising  germ,  that  which  affecfts 
Nephelodes  violans  in  a  similar  epidemic  way,  but  which,  as 
Professor  Forbes  informs  me,  is  a  quite  distinct  micrococcus, 
and  I  shall  be  pleased  to  have  any  of  you  co-operate  with  me 
next  year,  by  informing  me  of  any  disease  of  this  character 
that  may  prevail  in  your  several  localities." 


§4-      NATIONAL  AND  EDUCATIONAL  INTERESTS. 


There  was  an  unusual  activity  in  the  discussion  of  general 
questions  relating  to  horticulture  during  1890.  Perhaps  the 
most  important  discussion  is  that  upon 

Legal cofitrol of  Jiewvarieties. — The  question  of  affording  some 
legal  protection  to  originators  or  holders  of  new  varieties,  as  in- 
ventors are  protected,  was  brought  prominently  into  notice  early 
in  the  year  by  A.  L.  Bancroft  of  San  Francisco,  through  the  me- 
dium of  the  California  State  Horticultural  and  Floral  Societies. 
As  the  question  is  not  entirely  new,  it  may  be  well  to  consider 
it  from  its  beginning.  The  measures  so  far  advanced  to  afford 
legal  control  of  varieties  fall  more  or  less  distincftly  under 
three  heads  :  the  plant  patent,  plant  registration  or  certifica- 
tion, and  copyright  or  trade-mark.  Definite  propositions  for 
the  plant  patent  appear  to  have  originated  with  Jacob  Moore, 
of  Attica,  New  York,  who,  so  early  as  1874,  drew,  up  a  bill 
for  the  protection  of  ' '  the  plant  author.  "*  This  bill  was  '■ '  de- 
signed to  supply,  in  part,  the  deficiencies  of  a  bill  introduced 
in  the  legislature  last  winter  for  this  purpose."  From  that 
time  until  this — and  probably  even  before  that  time — meas- 
ures to  secure  a  plant  patent  have  been  discussed.  Thomas 
Meehan,  editor  of  the  Gardener' s  Monthly,  always  opposed 
the  proposition,  however,  for  the  very  sufficient  reason  that 
it  is  impracticable  and  impossible.  He  has  thrown  his  influ- 
ence, however,  into  the  copyright  or  trade-mark  scheme. 
Five  or  six  years  ago,  Jacob  Moore  again  proposed  the  plant 
patent  system  in  an  independent  circular,  and  as  this  circular 
does  not  appear  to  have  been  preserved  in  permanent  form, 
it  is  here  inserted  as  a  contribution  to  the  histor}^  of  our  sub- 
ject : 

''The  plant  patent.  The  originator  of  a  valuable  new 
fruit,  vegetable,  or  ornamental  plant  should  have  the  exclu- 
sive privilege  of  giving  it  a  name,  and  the  exclusive  right  to 
grow,  disseminate  and  sell  it.  This  means  in  reference  to 
class   3,  below  specified,  to  disseminate  and  sell  to  be  grown. 

*  Gard.  Monthly,  xvi.  361. 

(112)  . 


National  a7id  Educational  Interests.  113 

New  varieties  should  be  subjected  to  examination  and  trial  by 
a  competent  committee,  that  protective  letters  might  not  be 
given  for  old  sorts,  worthless  new  ones,  and  those  not  distindl: 
enough  to  be  identified.  It  would  be  necessary  to  classify 
plants,  in  the  statute  protecting  them,  according  to  the  purpose 
for  which  they  are  valued,  and  apply  the  protection  accord- 
ingly ;   thus  : 

''Class  I.      Perennial  plants  valued  for  the  seed  or  fruit. 

"Class  2.      Plants  valued  for  ornament. 

"Class  3.  Vegetables,  vegetable  fruits,  cereals  and  other 
annuals  valued  as  edible  and  marketable  products. 

"The  purchaser  of  the  right  to  grow  a  variety  for  indi- 
vidual use  would  not  possess  the  right  to  sell  the  means  of 
propagation  unless  such  means  was  the  product  for  which  the 
variety  was  valued.  For  instance,  such  purchase  would  not 
confer  the  right  to  disseminate  plants  or  cuttings  of  varieties 
belonging  to  class  i,  nor  plants  of  perennial  and  seed  of 
biennial  and  annual  sorts  included  in  class  2,  although  the 
flowers  and  foliage  could  be  sold  as  the  ornamental  product. 
With  vegetable  fruits  such  purchase  would  not  confer  the  right 
to  disseminate  and  sell  the  seed  apart  from  the  product  con- 
taining it  ;  nor  would  purchase  of  the  marketable  product 
when  it  was  the  means  of  reproduction,  convey  the  right  to 
grow  the  plant  unless  that  right  was  conveyed  in  writing  by 
the  owner  of  the  protective  right.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind 
that  growing  the  plant,  that  is,  the  act  of  setting  in  the  ground, 
propagating  and  cultivating  it,  is  synonymous  with  manufac- 
ture, and  the  facility  with  which  an  article  may  be  manufac- 
tured does  not  invalidate  in  the  least  this  exclusive  right  of 
the  patentee.  The  party,  therefore,  to  whom  the  lawful  dis- 
seminator sold  plants,  cuttings,  seeds,  etc.,  of  the  variety — 
according  to  the  manner  of  its  propagation — would  receive 
from  the  latter  a  conveyance  of  the  right  to  grow  the  sort, 
and  to  sell  the  marketable  product  under  the  name.  If  any 
one  procured  the  sort  elsewhere,  that  person  could  not  show 
such  conveyance  when  called  for,  and  would  have  to  pay  the 
penalty  the  law^  imposed.  The  right  to  propagate  to  obtain 
the  marketable  product  would  be  included  in  the  right  to  grow 
the  plant  in  all  cases,  as  propagation  is  the  result  of  growth 
with  a  majority  of  plants,  and  is  part  of  the  use. 

''Of  course,  growers  of  protected  varieties  could  transfer 


114  A7i?ials  of  Ho  rii ail  hire. 

the  right  to  grow  them  with  the  real  estate  on  which  they 
were  situated.  All  advertisements  and  circulars  of  protected 
varieties  should  be  required  to  contain  the  words  '  Protected 
according  to  Act  of  Congress,'  with  date  affixed  to  the  name  ; 
and  when  the  marketable  product  was  the  means  of  reproduc- 
tion, the  party  exposing  it  for  sale  should  be  required  to  place 
a  sign  or  label  of  the  name  and  affix  with  such  product,  or  at- 
tached thereto.  All  packages  of  the  latter  for  sending  to  a  dis- 
tance would  be  required  to  have  the  same  w^ords  written  or  print- 
ed thereon.  This  requirement  could  be  enforced  by  a  fine  for 
its  neglect.  When  the  system  was  inaugurated,  the  name, 
with  the  word  'protected,'  and  date  would  be  sufficient.  The 
penalty  for  growing  the  plant  without  right  should  be  a  mo- 
derate price  per  acre  occupied  by  it,  the  area  of  land  so  oc- 
cupied to  be  estimated  by  the  ordinar}'  distance  of  setting 
plants  of  the  same  class.  For  instance,  it  might  be  fixed  at 
$5  for  an  acre  and  a  less  area,  of  anything  in  classes  i  and  2  and 
^3  an  acre  for  anything  in  class  3.  This  measure,  besides 
operating  as  a  royalty  to  introducers  of  new  productions, 
would  have  a  tendency  to  regulate  the  price  of  them.  They 
would  seek  to  profit  rather  by  sale  of  the  exclusive  right  than 
by  selling  a  few  plants  or  seeds  at  exorbitant  rates  as  they  now 
do.  To  enable  them  to  do  so,  the  productions  would  have  to 
be  decided  acquisitions.  Probably  they  would  be  extensively 
taken  on  trial,  to  be  paid  for  if  found  worth}^,  and  not  other- 
wise. The  introducer  of  a  new  sort  of  potato  or  cereal  of 
great  merit,  could  afford  to  sell  farm  rights  at  $2  each,  and 
yet  secure  ample  compensation.  An  infringement  of  the  right 
to  disseminate  a  production  of  this  kind  would  be  claiming 
the  right  to  sell  it  to  be  grown  by  any  party  not  possessing 
such  right.  It  would  not  be  selling  the  article  to  an}^  one,  even 
though  the  buyer  should  tell  the  seller  he  intended  to  grow 
the  plant. 

"Under  this  system  of  protection,  the  introducers  of  new 
productions  w^ould  have  the  exclusive  right  to  appear  in  print 
as  the  disseminators,  and,  if  meritorious,  this  advantage  alone 
might  enable  them  to  obtain  compensation.  Whether  a  val- 
uable production  originates  on  an  individual's  land  through 
his  design  or  by  accident,  it  is  his  sole  property.  He  has  as 
much  right  to  the  exclusive  possession  of  that  kind  of  proper- 
ty as  any  other.      This  right  is  guaranteed  to  him  by  the  con- 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  115 

stitution  of  the  United  States  which  says  :  '  No  person  shall 
be  deprived  of  life,  liberty  or  property  without  due  process  of 
law.'  If  the  owner  disseminates  it,  and  thus  confers  a  general 
benefit,  it  is  no  more  than  just  he  should  have  such  exclusive 
rights  in  its  dissemination  as  will  enable  him  to  make  the 
benefit  reciprocal. 

''But  when  the  fact  is  considered  that  new  varieties  are 
often  disseminated  without  the  consent  of  the  producers,  ow- 
ing to  the  facility  with  which  plants,  cuttings  or  seeds  of  the 
same  may  be  stolen  from  the  field  or  garden,  for  which  there  is 
no  legal  redress  ;  that  such  productions  are  generally  the  re- 
sult of  many  years  of  costly  experiment ;  that,  even  when  not 
stolen,  the  first  sales  of  the  production  do  not  afford  the  orig- 
inator an  opportunity  to  obtain  compensation  (he  must  rely 
on  these)  by  reason  of  the  cost  of  introduction  ;  when  it  is 
considered  further,  that  the  protection  proposed  would  confer 
inestimable  benefits  upon  the  entire  nation  by  stimulating 
efforts  to  improve  the  products  of  the  soil  through  the  scientific 
process  of  cross-breeding  or  hybridization  ;  that  such  measure 
would  protect  the  public  in  the  purchase  of  new  sorts  by  prevent- 
ing unscrupulous  nurserymen  and  dealers  from  furnishing  old 
sorts  under  the  names  of  the  new,  which  has  been  so  extensively 
practiced  throughout  the  United  States,  then  the  unwisdom 
and  foul  injustice  of  the  present  lack  of  legal  protection  for 
the  laborers  in  the  highest  department  of  horticulture  begin  to 
be  reaHzed.  There  is  reason  to  believe  that  an  enactment 
protecting  them  would  form  an  era  in  history,  and  constitute 
one  of  the  greatest  legislative  acts  for  the  benefit  of  mankind 
of  the  nineteenth  century." 

The  registration  idea  appeared  in  three  forms  last  year,  in 
Mr.  Bancroft's  and  The  Rural  Pubhshing  Company's  proposi- 
tions, where  it  was  fully  and  carefully  elucidated,  and  in  a 
modified  form  in  Annals  of  Horticulture  for  1889.  The  history 
of  Mr.  Bancroft's  effort  is  told  as  follows  by  a  publication  of 
the  California  committee  on  registration,  w^iich  the  extract  also 
describes: 

''As  the  present  movement  to  establish  a  national  plant 
register  seems  to  be  an  assured  success,  it  is  nothing  more 
than  right  that  a  correct  history  of  the  inception  of  the  move- 
ment should  be  given.  The  idea  originated  with  A.  L.  Ban- 
croft of  San  Francisco,  about  two  years  ago.      The  first  publi- 


n6  An7ials  of  Horticulture. 

cation  regarding  the  matter  was  a  communication  by  him  of 
crude  ideas,  which  were  pubhshed  in  Garden  and  Forest,  issue 
of  January  23,  1889.  A  paper  was  then  prepared  and  read  be- 
fore the  Cahfornia  State  Floral  Society,  March  8,  1889.  This 
was  published  in  the  California  Florist  and  Gardener,  in  an  issue 
of  the  succeeding  month.  *  All  of  this  time  the  ideas  were 
being  turned  over,  improved  and  commented  upon.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1890,  the  California  State  Horticultural  Society  and  the 
California  State  Floral  Society  each  elected  a  committee  of 
three,  the  two  committees  to  form  a  joint  committee  to  formulate 
practical  plans  for  the  establishing  of  a  national  plant  reg- 
ister. The  committee  was  given  full  power  to  act  and  add  to  its 
numbers.  A  preliminary  meeting  was  held  February  17th,  but 
the  first  regular  meeting  for  organization  was  held  April  17th, 
1890.  The  attendance  at  this  meeting  was  large  and  enthusi- 
astic, and  the  following  officers  were  elected  :  President,  A. 
T.  Perkins;  Vice-President,  Charles  H.  Shinn ;  Secretary, 
Emory  E.  Smith ;  Treasurer,  Leonard  Coates.  Executive 
Committee — A.  L.  Bancroft,  Chairman  ;  Emory  E.  Smith,  Sec- 
retary; G.  P.  Rixford,  Charles  H.  Shinn  and  Fred  C.  Miles. 
Since  then  several  meetings  have  been  held  by  the  joint  and 
executive  committees.  The  joint  committee  now  has  about 
fifty  members,  including  many  of  the  leading  men  of  California. 
The  report  of  the  special  committee  was  isued  in  circular  form, 
May  I  St,  and  published  in  California  Fruit  Groiver.  The  plans 
for  working  have  been  submitted  to  and  commented  upon  by 
many  of  the  best  thinkers  throughout  the  country,  the  result 
of  whose  labors  will  be  found  in  the  accompanying  circular, 
which  is  preliminary  to  the  completing  of  the  bill  for  presen- 
tation to  Congress." 

The  first. full  expression  of  Mr.  Bancroft's  plan  was  ''read 
at  the  request  of  the  California  State  Board  of  Horticulture 
before  the  California  State  Fruit  Growers'  Convention  at  Los 
Angeles,  March  13,  1890. ' '  This  paper  was  widely  distributed 
by  the  joint  committee  on  registration,  f  but  the  committee 
subsequently  drew  up  a  somewhat  modified  statement,  which 
it  distributed  during  the  summer,  and  which  is  as  follows  :  J 

"The  present  situation. — At  the  present  time  great  confu- 

*Cal.  Florist  and  Gard.  March,  1889,  78.— An  editoral  comment  upon  Mr.  Bancroft's  plan 
was  made  in  the  preceding  issue,  page  36.— Z.  H.  B. 
t  Published  in  full  in  Cal.  Frt.  Gr.  vi.  180  (March  22) 
t  Also  in  Cal.  Frt.  Gr.  July  26. 


National  a7id  Educatio7ial  Interests.  117 

sion  exists  in  the  names  of  existing  varieties  of  fruits,  flowers 
and  plants,  and  the  means  of  identification  are  entirely  inade- 
quate. There  are  many  duplicate  and  local  names,  but  there 
is  no  source  from  which  to  establish  official  or  authoritative 
names.  Those  dealing  in,  or  having  to  do  with  plants,  are 
caused  great  annoyance,  trouble  and  expense  on  this  account. 
Our  country  is  great,  and  has  a  large  and  growing  population, 
and  as  this  becomes  more  dense,  greater  attention  will  be  given 
to  horticulture  in  all  its  branches  and  to  the  refining  influence 
of  flowers  and  plants  for  ornamentation. 

''It  is  fully  time  that  horticulture  throughout  the  entire  ex- 
tent of  our  country  should  be  put  upon  a  more  business-like 
and  comprehensive  basis.  When  this  is  done,  the  progressive 
horticulturist  will  be  justified  in  giving  more  attention  to  the 
originating  and  developing  of  the  edible,  ornamental,  and 
otherwise  useful  plants,  and  mankind  will  be  greatly  bene- 
fitted thereby. 

''The  one  thing  which  will  give  the  greatest  impetus  to  hor- 
ticultural advancement  at  this  time  is,  in  our  opinion,  the  es- 
tablishing of  a  national  plant  register,  which  will  give  the 
description,  history,  etc.,  of  plants  and  varieties,  which  shall 
be  official  and  authoritative.  In  addition  to  this,  the  securing 
to  the  originator  such  protection  as  will  justify  him  in  devoting 
his  time,  thought  and  money  to  this  work,  would  induce  many 
to  devote  their  lives  to  the  securing  of  better  varieties  than 
we  now  have. 

"  These  desired  improvements  can  only  be  secured  b}^  the 
enactment  of  the  necessary  laws  by  the  national  government, 
and  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washing- 
ton (assisted  by  the  Experimental  Stations,  Agricultural  Colle- 
ges, etc.),  is  the  most  natural  and  appropriate  place  for  their 
execution. 

"The  proposed  plan  of  registration. — The  registration  of 
plants  should  commence  at  the  point  where  botany  ceases  and 
horticulture  begins.  Provision  should  be  made  for  registering 
at  once  the  varieties  of  all  species  of  plants  having  a  commer- 
cial value.  If  at  a  future  time  it  is  thought  best  to  extend  the 
register  to  such  species  as  have  but  a  scientific  or  botanical 
value,  the  same  plan  should  be  so  arranged  as  to  admit  of  its 
being  extended  to  any  point  desired. 

"Lists  of  species  should  be  started  under  which  to  register 


1 18  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

their  varieties.  No  attempt  should  be  made  to  classify  the 
varieties,  but  they  should  be  added  to  their  respective  lists, 
and  these  examined  and  passed  upon  and  be  numbered  con- 
secutively from  the  beginning.  The  ground  to  be  covered  by 
the  register  should  include  the  useful  plants  and  their  varieties 
which  are  found  naturall}^  or  otherwise  in  the   United  States. 

''The  register  can  contain,  ist,  the  number  ;  2nd,  the  official 
name  ;  3rd,  the  popular  and  local  names,  or  synonyms  ;  4th, 
description  ;  5th,  short  history  and  a  statement  of  the  pecu- 
liarities and  habits  of  the  plant,  and  6th,  in  many  cases  if  not 
always,  a  photograph,  drawing  or  series  of  photographs  or 
drawings  of  the  plant,  fruit  or  flower.  While  the  reproduction 
of  these  views  might  be  too  expensive  for  general  circulation 
and  distribution,  complete  copies  of  them  should  be  found  at 
least  in  all  the  state  libraries  of  the  country  and  in  many  of 
the  other  larger  libraries  and  educational  institutions,  while 
a  printed  copy  of  the  register  without  photographs  could  be 
within  the  reach  of  every  one,  as  one  of  the  ol3Jects  of  this 
register  is  to  provide  a  way  for  the  identification  of  varieties 
of  plants  and  to  settle  all  questions  and  disputes. 

''A  great  national  botanical  and  horticultural  garden  would 
in  time,    be  a  natural  outgrowth  of  a  national  plant  register 
such  as  is  suggested. 

''The  originators  of  new  varieties  of  plants,  who  do  not 
wish  to  secure  exclusive  sale-rights,  should  have  the  right  to 
offer  them  for  registration  with  a  proposed  name,  and  if  after 
investigation  they  are  accepted,  the  originator  should  be  enti- 
tled to  a  certificate,  without,  or  for  a  nominal  charge,  setting 
forth  the  facts  of  the  case,  which  would  secure  to  him  the 
honor  and  prestige  to  which  he  is  entitled. 

"Previous  to  registration,  lists  of  new  plants  with  proposed 
names,  descriptions,  etc.,  should  be  published  for  examination, 
criticism  and  suggestion,  and  the  plants  should  be  kept  in  the 
list  of  proposed  names  until  all  questions  are  satisfactorily 
settled,  when  they  may  be  numbered  and  entered  in  the  regis- 
ter. After  once  being  entered  they  should  not  be  revised  un- 
less for  very  serious  reasons. 

"The  plan  is  to  employ  the  foregoing  in  a  bill  to  be  intro- 
duced into  Congress  ;  what  follows  to  be  embodied  in  a  second 
bill  to  be  based  upon  the  first,  and  to  be  introduced  into  Con- 
gress shortly  after  the  first. 


National  and  Educational  Interests. 


119 


"The  exclusive  propagation  and  sale-rights  for  a  limited 
time  to  originators. — Originators  should  have  the  right  to  offer 
new  varieties  for  registration  with  a  proposed  name,  upon  the 
pa3'ment  of  a  fee  of ,  for  which  he  shall  be  granted  an  appli- 
cation certihcate,  at  any  time  after  the  variety  has  been  tested, 
so  as  to  be  satisfied  of  its  valuable  qualities,  provided  the  plant 
has  not  been  disseminated.  The  originator  should  give  a  his- 
tory of  the  plant  and  state  the  points  of  excellence  upon  which 
he  bases  the  application  for  exclusive  sale-rights.  If,  after  due 
investigation  the  plant  is  accepted,  the  originator  after  paying 

an  additional  sum  of ,  should  be  granted  a  certificate  which 

would  secure  to  him  the  exclusive  right  to  propagate  and  sell 

the  same  for  a  term  of years,  without  a  right  to  renewal. 

This  would  give  him  sufficient  time  to  prepare  stock  for  mar- 
ket, and  an  abundance  of  time  in  which  to  enjoy  the  exclusive 
privileges  to  sell. 

"The  author  is  protected  by  the  copyright  laws,  the  inven- 
tor by  the  patent  laws,  and  they  certainly  deserve  no  greater 
recognition  than  the  originator  of  new  and  valuable  varie- 
ties of  plants. 

"The  purchaser  of  a  plant  entered  under  this  act  should 
have  the  right  to  propagate  it  for  his  own  use,  but  not  to  sell 
nor  disseminate  it  except  by  special  arrangement  with  the 
originator.  At  the  time  of  purchase  he  should  be  furnished 
with  a  certificate  of  purchase  by  the  vendor,  who  should  keep 
an  accurate  record  of  the  same  as  a  means  of  protection  to 
himself  and  to  the  purchaser.  At  any  and  all  times  before  the 
expiration  of  the  propagation  right  the  possesor  of  a  plant 
may  be  required  to  show  how  he  came  into  possession,  or  hold 
himself  responsible  for  violation  of  the  law. 

"Protection  of  this  kind  would  be  an  incentive  to  extensive 
and  systematic  experimenting,  which  would,  without  doubt, 
result  in  producing  new  and  valuable  varieties. 

"  Note. — Even  if  there  was  dishonesty  and  fraud  it  could  not  injure  the 
originator  to  any  great  extent  without  risk  of  detection  and  punishment,  so 
long  as  he  could  not  use  the  official  name  and  number  and  description 
under  which  to  advertise  the  varieties. 

"  When  a  new  plant  was  offered  for  registration,  if  the  claims  of  exclusive 
rights  were  not  good,  the  plant  should  be  rejected  ;  thus  fraud  would  be 
shut  off  at  that  point.  All  good  plants  being  registered  and  numbered,  very 
few  plants  could  be  sold  which  did  not  have  the  official  name,  number  and 
description  found  upon  the  national  register. 


I20  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

''Plan  of  work  for  establishing  the  register. — In  order  to 
accomplish  the  desired  object  in  a  reasonable  length  of  time 
it  will  be  necessary  to  have  active,  energetic  and  prompt  co- 
operation from  all  parts  of  the  country.  Societies  and  organi- 
zations of  horticulturists,  fruit-growers,  viticulturists,  farmers, 
florists,  nurserymen,  gardeners,  and  all  others  interested,  should 
take  up  the  question  in  their  meetings,  and  pass  resolutions 
approving  the  general  plan,  and  have  them  published  in  the 
local  papers  in  order  to  familiarize  the  people  with  the  move- 
ment. Copies  of  everything  published  upon  the  subject  should 
be  sent  to  the  members  of  Congress  and  United  States  Sena- 
tors from  each  state,  and  to  the  Joint  Executive  Committee 
in  San  Francisco.  In  every  case  Congress  should  be  memori- 
alized and  petitioned  to  enact  laws  establishing  the  National 
Plant  Register.  Newspapers  and  periodicals  should  every- 
where be  interviewed  by  the  committees  and  urged  to  advocate 
the  movement.  Duplicates  of  all  memorials  to  Congress 
should  also  be  sent  to  the  Joint  Committee  in  San  Francisco. 

''Two  bills  are  being  considered  by  the  Joint  Committee 
and  will  soon  be  submitted  to  the  public  for  consideration  and 
for  suggestions.  We  would  be  glad  to  receive  as  many  sug- 
gestions as  possible  before  the  drafts  of  the  bills  are  completed. 

Respectfull}^ 

OFFICERS  OF  JOINT    COMMITTEE  :  A.      L.      BANCROFT, 

A.   T.   Perkins,  Pres.  Emory   E.   Smith, 

Chas.  H.  Shinn,  Vice-Pres.  Chas.     H.    Shinn, 

Emory  E.  Smith,  Sec.  G.      P.      Rixford, 

Leonard  Coates,  Treas.  Fred.  C.  Miles.  " 

In  June  and  July  The  Rural  Publishing  Company,  through 
The  Rural  New-Yorker  2lVl^  Tlie  American  Garden,  presented  the 
following  draft  of  a  bill  "to  protect  plantsmen": 

"An  act  to  secure  to  the  originators  and  introducers  of 
new  and  valuable  varieties  of  plants  a  proper  share  of  the 
benefits  resulting  from  their  labors  and  expenses  in  connection 
with  such  new  varieties,  and  to  protect  the  public  from  fraud 
in  the  purchase  and  sale  of  plants. 

"Sec.  I. — Necessity  for  the  law. —  Whereas,  one  of  the  first 
objects  of  the  government  of  the  United  States  is  to  protect 
its  citizens  in  the  enjoyment  of  the  rights  of  labor;   and 

"  Whereas,  the  originators  and  introducers  of  mechanical  ap- 


National  and  Educational  Interests. 


121 


pliances,  and  the  originators  and  introducers  of  books  and 
periodicals,  etc.,  are  already  so  protected  by  the  copyright  and 
patent  laws  ;  and 

"  Whereas,  the  origination  and  introduction  of  new  varieties 
of  plants  are  of  great  value  to  the  nation  and  are  the  direct 
results  of  study,  research,  labor  and  expense ;  and 

''  Whereas,  there  is  no  natural  protection  for  such  labor  and 
expense,  and  on  the  contrary  the  very  nature  of  plants  renders 
them  capable  of  being  cheaply  and  easil}^  propagated,  often  to 
the  express  injury  of  the  originator  and  introducer  under  the 
present  lack  of  protection  ;  and 

''  Whereas,  unprincipled  men  do  constantly  obtain  early  speci- 
mens, or  duplicate  plants  and  seeds,  etc. ,  of  such  new  varieties, 
and  rapidly  propagate  them  soleh'  for  the  purposes  of  gain  to 
themselves,  and  by  such  rapid  propagation  often  to  tfie  injury 
of  the  vitality  of  the  plants  so  propagated,  and  consequently 
to  the  injury  of  the  reputation  of  the  variety  and  the  reputation 
of  its  originator,  and  injury  to  the  persons  buying  such  plants  ; 
and 

"  Whereas,  unscrupulous  persons,  for  the  purpose  of  dis- 
honest gain,  do  frequently  introduce  and  sell  old  and  sometimes 
worthless  varieties  of  plants  under  new  or  false  names  and 
descriptions,  thereby  deceiving  the  public  into  the  purchase 
of  the  seeds  and  plants  of  such  varieties  at  increased  and 
fictitious  prices,  and  bringing  legitimate  trade  into  disrepute, 
and  injuring  honest  growers  and  merchants  : 

"Sec.  2. — Testing  stations.  —  Therefore  be  it  enacted  as 
follows:  The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  instructed  to 
invite  the  several  state  experiment  stations  which  are  in  re- 
ceipt of  appropriations  from  the  general  government  to  co- 
operate in  the  work  outlined  herewith,  and  in  the  event  of 
their  refusal,  tacit  or  direct,  the  Secretary  is  hereby  authorized 
to  organize,  locate,  or  designate  other  testing  stations,  at 
public  institutions  or  on  private  farms  whose  proprietors  will 
thus  co-operate  with  the  government  for  the  purposes  of  this 
act. 

"Sec.  3. — Sending  to  stations  under  secretary's  label: 
Preliminary  certificate  for  protection. — Originators  or  dis- 
coverers of  new  varieties  of  useful  or  ornamental  plants  not 
previously  offered  for  public  sale  shall  have  the  privilege  of 

A.    H. 9 


122  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

sending  samples  or  specimens  of  seeds,  cuttings,  bulbs,  roots 
and  plants  originated  or  discovered  and  propagated  by  them, 
under  the  label  of  the  Secretary,  to  each  of  said  testing  sta- 
tions, which  by  agreement  with  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture 
shall  have  engaged  to  make  careful  trials  of  the  same  as  here- 
inafter specified.  A  written  application  to  the  Secretary  of 
Agriculture  from  the  originator  or  discoverer,  giving  a  sworn 
description  of  a  new  variety  and  its  origin,  and  accompanied 
by  a  fee  of  $i  shall  entitle  him  to  a  preliminary  certificate 
which  shall  set  forth  his  claims  to  proprietary  right  in  the 
said  variety,  and  protect  him  in  such  right  until  such  time  as 
a  full  certificate  of  registry  may  be  issued  for  the  same  by 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Provided  that  the  said  originator 
or  discoverer  shall  send  the  specimen  seeds,  bulbs,  roots  or 
cuttings  to  the  testing  stations  under  the  label  furnished  by 
the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  within  a  period  of  six  months 
following  the  date  of  said  preliminary  certificate.  The  origi- 
nator or  discoverer  shall  also  furnish  to  the  board  of  experts, 
on  the  request  of  the  Secretary,  a  specimen  plant,  seeds,  fruits, 
bulbs  or  other  product  of  his  variety,  for  the  purposes  of  iden- 
tification and  registry. 

"Sec.  4. — Conditions  of  trial. — The  Secretary  of  Agricul- 
ture shall  make  arrangements  with  the  testing  stations  to 
receive  seeds,  plants,  cuttings,  bulbs  or  roots  of  new  varie- 
ties and  to  make  careful  trial  of  the  same,  by  cultivation  and 
comparison  with  standard  varieties,  under  proper  physical 
conditions  for  the  various  sections  and  localities,  and  to  make 
periodical  itemized  reports  of  such  trials  to  the  secretary. 

''Sec.  5. — Board  of  examiners. — The  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture shall  cause  the  reports  of  trials  of  varieties  of  plants 
received  from  testing  stations  to  be  received  by  a  board  of  ex- 
perts skilled  in  the  scientific  and  practical  characteristics  of 
cultivated  plants,  which  board  or  bureau  he  is  hereby  authoriz- 
ed to  organize  from  among  the  specialists  in  the  employ  of 
the  department  of  agriculture,  including  private  citizens,  also 
specialists  who  shall  be  invited  with  full  power  to  act  with  the 
board,  which  shall  hold  periodical  sessions  at  such  times  and 
of  such  duration  as  the  secretary  shall  determine. 

"Sec.  6. — Register  of  cultivated  plants:  Certification  of 
varieties  :  Certificate  of  introduction. — This  board  of  ex- 
perts shall  carefully  examine  and  compare  the  reports  of  trials 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  123 

of  varieties  received  from  the  testing  station,  shall  give  a 
simple  and  characteristic  name  to  each  variety  (preference 
being  given  to  the  name  desired  by  the  owner),  which  official 
name  shall  be  entered  in  a  register  of  cultivated  plants  along 
with  a  brief  account  of  its  origin,  the  name  of  its  originator 
or  discoverer,  its  botanical  name,  its  local  or  synonymical 
names  and  its  economic  characteristics  as  shown  by  the  sta- 
tion trials.  The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall,  upon  the  re- 
commendation of  the  board  of  experts,  issue  a  certificate  to 
the  originator  or  discoverer  of  any  useful  variety  of  plants 
when  in  their  judgment  the  same  is  merited,  and  after  pay- 
ment of  a  fee  of  $25  to  the  department,  which  certificate 
shall  be  duly  numbered  and  registered  in  the  archives  of  the 
department  and  shall  secure  to  the  originator  or  discoverer,  or 
his  assignees,  the  sole  right  of  propagation  and  sale  of  such 
certified  variety  for  a  period  of  10  years  following  its  date. 
The  Secretary  of  Agriculture  shall  also  issue  a  certificate  of 
introduction  to  any  citizen  of  this  country  who  shall  introduce 
a  valuable  new  variety  of  plant  from  a  foreign  country,  which 
shall  be  tested  or  reported  by  the  testing  stations  and  approv- 
ed and  registered  by  the  board  of  experts  in  the  same  manner 
as  above  provided  for  varieties  originated  or  discovered  in  the 
United  States  of  America,  after  payment  of  a  fee  of  $25  to 
the  department,  and  when  he  shall  have  proved  that  he  has 
parted  with  a  valuable  consideration  for  such  variety  to  the 
originator  or  discoverer  in  said  foreign  country,  and  shall  have 
proved  that  the  said  variety  has  not  been  in  general  cultivation 
or  offered  for  general  public  sale  in  any  foreign  country. 
Said  certificate  of  introduction  shall  protect  the  introducer  or 
his  assignees  for  a  period  of  five  years  in  the  propagation  of 
the  variety  in  this  country. 

''Sec.  7.— Register  to  include  all  cultivated  plants.  The 
Secretary  of  Agriculture  is  hereby  directed  to  make  the  re- 
gister of  cultivated  plants  complete  by  the  entry  of  all  varie- 
ties of  plants  under  cultivation,  their  classification  and  de- 
scription under  their  best  known  and  authoritative  names  ;  also 
to  collect  prepared  specimens,  photographs  or  sketches  of  the 
varieties  for  purposes  of  identification  not  above  provided  for. 
Copies  of  the  register  of  cultivated  plants  and  its  yearly  ap- 
pendixes shall  be  prepared  and  furnished  gratis  to  the  libra- 
ries  of    testing   stations,  the   state   agricultural   colleges,   the 


124  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

government  departments  and  to  such  other  institutions,  socie- 
ties and  agencies  as  the  Secretar}^  of  Agriculture  ma}'  elect,  on 
account  of  services  rendered  in  the  furnishing  of  information 
found  valuable  in  its  preparation.  To  all  other  people  copies 
of  the  register  shall  be  sold  at  a  price  to  be  fixed  by  the  Sec- 
retar}^  of  Agriculture,  provided  that  the  said'  price  be  enough 
to  cover,  at  least,  the  extra  cost  of  printing  and  furnishing  these 
copies  additional  to  those  above  specified. 

"Sec.  8. — Penalties  for  infringement. — Any  person  found 
guilty  of  unlawfully  propagating  or  offering  for  sale  any  seeds, 
bulbs,  roots,  plants  or  cuttings  of  any  variety  of  plant  pro- 
tected by  the  certificate  of  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  either 
under  its  proper,  or  a  fictitious  name,  shall  be  deemed  guilty 
of  a  misdemeanor  and  punishable  in  the  same  penalties  as 
pertain  in  cases  of  infringement  of  the  laws  of  the  United 
States  governing  patent  rights.  It  is  provided,  how^ever,  that 
lawful  purchase  shall  entitle  the  holder  to  propagate  such 
plants  for  his  own  use  and  the  sale  of  the  products  thereof, 
excepting  such  as  may  be  used  as  a  means  of  propagation. 

''Sec.  9. — The  sum  of  $50,000  is  hereby  appropriated  for 
the  purposes  of  this  act. 

"Sec.  10. — This  act  shall  take  effect  and  be  in  force  imme- 
diately upon  its  passage  and  approval  by  the  President." 

The  copyright  or  trade-mark  system  was  clearly  and  forcibly 
outlined  by  Eugene  Glen,  of  Rochester,  N.  Y. ,  in  Januar}^, 
1878,*  and  so  earh^  as  1879  D.  B.  Wier,  of  Illinois,  had  copy- 
righted varieties  of  cherries,  f  Since  then  the  trade-mark 
has  been  used  with  good  results.  One  of  the  most  prominent 
instances  of  its  use  is  that  by  the  Niagara  grape  company.  The 
copyright  discussion  has  been  lately  revived.  Definite  out- 
line of  it  was  made  in  an  editorial  in  Garden  and  Forest  in 
August,  1888,  J  in  the  course  of  remarks  upon  nomenclature  as 
considered  by  the  Societ}^  of  American  Florists  :  "  The  ques- 
tion of  obtaining  from  Congress  the  enactment  of  a  law  per- 
mitting trade-marks  or  copyrights  to  be  taken  out  for  the  pro- 
tection of  the  rights  of  raisers  of  new  flowers  was  not  brought 
before  the  convention.  The  question  of  copyrighting  new 
flowers  is  not  altogether  a  new  one,  and  has  been  discussed  in 
different  European  countries  at  various  times,  as  well  as  in 
the  United  States.      The  right  of  a  man  to  enjoy  the  results  of 

*Gard.  Monthly,  XX.  25.     f  Ibid,  xxi.  284,  314,  364.     :t  Gard.  and  For.  i.  313. 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  125 

his  labors  is  as  true  when  the  product  is  a  new  flower  as  when 
it  is  a  new  book  or  work  of  art.  The  intelhgence,  thought 
and  study  expended  in  growing  a  new  race  of  garden  plants 
or  new  varieties  of  such  a  race  are  as  great  as  is  required  to 
produce  a  book  ;  but  as  long  as  the  raiser  of  new  plants  must 
lose  all  benefits  of  these  creations  of  his  brain  as  soon  as  he 
sells  the  first  individual,  and  so  puts  it  in  the  power  of  his 
competitors  to  reap  the  benefits  which  should  belong  to  him, 
the  principal  incentive  to  the  production  of  new  plants  does 
not  exist.  This  is  a  subject  of  such  vital  importance  to  the 
future  of  horticulture,  here  and  everywhere,  that  we  venture 
to  suggest  to  the  executive  committee  of  the  association  that 
it  deserves  careful  consideration  at  their  hands." 

Several  societies  have  taken  up  the  question,  and  the  Amer- 
ican Association  of  Nurserymen  appointed  a  committee  to 
take  the  whole  subject  into  consideration  and  to  report  in 
1891.  The  last  public  discussion  of  the  subject  in  1890, 
appears  to  have  been  the  following  review  which  I  contributed 
to  The  American  Garden  for  August  : 

"Control  of  new  varieties  by  the  originator  has  been  a 
prolific  source  of  discussion  for  a  few  years.  Inventors  are 
protected  by  patents,  and  authors  by  copyrights  ;  should  not 
originators  of  varieties  of  plants  be  similarly  protected  ? 
The  question  seems,  at  first  to  .admit  of  only  an  affirmative 
answer.  But  there  are  differences  between  plants  and  books 
or  tools. 

"The  earlier  movement  designed  to  protect  the  originator 
was  in  the  direction  of  a  patent  for  new  varieties.  This 
movement  looked  upon  varieties  as  inventions,  and  for  this 
reason  possesses  elements  of  fatal  weakness.  It  is  a  fact  that 
nearly  all  new  varieties  are  mere  accidents  to  the  'originator,' 
who  either  picks  them  up  in  a  chance  fence-row,  or  finds  them 
among  a  miscellaneous  batch  of  seedlings.  The  'originator,' 
is  usually  a  mere  'finder,'  and  he  may  as  well  claim  a  patent 
for  the  invention  of  a  white  raspberry  or  double  hepatica 
which  he  may  find  in  the  woods,  as  upon  a  new  peach  found 
in  his  hedge-row.  When  the  time  comes  that  men  breed 
plants  upon  definite  laws,  and  produce  new  and  valuable 
kinds  with  the  certainty  and  forethought  with  which  the 
inventor  constructs  a  new  machine,  or  an  author  writes  a 
book,  plant  patents  may  possibly  become  practicable. 


126  Annals  of  Ho7'tiailture. 

*'It  is  true,  however,  .that  the  original  proprietor  of  a  new 
variety  should  be  in  some  manner  protected.  One  of  the 
most  important  steps  3'^et  taken  in  this  direction  is  the  propo- 
sition to  devise  a  national  register  of  plants.  This  scheme 
originated  with  A.  L.  Bancroft,  of  San  Francisco,  and  it  has 
been  adopted  and  advertised,  together  with  a  plan  of  propa- 
gation rights,  by  a  joint  committee  of  the  California  Horti- 
cultural and  Floral  societies.  Essentially  the  same  idea  has 
been  put  into  form  by  the  present  writer,  and  lists  have  been 
published  which  may  'serve  the  purpose  of  the  certificates 
issued  for  new  varieties  by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society  in 
England,  and  by  similar  organizations  in  other  countries.'* 
Mr.  Bancroft's  plan  of  registration  appears  to  be  too  heavy 
and  cumbersome;  and  the  same  may  be  said  of  the  proposed 
federal  law  to  secure  a  propagation  right  to  the  originator  or 
introducer. 

''The  proposed  legislation  to  protect  plantsmen  and  grow- 
ers possesses  the  fault  of  all  attempts  yet  made  to  secure 
protection  for  the  originator — the  absolute  impossibility  of 
determining  what  a  variety  is,  and  if  it  is  entitled  to  be  styled 
a  novelty.  There  are  hundreds  of  varieties  now  upon  the 
market  upon  which  no  body  of  judges,  even  if  expert  horti- 
culturists, could  agree  as  to  their  distinctness  from  older 
sorts.  A  character  which  is  regarded  as  worthy  varietal 
recognition  by  one  man  is  disregarded  by  another.  In  one 
soil,  or  under  one  treatment,  a  plant  ma}^  be  very  different 
from  one  of  the  same  stock  grown  under  other  conditions. 
Some  contend  that,  among  fruits,  a  seedling  is  always  a  dis- 
tinct variety,  no  matter  if  its  characters  are  identical  with 
those  of  an  older  sort.  This  opinion  is  vehemently  main- 
tained by  one  of  the  earlier  agitators  for  plant  patents.  But 
even  if  this  position  is  correct,  there  are  hundreds  of  instances 
in  which  the  origin  is  wholly  unknown,  and  which  cannot, 
therefore,  be  brought  as  testimony.  In  fact,  there  are  scarcely 
any  two  horticulturists  who  hold  the  same  views  regarding 
the  limitations  of  varieties  ;  and  it  is  a  fact  that  the  limits 
constantly  become  more  obscure  the  longer  one  studies  varie- 
ties, a  fact  v/hich  the  horticulturists  of  the  experiment  stations 
are  rapidly  learning.  If  this  is  true  of  men  in  the  business, 
what  can  w^e  expect  of  others  who  might  be  called  to  judge  if 

*Annals  Hort.  1F89,  1,96. 


National  and  Ediicatioiial  Into'csts.  127 

varieties  are  infringements  ?  It  is  extremely  doubtful  if 
Congress  could  ever  be  persuaded  to  pass  such  a  law.  To 
this  objection  some  have  replied  that  there  is  also  great  diffi- 
culty in  determining  merits  of  new  machines,  but  the  patent 
law  is  not  invalidated  for  that  fact.  But  this  statement  does 
not  satisfy  the  question.  A  machine  is  the  same  in  Maine 
and  California,  while  a  variety  may  be  different  on  adjacent 
farms. 

"It  is  possible,  it  seems  to  me,  to  secure  protection  under 
existing  laws  if  the  registration  of  varieties  is  once  secured. 
Trade-marks,  trade-names,  and  brands  are  now  protected. 
The  name  of  a  variety,  once  used  in  trade  or  admitted  in  a 
national  register,  becomes  a  trade -mark,  with  inviolable  rights. 
This  name  could  not  be  used  to  designate  other  varieties,  and 
so  long  as  the  variety  could  not  be  admitted  to  the  register 
under  any  other  name,  the  originator  would  be  tolerably 
secure. 

"This  might  not  prevent  the  re-naming  of  the  variety  by 
obscure  persons,  in  defiance  of  the  national  register,  but  those 
who  steal  varieties  need  also  to  steal  the  best  known  name  as 
an  advertisement.  If  this  scheme  would  not  entirely  over- 
come risks,  it  would  at  least  reduce  them  to  a  minimum  and 
would  result  in  as  thorough  protection  as  could  possibly  be 
secured  by  any  special  law.  An  organized  effort  strong  enough 
to  effect  a  registration  of  plants  would  find  little  difficulty  in 
discovering  tricksters.  The  originator  should  secure  a  certi- 
ficate of  registration,  and  the  public  would  very  soon  learn  to 
buy  only  of  those  who  hold  one.  Sale  of  the  right  to  use  the 
name  or  trade-mark  should  be  recorded  at  the  office  of  regis- 
tration, so  that  all  stock  could  be  traced  to  its  source.  This 
is  an  imitation  of  the  registration  of  domestic  animals.  There 
is  no  law  to  compel  one  to  register  an  animal,  but  every 
breeder  knows  that  it  is  only  through  registration  that  he  can 
advertise,  sell  and  protect  blooded  stock.  And  there  is  no 
intelligent  purchaser  who  would  think  of  negotiating  for  such 
stock  without  having  obtained  the  testimony  of  the  herd- 
book. 

"To  be  sure,  this  plan  would  not  remove  the  difficulties 
concerning  the  limitations  of  varieties,  but  it  would  place  the 
definition  of  varieties  upon  the  experts  in  charge  of  the  na- 
tional register,   rather  than  carr}^  it  into  court.      In    fact,  it 


1 28  Annals  of  Horticidtiire. 

would  prevent  all  litigation,  for  all  varieties  admitted  to  the 
register  would  be  legitimate,  and  for  all  others  protection 
could  not  be  expected. 

"The  solution  of  the  whole  matter  is  exceedingly  simple. 
Let  a  register  of  cultivated  plants  be  instituted  at  the  Depart- 
ment of  Agriculture.  Then  let  the  originator  send  to  the  de- 
partment a  specimen,  description  and,  perhaps,  picture  of  his 
novelty  ;  if  the  variety  appears  to  be  a  new  one,  a  certificate 
of  registration  is  issued  for  it.  If  the  originator  chooses  to 
sell  his  stock  to  dealers,  let  the  fact  be  recorded,  and  a  record 
of  transfer  be  issued  to  the  purchaser.  If  the  originator  de- 
sires to  control  the  propagation  of  the  variety  he  can  do  so 
for  any  length  of  time  by  specifications  in  his  contracts  with 
dealers.  It  is  evident  that  after  a  variety  is  put  upon  the  re- 
tail trade,  it  becomes  public  property,  and  no  statute  can 
further  protect  it.  When  a  man  buys  for  the  purpose  of 
planting,  he  buys  also  the  privilege  of  selling  the  fruit  or 
other  commercial  portion,  and  this  portion  is  often  the  very 
one  used  for  propagation  of  the  particular  variety.  No  law 
could  prevent  the  propagation  of  melons  and  most  other  vege- 
tables, when  the  varieties  are  put  upon  the  market,  even  were 
there  no  common  rights  at  issue. 

"An  eastern  nurseryman  has  already  secured  a  copyright 
upon  the  name  of  a  new  grape.  With  the  aid  of  a  register 
to  record  his  variety  and  others,  he  would  be  practically  se- 
cure. In  fact,  he  finds  himself  secure  even  now.  The  re- 
gister, as  I  have  suggested  it,  is  not  a  burdensome  affair, 
although  objection  has  been  raised  to  registration  for  the  very 
reason  that  it  would  entail  so  much  expense.  A  list  of  Amer- 
ican kitchen-garden  vegetables,  comprising  2,696  entries,  is 
made  by  a  private  individual  in  the  'Annals  of  Horticulture,' 
and  the  greater  part  of  the  work  lay  in  revising  the  names. 
And  the  same  volume  makes  a  catalogue  of  the  introductions 
of  i88g,  which  is  certainly  very  nearly  complete,  comprising 
444  entries.  These  lists  are  the  first  attempts  yet  made  in 
this  country  toward  a  registration  of  plants.  If  the  fuller 
register  is  ever  made  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture,  de- 
scriptions will  have  to  be  added,  but  one  clerk  could  peform 
all  the  labor  required  to  do  this,  after  existing  varieties  were 
entered. 

"All   this   needs  no   memorial  to   Congress,  no    great    ma- 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  129 

chinery,  no  new  law.  It  is  in  every  way  feasible  and  practi- 
cable, and  no  doubt  a  mere  petition  to  the  Secretary  of  Agri- 
culture by  the  leading  horticultural  organizations  would  effect 
its  execution.  On  the  other  hand,  it  is  probable  that  Con- 
gress w^ould  never  pass  the  laws  proposed.  If  they  should 
exist,  they  could  never  be  enforced,  and  they  would  be  so 
cumbersome,  circuitous  and  tedious  as  to  fall  of  their  own 
weight  ;  and  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  all  special  pro- 
tection is  likely  to  increase  prices  of  the  protected  article  to 
such  an  extent  as  to  greatly  lessen  its  sale  or  to  impose  unne- 
cessary burdens  upon  the  planter." 

Nomenclature.  Discussions  of  nomenclature  of  varieties  re- 
ceived considerable  attention  during  the  year.  The  proper 
naming  of  varieties  must  precede  any  attempt  to  secure  legal 
protection  for  the  varieties,  and  the  subject  therefore  has  a 
great  impprtafice  beyond  the  more  immediate  one  of  avoiding 
confusion  and  educating  the  popular  taste.  Two  distinct  en- 
deavors are  commonly  confounded  under  the  discussions  of 
nomenclature.  Nomenclature  proper  has  to  do  with  the  form 
and  character  of  the  name,  and  does  not  consider  the  plant  to 
which  the  name  is  applied.  The  labors  of  the  American  Po- 
mological  Society,  which  are  now  well  known,  and  those  of 
the  committee  on  nomenclature  of  the  horticulturists  of  the 
experiment  stations*  are  good  examples  in  point.  The  other 
movement  is  one  to  determine  synonymy,  or  the  different 
names  under  which  a  variety  or  species  passes.  It  considers 
the  plant  rather  than  the  name.  Concerted  effort  in  determi- 
ning the  synonymy  of  plants  has  been  reached  at  last  by  the 
Society  of  American  Florists,  and  its  last  reportf  contains  a 
good  list  of  synonyms.  The  experiment  stations  early  be- 
gan working  in  the  same  line  with  vegetables. 

There  is  a  perceptible  gain  apparent  throughout  the  country 
in  the  furtherance  of  a  revised  and  modest  nomenclature  for 
all  varieties.  The  movement  is  necessarily  one  of  slow  growth 
and  its  promoters  must  not  expect  too  early  results.  The 
movement  is  also  spreading  somewhat  in  Europe,  although 
mor-e  slowly  than  in  this  country,  and  it  is  only  in  certain  classes 
of  ornamental  plants  that  definite  reform  has  been  attempted. 
The  following  rules  for  the  naming  of  orchids,  adopted  recently 

*. Annals  Hort.  18S9,  78. 
fRep.  1890,  Append,  v. 


130  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

by  the  Council  of  the  Ro3'al  Horticultural  Society  of  England, 
deserve  a  wide  publicit_y  both  for  their  immediate  value  m 
simplif3'ing  orchid  nomenclature,  and  as  a  guide  for  the  naming 
of  other  plants,  to  which  they  ma}'  be  also  applied  : 

''Section  i.  Genera,  species,  well-marked  varieties  and 
natural  h3'brids. 

"  I.  The  names  of  natural  genera,  species,  and  well-marked 
varieties,  as  well  as  of  presumed  wild  hybrids,  shall  be  writ- 
ten so  as  to  accord  w^ith  botanical  language  and  ways,  and  to 
conform  with  the  laws  of  botanical  nomenclature  {Lois  de  la 
Noj)ienclature  Botanique)  as  adopted  at  the  International 
Botanical  Congress  at  Paris,  in  1867. 

"  2.  Exhibitors  showing  for  the  first  time  a  plant  under  a 
Latin  name,  shall  be  required  to  furnish  the  name  of  the 
botanist  who  has  described  the  plant. 

"Section  II.      Artificial  h}^brids  between  genera. 

"3.  Every  bigenfer  shall  receive  a  generic  name  in  Latin, 
formed  by  combining  the  names  of  the  parent  genera,  and  a 
specific  name  also  in  Latin,  the  sign  of  hybridit\^  (x)  being 
always  added. 

"Section  III.      Artificial  hybrids  between  species. 

"4.  Hybrids  between  species  raised  artificially  shall  be 
named  in  Latin,  with  the  addition  of  the  word  hybrid,  or  of 
the  sign  of  hybridity  (x). 

"Section  IV.      Artificial  crosses  between  varieties. 

"5.  Crosses  between  varieties  raised  artificially  should 
receive  suitable  vernacular  names. 

"Section  V.     General  recommendations. 

"6.  The  orchid  committee  shall  decline  to  recognize  any 
unauthorized  name,  or  any  name  that  is  deemed  unsuitable, 
or  is  not  applied  in  conformity  with  the  preceding  rules. 

"7.  A  name  once  authoritatively  adopted  shall  not  be 
altered,  unless  in  case  of  material  error. 

"8.  An  award  may  be  made  to  an}'  plant  that  is  considered 
by  the  committee  w^orthy  of  such  distinction,  even  though  it 
be  unnamed,  or  not  named  in  accordance  with  the  preceding 
regulations,  provided  that,  within  a  reasonable  time,  to  be 
determined  by  the  committee,  a  proper  name  be  given.  Any 
award  made  under  the  circumstances  shall  be  suspended  until 
the  plant  has  been  properly  named. 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  131 

"9.  The  operation  of  these  rules  shall  be  prospective,  not 
retrospective. 

^'lo.  The  council  wishes  to  impress  upon  orchid  growers 
the  desirability  of  obtaining  drawings  or  photographs  of  all 
new  and  certified  orchids,  and  of  depositing  such  drawings  in 
the  library  of  the  society,  for  reference. 

"II.  The  council  also  desires  to  remind  cultivators  of  the 
great  importance  of  preserving  specimens  for  future  reference 
and  comparison,  and  suggests  that,  wherever  practicable, 
specimens  should  be  sent  for  this  purpose  to  the  Director  of 
the  Ro3'al  Gardens,  Kew." 

Road  agitation.  For  two  or  three  years  there  has  been  great 
activity  in  the  discussion  of  means  for  improving  country  high- 
ways. The  necessit}^  of  improved  methods  of  making  and 
maintaining  roads  has  been  brought  to  the  attention  of  several 
legislatures,  and  new  laws  have  been  enacted.  The  general 
agitation  of  the  highway  problem  is  a  matter  of  contempor- 
aneous history;  it  is  only  necessary  here  to  call  attention  to  a 
system  of  numbering  country  residences  and  naming  the  roads, 
which  originated  with  A.  L.  Bancroft  of  San  Francisco.  The 
general  plan  of  the  movement  may  be  learned  from  the  follow- 
ing editorial  comment  in  The  American  Garden  for  August  ; 

''The  latest  proposition  for  the  socialization  of  the  country 
comes  from  California,  and  it  is  known  as  the  'ten-block  sys- 
tem' of  numbering  land  and  houses.  'The  system  is  to  divide 
each  mile  along  the  roads  into  ten  equal  parts,  or  imaginary 
blocks,  of  528  feet,  176  yards,  or  8  chains  each,  and  to  assign 
to  each  block  two  numbers,  one  on  each  side  of  the  road. 
Any  or  every  house  within  a  block  is  given  the  number  of  the 
block.  The  first  one — and  in  nearly  every  case  it  will  be  the 
only  one  in  the  block — has  simply  the  number  ;  the  second 
one  has  the  number,  followed  by  the  letter  A ;  the  third  by  the 
letter  B;  the  fourth  by  C,  and  so  on — Nos.  196,  196A,  196B, 
196C,  etc.  If  there  is  no  house  in  the  block,  the  number  is 
assigned  to  it  just  the  same,  and  it  remains  in  readiness  should 
a  house  be  built  at  a  future  time.' 

"The  further  details  of  the  system  are  few,  but  we  cannot 
present  them  here.  This  is  the  first  practicable  attempt  yet 
made,  so  far  as  we  are  aware,  to  know  and  record  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  country.  The  movement  is  spreading  in  the 
Golden  State,  and  it  ought  to  spread  in  every  township  in  the 


132  A?inals  of  Horticulture. 

land.  The  advantages  it  presents  are  numerous  and  important. 
The  traveler  could  instantly  compute  distances  and  acquire 
directions.  The  numbers  on  the  gate-posts  or  over  the  doors 
would  be  mile-stones.  Country  directories  could  be  published. 
Mileage  of  jurymen  could  be  calculated.  But  above  all,  it 
would  quicken  communication  and  intercourse  in  the  country. 
It  would  be  a  powerful  civilizer. 

"To  make  this  feasible,  a  system  of  naming  country  roads 
must  be  inaugurated,  and  this,  too,  our  California  friends  are 
perfecting.  In  Contra  Costa  county,  lying  against  San  Fran- 
cisco, are  such  charming  bits  as  the  following  :  Contra  Costa 
Highway,  running  through  the  county  and  striking  the  county 
seat ;  Rio  Vista,  Mountain  Drive,  Willow  Pass  Road,  Golden 
Gate  Way,  Lime  Ridge  Crossing,  Stanley  Road,  and  the  like. 
We  know  of  nothing  so  good  as  this  since  the  efforts  of  dear 
old  Jacob  Bigelow  in  naming  the  famous  walks  and  drives  of 
Mount  Auburn. 

"All  this  could  add  much  charm  to  the  country,  for  it  would 
personify  nature,  commemorate  events,  and  localize  senti- 
ments." 

The  extent  to  which  this  movement  has  been  carried  is  told 
in  a  late  issue  of  the  California  Fruit  Grower :  * 

"Contra  Costa  county  has  in  the  last  few  months  become 
famous  throughout  the  United  States,  on  account  of  its  bold 
and  original  movement  to  name  all  the  roads  and  number  the 
residences  in  the  county.  So  general  has  been  the  interest 
awakened  in  the  scheme  that  several  states  and  numerous 
counties  are  preparing  plans  and  estimates  for  systematically 
introducing  and  adopting  the  same  plans.  Even  foreign  pa- 
pers have  commented  favorably  and  have  advised  the  local 
adoption  of  the  Contra  Costa  scheme  entire,  or  in  more  or  less 
modified  form.  The  good  people  of  Contra  Costa  county  cer- 
tainly have  every  reason  to  feel  proud  of  the  enviable  notoriety 
thus  obtained.  It  has  taken  the  people  themselves  quite  a 
while  to  become  thoroughly  imbued  with  the  necessary  en- 
thusiasm for  the  successful  carrying  out  of  this  new  and  gene- 
rally beneficial  measure.  The  work  is  now,  however,  nearl}^ 
completed. 

"The  roads  are  all  located  and  names  listed  and  such  ap- 
proximate estimates  made  as  are  necessary,  and  the  whole  is 

*VoI.  vii.  387  (Dec.  20,  1890). 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  133 

ready  for  presentation  to  the  board  of  supervisors.  The 
residents  of  the  county  are  ahnost  unanimously  in  favor  of 
the  adoption  of  the  proposed  plans,  and  the  count}^  officials 
will,  no  doubt,  accept  them  without  hesitation.  It  is  but 
seldom  that  men  have  the  opportunity  to  make  for  themselves 
such  an  honorable  place  in  the  history  of  their  county  and  of 
their  countr}- ;  for,  undoubtedly,  the  adoption  of  the  Contra 
Costa  system  of  road-naming  and  house-numbering  will  in  a 
short  time  become  general  throughout  the  United  States  and 
in  European  countries,  and  ever}^  one  of  the  hundreds  of  thou- 
sands of  sign-boards  erected  will  stand  a  monument  to  the 
projectors  and  executors  of  ihe  Contra  Costa  plan." 

The  Census.  The  eleventh  census  has  undertaken  the  compi- 
lation of  statistics  of  horticulture.  This  is  the  first  attempt 
yet  made  by  the  government  to  measure  the  extent  of  our 
horticultural  interests,  and  it  comes  as  a  response  to  repeated 
demands  from  the  agricultural  press.  Several  horticultural  in- 
terests are  to  be  made  the  subjects  of  special  reports,  as  the 
nursery  business,  semi-tropical  fruits,  seed-farms,  truck  farms 
and  the  florists'  business.  These  subjects  have  been  placed 
in  charge  of  J.  H.  Hale  of  South  Glastonbury,  Connecticut. 
As  a  preliminary  labor,  a  directory  is  being  made  of  all  horti- 
culturists in  the  United  States  who  cultivate  one-fourth  acre 
or  more. 

The  general  census  schedules  contained  the  following 
questions  concerning  orchard  and  garden  products  :  Onions  : 
Field  crop,  number  of  acres,  bushels  produced  and  sold,  and 
value.  Potatoes  :  Sweet  and  Irish,  bushels  produced  and 
sold.  Market  garden  and  small  fruits  :  Number  of  acres  in 
vegetables,  blackberries,  cranberries,  raspberries,  strawberries 
and  other  small  fruits,  and  total  value  of  products  in  i88g. 
Vegetables  and  fruits  for  canning  :  Number  of  acres  and  pro- 
ducts, in  bushels,  of  peas  and  beans,  green  corn,  tomatoes, 
other  vegetables  and  fruits.  Orchards :  Apples,  apricots, 
cherries,  peaches,  pears,  plums  and  prunes,  and  other  orchard 
fruits;  in  each  the  number  of  acres,  crop  in  i88g,  number  of 
bearing  trees,  number  of  young  trees  not  bearing,  and  value 
of  all  orchard  products  sold.  Vineyards:  Number  of  acres 
in  vines  bearing,  and  in  young  vines  not  bearing  ;  products 
of  grapes  and  raisins,  and  value  in  1889. 

The  new  tariff.      The   Fifty-first  Congress  passed    ''An    act 


134 


Annals  of  Horticultiwe . 


to  reduce  the  revenue  and  equalize  duties  on  imports,  and  for 
other  purposes,"  the  general  provisions  of  which  went  into 
force  October  6,  i8go.  Following  are  the  schedules  of  duties 
upon  horticultural  products,  with  corresponding  rates  under 
the  old  law  : 

New  Old 

Schedule.  Schedule. 

Beans,  per  bushel,  60  lbs 40  cents.  10  per  cent. 

Peas,  dried,  per  bushel 20     "  30 

Peas,   green,   in  bulk,  in  barrels,   sacks,   etc,   per 

bushel,  60  lbs 40     "  10 

Peas,  split,  per  bushel,  60  lbs   50     "  20 

Peasin  cartons,  paper  and  other  small  packages,  lb.    i      "  — 

Beans,  peas,  and  mushrooms,  prepared  or  pre- 
served in  tins,  jars,  bottles  or  otherwise,  ad 
valorem   40  per  cent.      30         ' ' 

Cabbages,  each 3  cents.  10         " 

Onions,  per  bushel    40     "      •  10 

Potatoes,  per  bushel,  60  lbs 25     "  15  cents. 

Vegetables  in  natural  state  not  specially  provided 

for,  ad  valorem 25  per  cent.       10  per  cent. 

Vegetables  of  all  kinds,  prepared  or  preserved, 
including  pickles  and  sauces  of  all  kinds,  not 
specially  provided  for,  ad  valorem 45        "  30         "       * 

Garden  and  agricultural  seeds  not  specially  pro- 
vided for   

....  (Agricultural  seeds  free,  old  schedule).  .20        "  20         " 

Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  and  vines  of  all  kinds,  com- 
monly known  as  nursery  stock,  and  not  spe- 
cially provided  for,  ad  valorem 20        "  Free. 

Apples,  green  or  ripe,  per  bushel 25  cents. 

Apples,  dried,  per  lb 2      "  " 

Grapes,  per  bbl.  of  3  cu.  ft 60     "  20  per  cent. 

Plums  and  prunes,  per  lb 2     "  i  cent. 

Figs,  per  lb 2^    "  2  cents. 

Oranges,  lemons,  limes,  in  packages  of  capacity 
of  \%  cu.  ft.  or  less,  new  schedule,  13  cts.; 
old  schedule,  13  cts.  per  half-box  of  oranges, 

16  cts.  lemons 

In  packages  between   t%.    to  2>^    cu.   ft.,   new 
schedule,  25  cts.  ;   old  schedule,   25  cts.   per 

box  of  oranges,  30  cts.  lemons   

In  packages  between  2}^  to  5  cu.  ft. ,  new  sched- 
ule, 50  cts. 
In  packages  exceeding  5  cu.  ft.  for  every  addi- 
tional cu.  foot 10  cents. 

In  bulk,  per  M,  new  schedule,  I1.50  ;  old  sched- 
ule, $1.60  oranges,  $2  lemons 


*  Pickles  and  sauces,  35  per  cent. 


National  and  Educational  Interests. 


135 


New  Old 

Schedule.  Schedule. 

Also  30  per  cent,  ad  valorem  upon  boxes  or 
bbls.  containing  oranges,  lemons  or  limes. 

Old  schedules  per  196  lb.  flour  bbl.,  55  cts.  for 

oranges  ;  and  oranges,   lemons  and  limes  in 

unenumerated    packages,   20    per    cent,     ad 

valorem. 

Raisins,  per  lb 2^  cents.  2  cents. 

Comfits,  sweetmeats  and  fruits,  preserved  in  sugar, 

syrap    or   molasses  or   spirits,   not    specially 

provided  for,  and  jellies  and  jams  of  all  kinds, 

ad  valorem 35  per  cent.       35  per  cent. 

Fruits  preserved  in  their  own  juices,  ad  valorem. 30         "  20 

Orange   and   lemon    peel,    preserved    or   candied, 

per  lb 2  cents.  35 

Almonds,  not  shelled,  per  lb 5      "  5  cents. 

Clear  almonds,  shelled,  per  lb 7^2    "  lYz 

Filberts  and  walnuts  of   all   kinds,   not   shelled, 

per  lb 3      "  3 

Filberts,  shelled,  per  lb =.  .    6      "  3 

Peanuts,  not  shelled,  per  lb i      "  i 

Peanuts,  shelled,  per  lb i^    "  i^      " 

Nuts,  shelled   or  not   shelled,   not   specially  pro- 
vided for,  per  lb xyi    "  2        " 

Champagne  and  all  other  sparkling  wines,  in  bot- 
tles containing  each  not  more  than  one  quart 

and  more  than  one  pint,  per  dozen $8  00  I?  00 

Containing  not  more  than  one  pint  each  and  more 

than  one-half  pint,  per  dozen 4  00  3  50 

Containingone-half  pint  each  or  less,  per  dozen  .    2  00  i   75 

In  bottles  or  other  vessels  containing  more  than 

one  quart  each,  in  addition  to  $8  per  dozen 

bottles  on  the  quantity  in  excess  of  one  quart, 

at  the  rate  of,  per  gallon 2  50  2  25 

Still  wines,  including  ginger  wine  or  ginger  cordial 

and  vermuth,  in  casks,  per  gallon 50  50 

In  bottles  or  jugs,  per  case  of  one  dozen  bottles 

or  jugs,  containing  each  not  more  than  one 

quart  and  more  than  one  pint,  or  24  bottles 

or  jugs  containing  each  not  more  than  one 

pint,  per  case i   60  i   60 

Cider,  per  gallon 5  cents.  20  per  cent. 

Free  List  : — 

Currants,  Zante  or  other i  cent  per  lb 

Dates I      " 

Fruits,  green  or  dried,  not  specially  provided  for 

Tamarinds 

Cocoanuts,  Brazil  nuts,  cream  nuts,  palm  nuts,  palm  nut  kernels. 

Olives,  green  or  prepared 

Orange  and  lemon  peel  not  preserved  or  prepared 


136  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Free  List,  continued. 

Orchids,  lily  of  the  valley,  azaleas,  palms  and  other  plants  used  for  forcing 
under  glass,  for  cut-flowers  or  decorative  purposes 

Plants,  trees,  shrubs,  roots,  seeds,  imported  by  the  Department  of  Agricul- 
ture or  U.  S.  Botanic  Gardens. 

Saurkraut. 

Seeds  as  follows,  not  specially  provided  for  :  anise,  canary,  caraway,  carda- 
mon,  coriander,  cotton,  cummin,  fennel,  fenugreek,  hemp,  horehound, 
mustard,  rape,  St.  John's  bread  or  bene,  sugar  beet,  mangel  wurzel, 
sorghum  or  sugar  cane,  all  flower  and  grass  seeds.  Also  bulbs  and 
roots,  not  edible. 

Tapioca  or  cassava. 

Tea  and  tea  plants. 

Yams. 

Educational  matters.  The  only  important  question  of  edu- 
tion  brought  before  the  horticultural  societies  of  the  year  was 
that  of  a  better  education  for  florists,  as  outlined  in  the  ad- 
dress of  President  J.  M.  Jordan  before  the  Society  of  Ameri- 
can Florists.  The  following  editorial  comment  upon  this  ad- 
dress by  The  American  Garden^  will  sufficiently  indicate  its 
scope  : 

''The  Societ}'  of  American  Florists  has  a  high  ideal  set  be- 
fore it  in  the  address  of  the  retiring  president.  The  society 
should  be  more  than  a  trade  organization.  Its  objects  are 
'  not  only  to  instruct  its  members  in  their  daily  avocations, 
but  to  educate  the  masses  in  horticulture,  b}^  widening  and 
deepening  an  interest  in  our  profession,  by  increasing  our 
membership,  active  and  honorary,  until  we  embrace  all  the 
leading  m.en  of  the  country  who  are  interested  in  the  various 
callings  of  horticulture  ;  all  men  engaged  in  scientific  re- 
search tending  to  advance  the  profession  ;  the  formation  of 
kindred  associations  :  encouraging  exhibitions  of  plants  and 
flowers,  by  bri*nging  into  closer  relations  the  retail  dealer  with 
the  grower  and  wholesale  dealer.' 

"All  this  calls  for  general  education  and  culture,  and  it  de- 
mands a  more  wide-spread  appreciation  of  ornamental  gar- 
dening. We  have  not  yet  come  to  that  stage  in  this  country 
when  gardening  is  in  general  appreciated  as  a  work  of  art. 
Ornamental  gardening  is  usually  judged  solely  by  its  gross 
form  and  color.  Gardeners  must  get  out  of  old  ruts.  They 
must  put  spirit  and  expression  into  their  work.  But  this, 
again,  means  that  the  fjardener  must  be  educated. 


xi.  617  (Oct, 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  137 

''President  Jordan  sees  two  general  ways  of  elevating  the 
garden  and  the  gardener.  Cities  are  growing,  and  the  coun- 
try is  taking  on  a  better  life.  Gardening  is  adapted  to  all  con- 
ditions, '  and  it  is  committed  to  our  hands  to  extend  our  parks 
and  boulevards  far  into  the  country  until  city  is  linked  to  city, 
and  the  most  rural  districts  will  feel  the  vitalizing  forces  of 
plants  and  flowers.'  Those  who  are  benefitted  by  institutions 
of  learning  '  are  very  few  compared  with  the  great  mass  of 
people  that  frequent  our  parks  and  public  grounds  to  take  ob- 
ject-lessons, where  young  and  old,  rich  and  poor,  learned  and 
illiterate  meet  on  one  common  level  to  drink  in  nature's  best 
gifts  to  man.'  Yet  in  the  educational  institutions  a  higher 
and  more  symmetrical  culture  can  be  attained.  President 
Jordan  again  calls  the  attention  of  the  societ}^  to  the  impor- 
tance of  some  school  or  college  training  for  the  florist. 
'Science  shows  us  how  the  things  we  have  to  deal  with  in  our 
homeliest  toil  connect  us  (if  we  but  understand  the  linking) 
to  what  is  most  elevating  in  man's  thoughts  and  hopes.  It 
helps  supply  that  food  for  the  mind,  without  which  we  starve 
in  drudgery,  but  by  the  strength  of  which  we  rise  to  a  higher 
plane  of  life  ' 

''The  education  problem  has  long  been  a  vexed  question 
among  the  florists,  and  there  is  yet  no  appearance  of  a  solu- 
tion of  it.  Members  are  divided  b}^  conflicting  aims,  and 
there  has  been  no  one  with  a  practicable  and  clear-cut  propo- 
sition who  could  lead  the  organization  to  any  definite  action. 
Many  are  making  the  vital  mistake  of  supposing  that  the  first 
requisite  in  a  florists'  school  is  a  corps  of  florists  to  direct  it. 
The  first  requisite  in  any  school  is  men  who  can  teach.  When 
it  so  happens  that  the  teacher  is  also  a  successful  grower,  the 
highest  ideal  is  attained.  But  the  first  requirement  of  any 
man  who  imparts  instruction  is  ability  to  fire  the  enthusiasm  of 
his  students.  So  it  often  happens  that  the  most  successful 
teachers  are  distanced  by  their  pupils.  President  Jordan 
thinks  that  wealthy  men  could  be  induced  to  endow  florists' 
schools,  and  no  doubt  the}^  will  do  so  as  soon  as  they  feel  as- 
sured that  a  sufficient  demannd  and  interest  exists.  The  be- 
quest of  the  late  Henry  Shaw,  of  St.  Louis,  is  an  example 
worthy  of  emulation.  But  some  of  the  land-grant  colleges 
would  no  doubt  take  up  this  work  actively  if  the  florists  should 


138  A^inals  of  Horticulture. 

once  present  a  definite  plan  or  request  to  them.  Nothing  can 
be  accompHshed  without  united  and  positive  action,  and  the 
apparent  lack  of  interest  in  the  discussion  which  followed 
President  Jordan's  address  to  the  society  at  Boston  seems  to 
indicate  that  the  time  is  not  yet  ripe  for  florists'  schools." 

The  most  important  educational  movement  of  the  year  was 
the  passage  of  an  act  by  Congress  to  extend  the  facilities  of 
colleges  of  agriculture  and  mechanic  arts  which  are  founded 
upon  the  land  grant  of  1862.  This  act  was  approved  by  the 
President  August  30,  1890.  It  was  introduced  by  Senator 
Morrill,  of  Vermont,  to  whom  the  nation  also  owes  the  land 
grant.      The  document  is  so  important  that  I  append  it  in  full : 

"An  act  to  apply  a  portion  of  the  proceeds  of  the  public 
lands  to  the  more  complete  endowment  and  support  of  the 
colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts 
established  under  the  provisions  of  an  act  of  Congress  ap- 
proved July  second,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two. 

' '  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of 
the  United  States  of  America  in  Congress  assembled,  That  there 
shall  be,  and  hereby  is,  annually  appropriated,  out  of  any 
money  in  the  Treasury  not  otherwise  appropriated,  arising 
from  the  sales  of  public  lands,  to  be  paid  as  hereinafter  pro- 
vided to  each  State  and  Territory  for  the  more  complete  en- 
dowment and  maintenance  of  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agri- 
culture and  the  mechanic  arts  now  established,  in  accordance 
with  an  act  of  Congress  approved  July  second,  eighteen  hun- 
dred and  sixty-two,  the  sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  for  the 
year  ending  June  thirtieth,  eighteen  hundred  and  ninety,  and 
an  annual  increase  of  the  amount  of  such  appropriation  there- 
after for  ten  years  by  an  additional  sum  of  one  thousand 
dollars  over  the  preceding  year,  and  the  annual  amount  to 
be  paid  thereafter  to  each  State  and  Territory  shall  be  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  to  be  applied  only  to  instruction  in  agri- 
culture, the  mechanic  arts,  the  English  language  and  various 
branches  of  mathematical,  physical,  natural  and  economic 
science,  with  special  reference  to  their  applications  in  the  in- 
dustries of  life,  and  to  the  facilities  for  such  instruction:  Provi- 
ded, That  no  money  shall  be  paid  out  under  this  act  to  any  State 
or  Territory  for  the  support  or  maintenance  of  a  college  where 
a  distinction  of  race  or  color  is  made  in  the  admission  of  stu- 
dents, but  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  such  colleges 


National  aiid  Educational  Interests. 


139 


separately  for  white  and  colored  students  shall  be  held  to  be 
a  compliance  with  the  provisions  of  this  act  if  the  funds  re- 
ceived in  such  State  or  Territory  be  equitably  divided  as  here- 
inafter set  forth  :  Provided,  That  in  any  State  in  which  there 
has  been  one  college  established  in  pursuance  of  the  act  of 
July  second,  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  and  also  in  which 
an  educational  institution  of  like  character  has  been  established, 
or  may  be  hereafter  established,  and  is  now  aided  by  such 
State  from  its  own  revenue,  for  the  education  of  colored  stu- 
dents in  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  however  named 
or  styled,  or  whether  or  not  it  has  received  money  heretofore 
under  the  act  to  which  this  act  is  an  amendment,  the  Legis- 
lature of  such  State  may  propose  and  report  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  Interior  a  just  and  equitable  division  of  the  fund  to  be 
received  under  this  act  between  one  college  for  white  students 
and  one  institution  for  colored  students  established  as  afore- 
said, which  shall  be  divided  into  two  parts  and  paid  accord- 
ingly, and  thereupon  such  institution  for  colored  students 
shall  be  entitled  to  the  benefits  of  this  act  and  subject  to  its 
provisions,  as  much  as  it  would  have  been  if  it  had  been  in- 
cluded under  the  act  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two,  and 
the  fulfillment  of  the  foregoing  provisions  shall  be  taken  as  a 
compliance  with  the  provision  in  reference  to  separate  colleges 
for  white  and  colored  students. 

"Sec.  2.  That  the  sums  hereby  appropriated  to  the  States 
and  Territories  for  the  further  endowment  and  support  of  col- 
leges shall  be  annually  paid  on  or  before  the  thirty-first  day 
of  July  of  each  year,  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  upon 
the  warrant  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  out  of  the  Treas- 
ury of  the  United  States,  to  the  State  or  Territorial  treasurer, 
or  to  such  officer  as  shall  be  designated  by  the  laws  of  such 
State  or  Territory  to  receive  the  same,  who  shall,  upon  the 
order  of  the  trustees  of  the  college,  or  the  institution  for 
colored  students,  immediately  pay  over  said  sums  to  the  treas- 
urers of  the  respective  colleges  or  other  institutions  entitled 
to  receive  the  same,  and  such  treasurers  shall  be  required  to 
report  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture  and  to  the  Secretary  of 
the  Interior,  on  or  before  the  first  da}^  of  September  of  each 
year,  a  detailed  statement  of  the  amount  so  received  and  of  its 
disbursement.  The  grants  of  moneys  authorized  by  this  act 
are  made  subject  to  the  legislative  assent  of  the  several  States 


140  Annals  of  Hoi'ticultnre . 

and  Territories  to  the  purpose  of  said  grants  :  Provided,  That 
payments  of  such  instalments  of  the  appropriation  herein  made 
as  shall  become  due  to  any  State  before  the  adjournment  of  the 
regular  sessson  of  legislature  meeting  next  after  the  passage 
of  this  act  shall  be  made  upon  the  assent  of  the  governor 
thereof,  duly  certified  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury. 

"Sec.  3.  That  if  any  portion  of  the  moneys  received  b}^  the 
designated  ofBcer  of  the  State  or  Territory  for  the  further  and 
more  complete  endowment,  support,  and  maintenance  of 
colleges,  or  of  institutions  for  colored  students,  as  provided 
in  this  act,  shall,  by  any  action  or  contingency,  be  diminished 
or  lost,  or  be  misapplied,  it  shall  be  replaced  by  the  State  or 
Territory  to  Avhich  it  belongs,  and  until  so  replaced  no  subse- 
quent appropriation  shall  be  apportioned  or  paid  to  such  State 
or  Territory;  and  no  portion  of  said  moneys  shall  be  applied, 
directly  or  indirectly,  under  any  pretense  whatever,  to  the 
purchase,  erection,  preservation,  or  repair  of  any  building  or 
buildings.  An  annual  report  by  the  president  of  each  of  said 
colleges  shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  as  well 
as  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  regarding  the  condition 
and  progress  of  each  college,  including  statistical  information 
in  relation  to  its  receipts  and  expenditures,  its  library,  the 
number  of  its  students  and  professors,  and  also  as  to  any  im- 
provements and  experiments  made  under  the  direction  of  any 
experiment  stations  attached  to  said  colleges,  with  their  costs 
and  results,  and  such  other  industrial  and  economical  statis- 
tics as  may  be  regarded  as  useful,  one  copy  of  which  shall  be 
transmitted  by  mail  free  to  all  other  colleges  further  endowed 
under  this  act. 

''Sec.  4.  That  on  or  before  the  first  day  of  July  in  each 
year,  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
shall  ascertain  and  certify  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  as 
to  each  State  and  Territory  whether  it  is  entitled  to  receive 
its  share  of  the  annual  appropriation  for  colleges,  or  of  insti- 
tutions for  colored  students,  under  this  act,  and  the  amount 
which  thereupon  each  is  entitled,  respectively,  to  receive.  If 
the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  withhold  a  certificate  from 
any  state  or  territory  of  its  appropriation  the  facts  and  rea- 
sons therefor  shall  be  reported  to  the  President,  and  the  amount 
involved  shall  be  kept  separate  in  the  treasury  until  the  close 
of  the  next  Congress,  in  order  that  the  state  or  territory  may, 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  141 

if  it  should  so  desire,  appeal  to  Congress  from  the  determina- 
tion of  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior.  If  the  next  Congress 
shall  not  direct  such  sum  to  be  paid  it  shall  be  covered  into 
the  Treasury.  And  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  is  hereby 
charged  with  the  proper  administration  of  this  law. 

"Sfx-.  5.  That  the  Secretary  of  the  Interior  shall  annually 
report  to  Congress  the  disbursements  which  have  been  made 
in  all  the  states  and  territories,  and  also  whether  the  appro- 
priation of  any  state  or  territory  has  been  withheld,  and  if 
so,  the  reasons  therefor. 

''Sec.  6.  Congress  may  at  any  time  amend,  suspend,  or  re- 
peal any  or  all  of  the  provisions  of  this  act." 

American  Wild- flower  Club.  It  is  gratifying  to  know  that 
at  least  some  organized  attempt  has  been  made  to  protect  the 
native  plants  of  the  country.  The  American  Wild-flower 
Club  was  organized  a  year  or  two  ago,  and  its  labors  appear 
to  meet  with  favor  in  all  directions.  The  history  and  scope 
of  the  organization  are  told  in  the  following  extracts  from 
one  of  its  publications  : 

"Its  raison  d' etre  was  the  desire  on  the  part  of  an  American 
woman,  compelled  by  circumstances  to  make  her  home  in 
England  and  reproached  persistently  by  returned  British  tour- 
ists with  the  unbeautiful  aspect  of  'civilized'  American  land- 
scape—  its  barren  pastures  and  weedy  hillslopes,  its  desolate 
waysides  and  despoiled  thickets — to  see  if  something  could 
not  be  done,  if  not  to  re-stock  denuded  localities,  at  least  to 
avert  so  far  as  possible  the  extermination  of  an  indigenous 
flora  from  regions  where  it  remained  as  yet  unawakened. 
Her  notes  on  the  subject,  forwarded  to  a  Philadelphia  friend, 
were  read  and  discussed  in  a  circle  of  flower  lovers  in  that 
city,  the  result  of  the  conference  being  a  determination  to  un- 
dertake the  preservation  of  our  better  wild  growths  in  meth- 
odical fashion  through  the  institution  of  a  system  of  local  clubs, 
which,  knit  together,  should  constitute  a  national  association. 
While  however,  the  project  transmitted  from  London  as  a 
suggestion,  thus  took  definite  form  in  Philadelphia,  its  authors 
were  alike  agreed  that  the  Philadelphia  atmosphere,  or  indeed 
that  of  any  great  metropolis,  was  not  suited  to  its  fuller  growth 
and  development.  In  the  words  of  one  of  their  number,  the 
perpetuation  of  American  wild  flowers  was  a  work  pertaining 
essentially  to  the  country.      Establish  its  headquarters  in  the 


142  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

midst  of  a  population  whose  interpretation  of  the  floral  king- 
dom was  a  bunch  of  paper  roses  in  the  winter  and  an  india 
rubber  plant  dominating  a  bed  of  pickling  cabbage  vegetation 
in  summer,  and  it  would  inevitably  perish  of  its  own  inconsis- 
tency. The  centering  point  must  of  course  be  a  city  large 
enough  and  closely  enough  in  touch  with  the  world  and  con- 
temporary life  to  permit  of  resort  to  the  most  approved  meth- 
ods of  organization  and  administration  ;  but  such  a  city  re- 
quired in  turn  to  be  set  among  fruit  and  flowers  and  penetra- 
ted daily  by  the  influences  of  nature.  Of  the  various  localities 
falling  within  range  of  these  stipulations,  Wilmington,  Dela- 
ware, appeared  best  fitted  for  the  Association's  purpose  and 
it  was  selected  accordingly.  The  secretary's  office  in  this  city 
is  in  charge  of  a  gentleman  well  known  for  his  devotion  to 
floriculture. 

"These  were  the  preliminaries.  That  the  idea  set  forth  in 
the  tentative  essay,  '  Shall  We  Save  Our  Wild  Flowers?'  was 
destined  eventually  to  take  root  in  the  public  mind  its  projec- 
tors cherished  no  doubt.  But  they  were  content  to  feel  that 
they  must  hasten  slowly,  overcoming  much  inertia  in  the 
course  of  their  progress.  They  had  been  confronted  with  the 
fact  that  while  whatever  in  native  growths  was  coarse,  rank, 
vile,  whatever  was  offensive  to  touch,  to  sight,  to  smell,  grew 
and  flourished  apace  ;  w^iatever  was  beautiful,^  graceful,  fra- 
grant, if  it  had  not  already  vanished  beyond  recall,  was  perish- 
ing swiftly  and  surely.  At  fairs  and  flower  shows  held  in 
Eastern  cities  whose  skirting  woodlands  were  within  their  re- 
membrance fair  with  arbutus,  clematis,  cowslip,  with  orchid 
and  azalea  and  laurel,  they  were  forced  to  see  that  over 
against  the  lavish  wealth  of  English,  Dutch,  German  flowers, 
of  flowers  from  Japan,  China,  Africa,  Australia,  there  was  set 
not  a  blossom  or  plant  or  shrub  indigenous  to  the  soil  of  the 
state.  But  there  had  appeared  to  be  so  willing  a  submission 
to  this  condition  of  things,  such  unprotesting  acquiescence 
in  the  vandal  practice  of  pillaging  and  plundering  every  chance 
spot  in  which  wild  flowers  yet  survived,  the  stripping  bare  of 
each  surburban  building  site,  the  uprooting  of  every  vine  and 
creeper  and  shrub  from  picnic  woods  and  tenting  grounds, 
that  to  hope  for  a  ready  welcome  for  so  'disturbing'  an  in- 
stitution as  the  A.  W.  F.  C,  would  have  suggested  itself  as 
unreasonable. 


National  and  Educational  Interests.  143 

*'  But  the  apparent  indifference  which  they  had  noted  so  re- 
gretfully, veiled  a  dormant  interest  which  needed  only  a 
word  to  awaken  to  sympathetic  activity.  From  the  outset 
the  project  was  everywhere  received  with  eager  enthusiasm. 
Responses  poured  in  from  all  quarters,  suggestions,  queries, 
offers  of  help  and  counsel,  scraps  of  experience  from  those 
who  in  their  own  modest  way  were  seeking  to  foster  the  flora 
of  their  respective  localities.  So  far  as  seemed  requisite  for 
a  beginning,  the  nature  of  the  club's  work  and  the  methods  of 
local  organization  had  been  outlined.  By  the  help  of  these 
hints,  clubs  were  formed  in  sections  the  nearest  and  the  most 
remote  ;  in  Maine,  in  Illinois,  in  Pennsylvania,  in  Tennessee, 
in  Nebraska,  in  Florida.  Before  a  month's  time  and  almost 
without  effort  on  the  part  of  its  originators,  the  project  of  pre- 
serving our  American  wild  flowers  has  passed  from  the  realm 
of  possibilities  into  that  of  established  facts. 

"In  the  interval  which  has  since  elapsed  the  ground  first 
cursorily  surveyed  has  been  gone  over  more  in  detail  ;  sugges- 
tions have  been  offered  as  to  the  choice  of  flowers  to  be  per- 
petuated, the  cautions  to  be  observed  in  their  cultivation,  the 
limits  and  regulations  of  floral  exchange,  the  formation  of 
plants,  nurseries,  etc.  etc.,  the  whole  accompanied  by  illustra- 
ted articles  descriptive  of  the  best  types  of  our  American  flora. 

"So  long,  then,  as  the  oflicial  organ  of  the  association.  The 
Home  Joui-nal,  could  be  supplied  them,  enquirers  were  at  no 
loss  how  to  proceed.  But  the  demand  has  been  so  great  that, 
despite  the  publisher's  hearty  and  faithful  co-operation,  the 
association  has  been  unable  to  keep  pace  with  it.  Edition 
after  edition  has  been  exhausted  until  now,  with  changes  in 
the  oflice  of  publication,  while  thousands  of  letters  still  wait 
unanswered,  the  earlier  issues  have  become  altogether  unob- 
tainable. At  the  same  time  to  republish  as  current  matter  the 
mass  of  essays,  editorials  and  technical  articles  which  have 
appeared  in  them  and  with  which  club  members  are  already 
familiar,  was  for  obvious  reasons  deemed  impracticable.  To 
meet  the  difficulty  there,  the  association  decided  to  embody 
in  pamphlet  form  the  substance  of  its  most  important  printed 
matter,  adding  thereto  whatever  seemed  essential  to  a  clear 
comprehension  of  the  character  and  scope  of  the  undertaking 
to  which  it  stands  pledged.  Thus  revised,  these  essays — or- 
iginally prepared  by  the  association's  direction  and  under  its 


144  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

express  supervision — constitute  a  complete  hand-book  of 
American  Wild-Flower  Club  work,  the  perusal  of  which  will 
enable  sympathizers  everywhere  to  bring  themselves  without 
further  question  or  instruction  abreast  of  the  earliest  estab- 
lished clubs." 

''The  national  association  A.  W.  F.  C.  is  a  union  com- 
posed of  the  various  local  clubs  formed  up  to  date.  Its  pur- 
pose is  to  facilitate  communication  between  local  clubs,  to 
transact  business  beyond  the  range  of  their  power  or  authority, 
and  to  further  such  details  of  the  A.  W.  F.  C.  work  as  can  be 
best  furthered  through  extended  combination. 

''Local  clubs  are  entitled  to  admission  to  the  association 
under  the  following  rules  : 

"I.  No  admittance  fee  shall  be  charged  by  the  association, 
nor  shall  it  exact  any  dues  from,  nor  lay  any  assessment  upon 
either  local  clubs  or  members  of  the  club-at-large. 

''2.  A  local  club  upon  its  organization  must  report 
through  its  secretary  to  the  association,  giving  list  of  officers 
and  members  of  the  club,  upon  receipt  of  which  report  the 
secretary  of  the  association  will  in  return  forward  a  certificate 
of  membership  for  the  club  as  a  body,  together  with  cards 
and  badges  for  each  ofHcer  and  member. 

"3.  A  local  club  must  consist  of  at  least  three  members, 
(a)  But  an}^  person  can  become  a  member  of  the  club-at-large 
by  sending  name  and  address  to  the  secretary  of  the  asso- 
ciation. 

"4.  In  towns  of  less  than  three  thousand  population,  not 
more  than  one  club  can  be  formed  simultaneously,  (a)  Mem- 
bers of  any  local  club  seceding  therefrom  and  forming  a  rival 
local  club  will  not  be  recognized  by  the  association. 

"5.  Local  clubs  dissolving  their  organization  must  return 
certificate  of  membership  and  members'  cards  to  the  associa- 
tion;  also  badges  of  all  such  members  unless  such  as  may 
elect  to  join  the  club-at-large. 

"6.  A  local  club  will  be  regarded  as  in  full  membership 
so  long  as  a  quarterly  report  is  received  from  the  secretary. 
Failure  so  to  report  will  be  followed  by  a  suspension  from  the 
privileges  of  the  association  until  such  failure  is  made  good, 
(a)  All  matter  embodied  in  local  club  reports  will  become 
the  property  of  the  association,  which  reserves  the  right  to 
publish  it  or  any  portion  of  it,  either  in  its  official  organ,    or 


National  and  Edncational  Interests.  145 

in  book  form,  (b)  But  this  shall  not  debar  local  clubs  from 
furnishing  the  same  matter  to  the  press  of  their  various  com- 
munities ;  Provided,  that  it  be  not  given  the  local  press  in  ad- 
vance of  its  forwarding  to  the  association. 

"7.  Local  clubs  will  be  expected  to  discharge  all  indebt- 
edness promptly.  Neglect  to  comply  with  these  rules,  will, 
on  complaint  to  the  association,  be  visited  by  suspension  un- 
til the  obligation  is  discharged.  A  club  which  after  having 
been  suspended,  shall  be  a  second  time  guilty  of  this  offense 
will  be  dismissed  from  the  association. 

^'8.  Differences  occurring  among  members  of  local  clubs 
should,  so  far  as  possible,  be  adjusted  by  the  club  itself.  But 
should  points  arise  upon  which  a  settlement  cannot  be  had, 
they  may  be  referred  to  the  association,  whose  decision  in  the 
case  will  be  regarded  as  final. 

"9.  Every  local  club  is  at  liberty  to  make  any  by-laws, 
or  formulate  any  regulations  for  its  government  that  it  may 
see  fit,  provided  that  such  local  rules  do  not  conflict  with  the 
rules  of  the  association. 

"  10.  On  and  after  June  ist,  1890,  no  rule  of  the  associa- 
tion can  be  altered  or  revoked,  except  at  the  request  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  local  clubs  in  full  membership 
at  the  time." 

''The  primary  aim  of  the  A.  W.  F.  C.  is  the  preservation 
and  perpetuation  of  our  best  wild  flowers.  And  in  manifold 
instances  this  can  mean  to  only  a  very  limited  extent,  either 
the  guarding  of  them  in  haunts  where  they  still  flourish,  or 
their  replacement  in  localities  from  which  they  have  already 
vanished.  No  care,  no  watchfulness  can  meet  the  contingen- 
cies whose  effect  is  to  change  the  face  of  the  region  and  bring 
about  the  disappearance  of  its  indigenous  fauna  and  flora. 
Trees  must  be  felled,  land  must  be  cleared  for  the  plow,  marsh- 
es and  bog  meadows  must  be  drained  to  dryness  ;  hillside 
and  prairie,  to-day  joyous  with  bloom,  will  to-morrow  be  staked 
off  into  building  lots.  The  guide  to  action  here  is  unmistaka- 
bly given  in  the  dealings  both  of  the  national  government 
and  of  private  agencies,  with  the  surviving  types  of  our  abori- 
ginal fauna.  Under  certain  conditions,  to  be  noted  later  on, 
we  may  succeed  in  re-stocking  localities  at  present  denuded, 
but  to  insure  the  perpetuation  of  our  wild  flowers,  past  the 
hazard  of  those  circumstances  which  have  so  widely  wrought 


146  An7ials  of  Horticulture . 

this  destruction,  we  must  see  to  it  that  they  cease  to  be  wild. 
Whatever  the  specimens  we  desire  to  preserve,  some  speci- 
mens of  them  must  be  transferred  to  our  own  premises,  where 
we  can  keep  guard  over  their  safety,  and  where  they  will  be, 
not  tenants-at-will  but  free-holders.  Once  fairly  set  as  garden 
growths,  the  perpetuation  is  assured.  They  will  become 
settled  inhabitants,  as  much  a  detail  of  bed  and  border  as  the 
pansies  and  clove  pinks,  side  by  side  with  which  they  stand, 
and  the  same  familiar  delight  to  generations  of  loving  eyes 
'  far  on  in  summers  that  we  shall  not  see.' 

''As  a  rule,  sun  loving  plants  may  be  relied  upon  to  take 
most  kindly  to  cultivation  ;  woodland  blooms  are  exquisite  in 
form  and  tint,  but  our  showiest  varieties  are  flowers  of  the  un- 
screened open,  growing  where  the  sun  glares  upon,  the  storms 
pelt  and  the  winds  buffet  them,  and  in  their  fearless  tenacity 
to  life,  best  calculated  to  endure  the  shock  of  change  from 
savagery  to  civilization.  In  the  transfer  of  any  flower  from 
the  wild  to  gardens,  however,  the  conditions  of  its  original 
habitat  should,  so  far  as  possible,  be  repeated.  Whatever 
modifications  of  environment  it  may  in  course  of  time  learn 
to  submit  to,  at  the  outset  of  its  sophisticated  career  cinnamon 
fern  will  not  thrive  on  a  hot  sandy  hillslope,  or  Labrador  tea 
in  the  damp  chilliness  of  a  shady  border.  Neglect  of  this  car- 
dinal precept  has,  more  than  any  other  cause,  served  to  denude 
suburban  localities  in  the  middle  and  New  England  states  of 
their  flowers  and  flowering  shrubs.  Fairmount  Park  owes  to 
it  the  disappearance,  so  deplored  by  the  park  botanists,  of  the 
exquisite  wild  azalea  and  the  charming  valerian.  In  like 
manner  free  woodlands  have  been  well  nigh  bared  of  maiden- 
hair, evergreen  fern,  squirrel  corn,  hepatica,  and  anemones 
which — snatched  from  out  a  leaf  mold,  light  as  toilet  powder 
— have  been  planted  to  swift  death  in  a  garden  soil  composed 
of  equal  parts  of  street  dirt  and  angle  worms.  Begin  then 
with  shade  for  your  woodland,  sun  for  your  prairie  flowers  ; 
with  moisture  for  your  meadow  growth,  with  sand,  or  loam  or 
sod  for  the  plant  accustomed  to  draw  its  life  from  such  a 
source. 

"This  repetition  of  native  soils  and  conditions  does  not, 
however,  involve  the  rejection  of  artificial  fertilizers.  On  the 
contrary,  their  effect  will  often  be  found  to  be  the  imparting 
of  vigor  to  struggling  plants.      The  application  of  them  likewise 


National  and  Edncafioiial  Interests.  147 

overcomes  the  tendency  to  sterility  so  often  observable  in 
bulbous  rooted  growths,  both  wild  and  tame  ;  while  it  is  upon 
their  use  that  we  must  largely  rely  in  our  endeavor  to  augment 
the  size  and  improve  the  tints  of  flowers.  Administer  them 
sparingly  the  first  year  and  increase  the  quantity  as  the  plants 
show  themselves  thriving  under  it.  Flowers  thus  treated  will 
become  neutral  minded  as  to  soils,  much  sooner  than  will 
those  grown  in  naturally  constituted  earth. 

''  Of  our  wild  flowers  the  majority  are  perennials.  All  such 
should  be  kept  from  seeding  until  they  evidence  themselves 
thoroughly  well  established.  The  maturing  of  seed  is  a  strain 
on  the  strength  of  a  plant,  which,  under  unaccustomed  con- 
ditions it  cannot  be  trusted  to  survive,  and  should  only  be 
compelled  to  undergo  when,  as  in  annuals  and  biennials,  the 
seed  is  necessary  to  the  continuance  of  the  species. 

"  Another  caution  which  every  one  should  observe  is  to  give 
the  wild  growths  room,  so  that  they  will  neither  be  encroached 
upon  by  prior  occupants  of  the  garden  nor  require  to  be 
checked  or  maimed  lest  they  crowd  too  closely  upon  one  another. 
American  wild  flowers  are  characterized  by  singular  fineness 
and  delicacy  of  leaf  growth.  It  would  be  difficult  to  name  a 
really  superior  variety  the  foliage  of  which  is  coarse  or  rank. 
But  should  any  transplanted  flower  take  so  kindly  to  its  new 
home  as  to  spread  overfast,  there  is  but  one  safe  method  of 
reduction — uprooting.  It  is  a  too  common  blunder  of  amateur 
florists,  pushed  for  space,  to  temporarily  chasten  the  exuber- 
ance of  their  spring  flowering  perennials,  by  cutting  down  to 
the  ground  at  the  end  of  the  blooming  season,  but  the  blunder 
is  one  which  they  generally  have  cause  to  rue.  Only  exception- 
ally tenacious  lived  plants  bear  to  be  thus  deprived  of  their 
breathing  apparatus,  and  those  which  do  outlive  it  are  always 
weakened  as  to  leafage  and  paled  and  impoverished  as  to 
bloom." 

In  this  connection  it  is  interesting  to  notice  that  Professor 
T.  J.  Burrill,  of  the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  has  started  a 
movement  to  induce  the  Illinois  Central  Railroad  to  take 
measures  to  preserve  the  native  flora  along  its  lines. 

Societies.  Horticultural  organizations  are  rapidly  increasing 
in  number  and  extending  in  usefulness,  especially  those  of 
a  trade  or  semi-trade  character.  The  national  conventions  of 
the  year  w^ere  seven  in  number,  as  follows  :   Columbian  Horti- 


14^  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

cultural  Association,  Chicago,  Aug.  27  ;  American  Association 
of  Nurserymen,  New  York,  June  4-6 ;  Societ}^  of  American 
Florists,  Boston,  Aug.  19-22  ;  Association  of  American 
Cemetery  Superintendents,  Boston,  Aug.  19-22  ;  American 
Seed  Trade  Association,  Saratoga,  June,  10  and  11  ;  Cider 
and  Cider  Vinegar  Makers'  Association  of  the  Northwest,  St. 
Louis,  Dec.  16  and  17;  American  Cranberr}' Growers' Associ- 
ation, Philadelphia,  Aug.  26. 

The  Columbian  Horticultural  Association  is  a  body  organ- 
ized to  further  the  horticultural  interests  of  the  Columbian 
Exposition.  The  initial  movement  was  made  by  the  execu- 
tive committee  of  Illinois  State  Board  of  Horticulture,  in 
convention  at  Sailor  Springs,  Illinois,  in  July,  1890.  This 
committee  issued  a  call  Juty  30th  for  a  delegate  convention 
of  all  horticultural  organizations  in  the  United  States,  to 
meet  at  the  Sherman  House,  Chicago,  August  27th.  The 
full  proceedings  of  this  convention,  which  resolved  itself  into 
an  association  to  exist  until  the  close  of  the  exposition,  w^ill 
no  doubt  soon  become  so  valuable  as  to  warrant  their  record 
here.  I  choose  the  following  report  from  the  Orange  Judd 
Farmer  : 

'^Pursuant  to  call,  the  horticulturists  of  the  country  met 
in  delegate  convention  at  the  Sherman  House,  Chicago, 
August  27.  Order  was  called  by  Jabez  Webster,  President 
of  the  Illinois  State  Horticultural  Societ}^,  and  the  object  of 
convening  made  known,  after  which,  John  Thorpe,  of  Pearl 
River,  N.  Y. ,  was  elected  president  pro  te?n,  and  A.  C.  Ham- 
mond, of  Warsaw,  111.,  secretary /r^  t€i?i.  The  committee 
on  credentials — N.  H.  Albaugh,  Tadmor,  O..,  J.  C.  Vaughan, 
Chicago,  C.  L.  Watrous,  Des  Moines,  Iowa — reported  the  fol- 
lowing as  being  entitled  to  representation  : 

"American  Pomological  Society,  G.  B.  Brackett,  Denmark,  Iowa; 
American  Horticultural  Society,  Parker  Earle,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.,  and 
W.  H.  Ragan,  Greencastle,  Ind.  ;  Society  of  American  Florists,  John 
Thorpe,  Pearl  River,  N.  Y.,  and  E.  G.  Hill,  Richmond,  Ind.;  The  Ameri- 
can Association  of  Nurserymen,  James  D.  Raynolds,  Riverside,  111.,  and 
S.  M.  Emery,  Lake  City,  Minn.;  The  American  Seed  Trade  Association,  J. 
C.  Vaughan  and  S.  F.  Leonard,  Chicago  ;  The  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Val- 
ley Horticultural  Association,  Geo.  W.  Endicott,  Villa  Ridge,  111.;  Arkansas 
State  Horticultural  Society,  S.  H.  Nowlin,  Little  Rock,  and  John  Karr,  Little 
Rock  ;  Colorado  State  Bureau  of  Horticulture  and  Forestry,  W.  D.  Osborn, 
Loveland  ;  Delaware  and  Maryland  Peninsular  Horticultural  Society, 
Wesley  Webb,  Wilmington,  Del.;  Indiana  State  Horticultural  Society,  Prof. 


National  and  Educational  Intei'-ests.  149 

J.  Troop,  Purdue  University;  Iowa  State  Horticultural  Society,  C.  L. 
Watrous,  Des  Moines,  and  G.  B.  Brackett,  Denmark  ;  Illinois  State  Horti- 
cultural Society,  Jabez  Webster,  Centralia,  and  A.  C.  Hammond,  Warsaw; 
Central  Illinois  Horticultural  Society,  G.  W.  E.  Cook,  Lacon,  and  F.  I. 
Mann,  Gilman  ;  Southern  Illinois  Horticultural  Society,  E.  A.  Riehl,  Alton, 
and  Wm.  Jackson,  Godfrey;  Northern  Illinois  Horticultural  Society, 
Arthur  Bryant,  Princeton,  and  Andrew  Dunning,  Chicago;  Kansas  State 
Horticultural  Society,  Judge  L.  Houk,  Hutchinson,  and  F.  Wellhouse, 
Fairmount;  Kentucky  State  Horticultural  Society,  Wm.  L.  Dulaney,  Bow- 
ling Green  ;  Massachusetts  State  Horticultural  Society,  Benjamin  G.  Smith, 
Cambridge,  and  O.  B.  Hadwin,  Worcester  ;  Michigan  State  Horticultural 
Society,  R.  Morrill,  Benton  Harbor,  and  C.  J.  Monroe,  South  Haven; 
Missouri  State  Horticultural  Society,  L.  A.  Goodman,  Westport  ;  Nebraska 
State  Horticultural  Society,  G.  J.  Carpenter,  Fairbury,  and  F.  W.  Taylor, 
Omaha;  Northwestern  Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society,  H.  B.  Beatty, 
Oil  City  ;  Ohio  State  Horticultural  Society,  N.  H.  Albaugh,  Tadmor,  and 
N.  Ohmer,  Dayton;  South  Dakota  State  Horticultural  Society,  Oliver 
Gibbs,  Jr.,  Ramsey  ;  Wisconsin  State  Horticultural  Society,  B,  S.  Hoxie, 
Evansville,  and  M.  A.  Thayer,  Sparta  ;  Bureau  of  Pomology,  Department 
of  Agriculture,  Washington,  D.  C. ,  H.  E.  Van  Deman  ;  Chicago  Floral  Club, 
Frank  Bentley,  Chicago,  and  G.  L.  Grant,  Chicago;  Indiana  Florists' Society^ 
J.  D.  Carmody,  Evansville  ;  Indianapolis  Floral  Club,  Wm.  Langstaff, 
Indianapolis,  Ind. ;  Cook  County  (111.)  Horticultural  Society,  Edgar  Sand- 
ers, Chicago;  Northwestern  Cider  and  Cider  Vinegar  Makers'  Association, 
L.  R.  Bryant,  Princeton,  111. ;  Tri-City  Floral  Society,  J.  Temple,  Daven- 
port, Iowa,  ;  Illinois  Fruit  Growers'  Association,  N.  M.  Burns,  Clay  City, 
and  Israel  Mills,  Clay  City  ;  West  Michigan  Fruit  Growers'  Association, 
Joseph  Lannin,  South  Haven,  and  Walter  Phillips,  Grand  Haven  ;  The 
Warsaw  (111.)  Horticultural  Society,  J.  T.  Johnson,  Warsaw  ;  Marshall 
County  (111.)  Horticultural  Society,  E.  R.  McKinney,  Lacon;  and  Honorary 
Members,  E.  S.  Goff,  Madison,  Wis  ,  Henry  C.  Freeman,  Alto  Pass,  111. 

"While  awaiting  above  report,  the  convention  listened  to 
an  interesting  paper  from  A.  C.  Hammond,  secretary  of  the 
Illinois  Horticultural  Society,  which  set  forth  an  informal  out- 
line of  plans,  etc.,  regarding  horticultural  exhibits  at  the 
World's  Fair. 

''Permanent  officers  were  elected  as  follows:  President, 
S.  M.  Emery,  Lake  City,  Minn. ;  vice-president,  C.  L.  Wat- 
rous, Des  Moines,  Iowa  ;  secretary  and  treasurer,  H.  B. 
Beatty,  Oil  City,  Pa. ;  assistant  secretar}^,  G.  L.  Grant, 
Chicago. 

''An  informal  talk  followed,  touching  the  exhibit.  H.  E. 
Van  Deman,  of  Washington,  D.  C,  said  :  'The  horticultural 
exhibit  should  be  cut  loose  from  the  agricultural  exhibit  ; 
though  twins,  they  should  be  separate  in  order  to  do  each  jus- 
tice. Plorticulture  covers  the  universe,  and  the  wise  course 
to  pursue  is  to  appoint  a  commissioner  of    horticulture,  with 


150  Aiuials  of  Horticulture. 

four  superintendents  of  departments — i,  floriculture ;  2, 
pomology;  3,  nursery  and  forest;  4,  seeds  and  vegetables.' 
On  motion  by  Hon.  C.  L.  Watrous,  the  following  gentlemen 
were  unanimously  elected  by  ballot  to  the  positions  indicated, 
subject  to  approval  by  the  National  Commission  and  Local 
Directors  of  the  World's  Fair  :  Commissioner  of  Horticul- 
ture, Parker  Earle,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.;  Supt.  of  Floricul- 
ture and  Landscape  Gardening,  Jas.  D.  Raynolds,  Riverside, 
111.;  Supt.  of  Pomology,  G.  B.  Brackett,  Denmark,  Iowa; 
Supt.  of  Nursery  and  Forest  products,  Geo.  B.  Thomas, 
West  Chester,  Pa.;  Supt.  of  Seeds  and  Vegetables,  J.  C. 
Vaughan,  Chicago.  A  committee  was  appointed,  with  Pres- 
ident S.  M.  Emer}^  chairman,  to  formulate  and  present  an 
address,  as  to  action  of  this  meeting,  to  the  executive  depart- 
ment of  the  Columbian  Exposition. 

''Horace  J.  Newberry,  alternate  for  Kansas,  offered  the 
following  resolution,  which  unanimously  prevailed  : 

''Resolved,  That  this  organization  be  known  as  the  Colum- 
bian Horticultural  Association,  and  that  the  advisory  execu- 
tive committee  consist  of  the  president  and  secretary,  and 
Messrs.  Parker  Earle,  G.  B.  Brackett,  James  D.  Raynolds, 
J.  C.  Vaughan  and  George  B.  Thomas,  and  that  the  Asso- 
ciation remain  an  active  organization  until  the  close  of  the 
World's  Columbian  Exposition,  and  that  all  elected  officers 
be  permanent  until  said  expiration. 

''Oliver  Gibbs,  Jr.,  presented  the  following  resolution, 
which  was  carried  : 

''Resolved,  That  delegates  from  state  and  other  societies 
now  existing  in  America,  entitled  to  representation  under  the 
call  of  this  meeting,  shall  be  admitted  and  enrolled  by  the 
secretar}^,  on  presentation  of  proper  credentials  to  the  execu- 
tive committee  at  any  future  meeting  of  this  association. 

"On  motion  of  S.  M.  Emery,  it  was 

"Resolved,  That  each  society  here  represented  be  requested 
to  contribute  $25  as  a  contingent  fund  for  expenses  of  perma- 
nent organization. 

"The  offices  of  secretary  and  treasurer  were  separated, 
and  M.  A.  Tha^'er,  Sparta,  Wis.,  elected  treasurer.  By 
appointment,  Vice  President  Bryan  met  members  of  the  asso- 
ciation at  the  Sherman  House,  Thursday,  g  a.  m.,  when  all 
^proceeded    to  visit  and    view  the  different   sites    offered    for 


National  and  Educational  hiterests.  151 

World's  Fair  purposes.  The  journey  was  replete  with  inci- 
dents, and  frequent  individual  preference  was  made,  but  as 
an  association  no  decision  was  put  on  record.  Adjourned, 
subject  to  call  of  the  president." 

The  horticultural  features  of  the  Columbian  Exposition 
have  occasioned  much  discussion,  but  no  definite  arrange- 
ments had  been  made  at  the  close  of  the  year,  and  the  direc- 
tor, or  commissioner,  had  not  been  chosen.  The  American 
Garden  has  urged  *  that  an  international  congress  of  horti- 
culture be  assembled  at  the  exposition,  and  that  the  opportu- 
nity be  seized  to  make  a  comprehensive  stud}^  and  report  of 
our  horticultural  industries.  There  is  every  reason  to  expect 
that  the  occasion  will  afford  one  of  the  best  exhibits  of  horti- 
cultural products  ever  made. 

The  leading  papers  and  discussions  of  the  various  societies 
are  here  presented  as  showing  the  trend  of  the  year's  in- 
quiries.— 

American  Association  of  Nurserymen  : 

New  Fruits — H.  E.  Van  Deman. 

Root-Grafting  and  Budding — L.  H.  Bailey. 

Can  Stock  be  Dug  and  Shipped  too  Early  in  the  Fall  ? — G.  E.  Meissner. 

Does  the  Future  of  our  Business  Look  as  Promising  as  the  Past  ? — 

H.  S.  Wiley. 
Do  We  Live  and  Learn  ? — Thomas  Meehan. 
The  Cause  of  Low  Prices  for  Nursery  Stock — S.  M.  Emery. 
How  Can  We  Best  Prevent  Duplicates  in  our  Mailing  Lists  ? — J.  T. 

Lovett. 
Advertising — G.  J.  Carpenter. 
Looking  Backward  (poem) — N.  H.  Albaugh. 
Grapes,    their  Character  as  affected  by  Climate  and  Situation— Geo 

W.  Campbell. 
Transplanting  Evergreens — Fred.  W.  Kelsey. 
Peach  Culture — J.  H.  Hale. 

Are  Hardy  Plants  Desirable  for  our  Catalogues  ? — J.   W.   Manning,  Jr. 
Chestnut  Culture— Samuel  C.  Moon. 

The  Relation  of  Nurserymen  to  the  Forestry  Problem — B.  E.  Fernow. 
Pear  Leaf  Blight,  its  Cause  and  Treatment — B.  T.  Galloway. 
Nurserymen,  Agents,  Tree  Peddlers  and  Humbugs — George  J.  Kellogg. 
Fruits  for  the  West  and  North— J.  L.  Budd. 
The  Nursery  Outlook  in  England — Wm.  Fell. 

Society  of  American  Florists  : 

The  Growing  Importance  of  the  Easter  Trade,  and  how  to  Prepare  for 
it--James  Dean. 

*  xi.  234  (Apr.),"295  (May),  423  (July),  555  (Sept.). 


152  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

The  Value  of  System  in  Business — D.  B.  Long. 

Best  Method  of  Treating  Callas  during  Summer  to  have  them  bloom 
for  the  Holidays— E.  M.  H.  Edwards. 

Marketing  Cut-Flowers — J.  D.  Raynolds. 

Is  the  Selling  of  Flowers  through  Commission  Men  the  best  possible 
Plan  of  Marketing  our  Produce  ? — Frank  Huntsman. 

Berry-bearing  Plants  for  Decorative  Purposes — Robert  Veitch,  Jr. 

Twenty-five  Indispensable  Plants  for  the  Extreme  South — R.  D.  Hoyt. 

Fertilizers  Under  Glass — Professor  S.  T.  Maynard. 

Succulents — E.  S.  Miller. 

Best  Twenty-five  Hardy  Herbaceous  Plants  for  Florists'  use — J.  Wood- 
ward Manning. 

Can  Hellebores  be  Grown  to  Advantage  by  the  Commercial  Florist  ? — 
William  Falconer. 

Can  We  Reasonably  Expect  a  Race  of  Early  Chrysanthemums,  Bloom- 
ing in  September  and  October,  Valuable  for  America  ? — John  Lane. 

The  Twenty  Best  Native  Plants  for  Florists'  use — A.  Gilchrist. 

Nomenclature — W.  H.  Manning. 

Review  of  Plants  of  Recent  Introduction — W.  P.  Simmons,  E.  G.  Hill^ 
John  Thorpe. 

Petroleum  as  Fuel — Jos.  B.  Moore,  and  B.  P.  Critchell. 

Florists'  Business  in  Louisiana,  iSSg-'go — R.  Maitre. 

Crossing  and  Hybridizing^E.  S.  Carman. 

Peter  Henderson — A.  D.  Cowan. 

John  Henderson — John  H.  Taylor. 

Overhead  Heating — L.  Wight. 

General  Discussion  of  Landscape  Gardening,  evoked  by  William  Mc- 
Millan's paper  of  last  year.* 

Report  of  Nomenclature  Committee,  giving  an  extensive  list  of  syno- 
nyms. 

Association  of  American  Cemetery  Superintendents  : 

Life  of  Adolph  Strauch — F.  Enrich. 

Cemetery  Roadways — G.  Troup. 

Mistakes  in  Cemeteries — A.  W.  Blaine. 

What  Trees  and   Shrubs  to   Plant  in  Cemeteries,  and  when  to  Plant 

Them — Wm.  Salway. 
What   Trees   and   Shrubs   Should   We  Plant  in  Cemeteries  ?      Where; 

Should  They  be  Planted  ?— O.  C.  Simonds. 

*  Annals  Hort.  18S9,  34, 


Part  II. 


SPECIAL  ANNALS. 


§  I.     INTRODUCTIONS    OF  i8go. 

A  LIST  OF  THE   FRUITS,   VEGETABLES  AND  ORNAMENTAL  PLANTS 
INTRODUCED  INTO  AMERICAN  TRADE  DURING  THE  YEAR. 


The  following  list  is  a  record  of  the  novelties  of  the  year, 
SO  far  as  it  has  been  possible  to  obtain  them.  The  greatest 
pains  have  been  taken  to  make  the  list  complete  and  accurate. 
Nearly  all  the  introducers  whose  names  appear  in  the  list  have 
been  consulted,  and  experimenters  and  others  have  aided  in 
the  preparation.  It  cannot  be  hoped,  however,  that  the  list 
is  complete,  but  it  is  certainly  sufficiently  ample  to  possess 
value  as  a  historical  record  and  as  a  basis  for  many  interesting 
calculations. 

The  compilation  of  such  a  list  is  peculiarly  difficult,  not 
only  because  of  the  widely  scattered  material  but  because  of  the 
unsatisfactory  aid  which  is  often  rendered  by  introducers  them- 
selves. These  parties  often  send  in  lists  of  introductions  for 
the  3^ear  containing  plants  which  they  had  introduced  and 
catalogued  in  a  previous  year,  and  many  times  the  information 
concerning  the  novelties  and  their  history  is  so  inadequate  or 
uncertain  that  definite  record  cannot  be  made  of  it.  Many 
dealers  decline  or  neglect  to  give  information,  and  to  these 
difficulties  must  be  added  the  unsystematic  methods  of  enter- 
ing novelties  in  catalogues,  by  which  it  is  often  impossible  to 
determine  when  the  plant  was  introduced,  for  the  same 
A.  H.— II  (153) 


154  Annals  of  Hortiadture . 

^'novelty"  even  though  '^entirely  new",  may  remain  in  the 
*' novelty  pages"  of  the  catalogue  for  two  or  three  or  more 
years;  and  a  direct  application  to  the  dealer  may  elicit  no  in- 
formation. All  this  difficulty  is  no  doubt,  for  the  most  part, 
a  simple  indifference  to  any  rigid  or  systematic  attempt  to- 
wards a  yearly  record,  and  it  has  its  origin  in  the  life-long 
half  careless  methods  of  introducing  novelties. 

It  is  often  difficult,  also,  to  determine  when  a  plant  is  ''in- 
troduced," as  I  pointed  out  last  year  (Annals,  1889,  96). 
Sometimes  plants  have  been  widely  distributed  from  friend  to 
friend  long  before  they  are  offered  for  sale  ;  some  are  adver- 
tised in  catalogues  one  year,  but  not  actually  sold  until  the 
next ;  sometimes  plants  are  re-introduced,  after  having  dropped 
from  sight ;  some  are  introduced  in  Europe  a  year  or  two  be- 
fore reaching  this  country  ,  and  many  are  widely  known  among 
experimenters  and  from  reports  in  the  press  before  appearing 
upon  the  markets.  To  avoid  as  many  as  possible  of  these  diffi- 
culties I  have  attempted  to  record  only  the  date  of  introduction 
into  ''American  trade." 

There  is  no  attempt  whatever  towards  any  revision  of  names 
or  the  determination  of  synonyms,  as  the  purpose  of  the  list 
is  a  simple  record  of  the  activities  of  the  year.  I  have  attemp- 
ted to  give  a  brief  description  of  the  plants,  obtained  from  the 
originator  or  introducer.  These  descriptions  are  simply  such 
as  I  have  been  able  to  collect,  and  in  no  case  can  I  vouch  for 
their  accuracy. 

The  list  contains  575  plants,  against  434*  in  the  list  for 
1889.  .This  increase  of  141  varieties  is  due  in  part  to  the  more 
thorough  canvas  of  the  field  which  I  have  made  this  year,  but 
I  am  of  the  opinion  that  greater  activity  was  shown  in  the  in- 
troduction of  new  varieties  in  1890  than  in  1889,  particularly 
in  the  case  of  some  vegetables.  The  most  remarkable  circum- 
stances common  to  nearly  all  these  novelties  is  the  assurance 
that  perfection  has  been  reached,  that  every  old  variety  has 
been  out-done,  and  that  the  new  comer  just  fills  the  niche 
which  was  void.  The  English  language  is  commonly  taxed 
to  its  utmost  to  express  the  superlative  virtues  of  the  claimants, 
particularly  among  vegetables,  and.  in  order  to  emphasize  be- 
yond the  power  of  expression,   epithets  are  frequently  piled 


*  Omitting  ten  chrysanthemums  marked  "  1890." 


Introductions  of  i8go.  155 

upon  each  other  until  the  impression  is  made  by  mere  weight 
of  letters  and  words.  I  do  not  wish  to  criticize  all  this.  I 
only  wish  to  ask  my  reader  ten  years  hence,  or  even  five  years 

if  I  should  be  so  fortunate  as  to  have  one  then — to  count  up 

the  number  of  the  varieties  in  this  list  which  have  won  public 
favor. 

Acacia  mollissima.     Schlegel  ^  Fottler. 

—  pendula.     Kelsey. 

A  very  fine  and  hardy  acacia,  of  distinct  weeping  habit,  and  resem- 
bling the  weeping  sophora ;  foliage  a  delicate  light  green,  exceedingly 
graceful  and  pretty.     England. 

Allium,   The  Bride.      Biickbee. 

Almond,   Commercial.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Hatch's  No.  i.     A.  L.  Hatch. 

—  Texas  Prolific.      W.  R.  Strong  Co. 
Andromeda  Japonica,  aurea.      Temple  6"  Beard. 

From  France. 
Apple, 

—  Akin's  Red.      ///.  State  Hort.  Society. 

—  Black  Annette.     A.  Branson. 

—  Bostick  Queen.      Win.  Hy.  Smith. 

—  Coppleton  (sweet).      Coppleton,  Mich. 

—  CuUin's  Keeper.      Griesa,  Ka?isas. 

—  Dr.  Walker.     Downer. 

—  Early  Sweetheart.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Elkhorn.      Kennan. 

—  Family  Favorite.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Gloege.      Gloege,   Wisconsin. 
Gracie.      F.  M.  Gideon,  Minn. 

—  Jones'  Seedling.      Win.  Hy.  Smith. 

—  Marshall  Red.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Mason's  Orange.      Griesa,  Kansas. 

—  Poorhouse  Greening.      Wm.  Hy.  Smith. 

Princess  Louise.      Smith  cr'  Kerman,  St.   Catharines,  Ont. 

Ragan's  Yellow  Horse.      Win.  Hy.  Smith. 

—  Rainbow.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Red  Riches.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Ronk.      Albertson  d^  Hobbs. 

—  Sonoma.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Spencer.      Stark  Bros. 


156  A^inals  of  Horticulture. 

Apricot,  Acme.      G.  J.   Carpenter  Co. 

A  new  apricot  from  northern  China,  which  was  given  to  Professor 
J.  L.  Budd  by  a  returned  missionary.  The  tree  is  an  immense  grow- 
er, very  hardy  and  productive ;  fruit  the  very  largest  size  ;  a  sweet 
and  delicious  freestone,   yellow,  with  red  cheek. 

Aquilegia  chrysantha,  alba.      Henderson. 

Flowers  pure  white. 
Arbor  Vitae,  Stark's  American  Golden.      Stark  Bros. 
Argyreia  tiliaefolia,  or  Mammoth  East  India  Climber.     Heii- 
derson. 

A  perennial  climbing  plant  of  high  and  rapid  growth  ;  large  green 
heart-shaped  leaves,  silvery  white  underneath  ;  very  large  flowers  of 
white  and  violet. 

Arnebia  cornuta,  or   Arabian   Summer-Flowering    Primrose. 
Hefiderson  and  others. 

Discovered  by  Dr.  Regel.  The  plant  grows  in  bushy  form,  about 
two  feet  high  and  about  the  same  breadth.  It  blooms  with  unusual 
profusion  during  the  whole  summer.  Flowers  over  ^4^  of  an  inch 
across,  and  of  a  rich  primrose  yellow,  marked  with  five  black  spots  ; 
the  spots  change  on  the  second  day  to  a  rich  maroon,  and  on  the  third 
day  vanish,  leaving  the  flower  a  clear,  bright  yellow.     Annual. 

Aster,  Siirpasse  Triomphe,  or  Scarlet  Triumph  White-Edged. 
Henderson. 

A  new  variety  of  Perfection  aster.  The  flowers  are  large,  fre- 
quently measuring  five  inches  across,  perfectly  double,  of  a  brilliant 
crimson  purple,  each  petal  being  margined  with  white.  The  plants 
are  very  dwarf,  and  bloom  profusely. 

Azalea  mollis,  Sinensis.      Kelsey. 

Double,  hardy,  bright  yellow.     Holland. 
Bean,  Buist's  Lightning  Early  Valentine.     Buist. 

—  Burpee's  Saddle  Wax.     Burpee. 

—  Ely's  Prolific  Dwarf  Wax.     Ely. 

—  Griswold's  Everbearing  Wax.     Johnson  &  Stokes. 

A  bean  bearing  handsome  round  yellow  pods,  which  are  thick, 
fleshy,  entirely  stringless,  growing  six  to  seven  inches  in  length,  and 
rich,  buttery  and  fine  flavored  when  cooked.  Bears  in  great  abund- 
ance throughout  the  season.  The  stalk  is  stiffer  and  branches  out 
more  than  other  beans.  The  beans  are  a  fine  kidney  shape,  and  very 
distinctly  marked.     Thos.  Griswold,  S.  Wethersfield.,  Ct.,  originator. 

—  Livingston's   Improved  Six  Weeks.      Livi?igston. 

An  early  strain  of  the  old  Six  Weeks. 

—  New  Union  White  Valentine.     Johnson  &^  Stokes. 

Earlier  and  of  a  dwarfer  habit  than  the  old  White  Valentine,  the 
pods  being  rounder,  smoother,  plumper  and  more  meaty,  and  entirely 


-  Introductions  of  i8go.  157 

stringless,  remaining  in  a  tender  cooking  condition  longer  than  any 
other  green-podded  variety.      The  beans,  when  ripe,  are  pure  white. 

Bean,  Ruby  Dwarf  Horticultural.      Rawson. 

A  strong  grower  (similar  in  this  respect  to  the  Goddard),  and  pro- 
duces large,  broad,  well-filled  pods,  somewhat  flattened,  and  of  a  very 
dark  ruby  color. 

—  Saddleback  Wax.      LandretJi. 

A  golden-podded  wax  variety,  introduced  for  the  first  time  in  the 
autumn  of  1889.  Named  Saddleback  by  reason  of  the  peculiar  form 
of  the  pods,  which  on  the  back  are  unusually  broad,  flat  and  indented 
with  a  decided  crease,  so  much  flattened  on  back  and  front  as  to  have 
the  greatest  thickness  or  diameter  from  side  to  side,  which  peculiar 
quality  cannot  be  pointed  out  for  any  other  bean.  Produces  edible 
pods  as  early  as  Black  Wax,  nearly  twice  as  large,  rounder,  more 
pulpy  and  absolutely  stringless.  More  prolific  than  any  other  bean, 
hardier  than  Black  Wax  or  Golden  Wax,  and  rust-proof. 

—  Stokes'  Evergreen  Lima.     Johnson  &^  Stokes. 

The  result  of  several  years'  selection  from  Salem  Mammoth.  Not 
only  holds  the  full  size  and  great  productivenes  of  the  Salem  Mam- 
moth, but  has  the  additional  quality  of  holding  entirely  the  deep 
green  color  of  the  unripe  or  green  state  in  all  stages  of  growth  and 
even  when  dry  and  shelled. 

—  Thorburn's  Early  Refugee  Wax.      Thorburn. 

A  perfect  Refugee  with  wax  pods.     Pods  long  and  yellow. 

—  Washington  Market  Lima.      Bai'7iard. 

Earlier,  more  productive  and  of  finer  flavor  than  any  of  the  ordi- 
nary limas  The  pods  are  long  and  contain  five  or  more  beans  of 
unusually  large  size  when  in  the  green  state.  Originated  near  Wash- 
ington, D.  C. 

Beet,  Dingo  Turnip  Blood.      Kendall  6^  Whitney. 

A  rich,  blood-red  beet,  of  fine  grain  and  flavor,  and  is  earlier  than 
either  the  Egyptian  or  Eclipse.  It  originated  with  a  leading  market 
gardener,  and  was  brought  to  perfection  after  ten  years  of  careful 
cultivation. 

—  Mitchell's  Perfected  Earliest  Dark  Red  Turnip.     Johnson 
&  Stokes. 

It  has  the  color  and  small  top  of  the  Egyptian,  but  it  is  tender, 
sweet  and  juicy,  even  after  it  has  lost  its  leaves  from  age.  (Same  as 
Mitchell's  Dark  Red  Turnip  of  last  year  ?) 

—  New  Half  Long  Blood.     Ferry. 

The  roots  are  only  half  as  long  as  the  Long  Blood,  but  weigh  as 
much  on  account  of  their  thickness.  They  are  always  smooth  and 
handsome,  and  their  rich,  dark  red  flesh  is  very  sweet,  crisp  and  ten- 
der, never  becoming  woody,  even  in  the  exposed  portion. 

—  Yellow  Leviathan  Mangel  Wurzel.      Ferry. 

Most  field  beets  are  liable  to  one  of  two  faults  :  either  they  are  so 


158  A7i7ials  of  Horticulture, 

small  and  lacking  in  vigor  as  not  to  give  a  good  crop,  or  if  large  they 
grow  so  coarse  and  with  such  large  neck  and  top  that  the  flesh  is 
coarse  and  comparatively  valueless.  This  variety  is  an  improvement 
in  these  respects.  It  is  uniformly  well  shaped,  and  very  large,  being 
the  most  productive  of  any.  It  grows  half  out  of  the  ground  and  is 
easily  harvested,  yet  never  becomes  woody.  The  white  flesh  is  sweet 
and  tender. 

Begonia,  Dewdrop.     Robert  Scott  6^"  Son. 

A  seedling  begonia  raised  by  W.  J.  Chinnick,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.  It 
is  a  dwarf,  compact-growing  variety.  The  foliage  is  bright  glossy 
green,  with  shell-shaped  leaves  and  stems  of  light  crimson.  The 
blooms  are  produced  in  clusters  of  from  six  to  eight  florets,  which  are 
satiny  white,  with  golden  yellow  stamens.  When  planted  out  in  the 
sun  during  the  summer,  the  color  changes  to  a  delicate  shade  of  pink, 
with  crimson  stems,  making  a  beautiful  contrast.  It  is  a  profuse 
bloomer. 

—  Scharffii.      Schlegel  6^  Fottler. 
Berchemia  racemosa.      Saitl. 
Buphane  toxicaria.      Rcasoner  Bros. 

South  Africa. 
Cabbage,  Bismarck.      Childs. 

—  Louderback's  All  Year  Round.     Johnson  c^  Stokes. 

This  cabbage  originated  with  Daniel  Louderback,  of  Philadelphia. 
It  is  not  only  the  finest  Early  Drumhead,  but  is  equally  as  good  for 
second  and  third  early,  intermediate  and  late.  It  heads  large  and 
solid,  with  very  short  stem  and  few  outer  leaves. 

—  New  Diamond  Winter.     Johnson  &=  Stokes. 

Very  compact,  the  stem  short,  and  does  not  crack.  The  heads  will 
average  from  15  to  18  pounds  in  weight  after  they  are  trimmed  for 
market.  Extra  hard,  solid,  round  and  somewhat  flattened  on  top  ; 
possesses  a  fine,  small  rib.     Long  Island. 

—  New  Race  Horse.     Buckbee. 
Calliopsis,  New  Double.      Childs. 
Callitris  robusta.      Rcasoner  Bros. 

Cypress  pine.     Australia. 
Campanula  punctata,  New  Spotted  Bell  Flower.     Hejtdcrsojt. 

An  elegant  hardy  perennial,  about  i]4.  feet  high.  Flowers  numer- 
ous, pendulous,  bell-shaped,  milk  v^hite,  dotted  and  striped  with  red 
on  the  inner  surface,  and  as  large  as  the  well  known  Canterbury 
Bells,  and  are  produced  the  entire  season. 

Canna  Childsi  (The  Tiger  Canna).      Childs. 

It  is  of  a  rather  dwarf  habit,  shorter  than  either  Ehemanni  or  Nou- 
toni.  Its  foliage  is  rank,  and  of  a  light  green  shade.  The  flowers 
are  borne  in  large,  compact  panicles,  are  of  a  large  size  and  perfect 
shape,  with  broad  petals,  and  of  a  bright  glossy  yellow  color,  thickly 
spotted  with  crimson.     Seedling  from  one  of  Crozy's. 


Introductions  of  iSgo.  I59 

Canna,  Crozy's  for  1890,  introduced  by  various  dealers: 

Admiral  Courbet,  Ampere,  Antoine  Chantin  Antome  Crozy.  Com- 
anda^t  Dubuis,  Enfant  du  Rhone,  Francois  Corbm.  Francoise  La- 
nente  Gen  de  Negrier.  Geofiry  St.  HiUaire.  Goury.  Isaac  Casati,  Jac- 
Tuemet  de'Bonnefond,  Jules  Chretien.  Louis  C\^f  ^-^'  L-  Chnsten 
S  Antoinette  de  AlUary,  Mad.  LiabaudMme.  Oriole.  Petit 
Teanne,  Princess  Lusignani.  Professor  David.  Souv.  de  Asa  Gray. 
Souv.  de  Jeanne  Charieton,  W.  Pfitzer. 

Carnation,  Constancy.      Chas.   T  Starr  possessing 

A  child  of  the  Century,  contammg  blood  of  P^^^^^'  P°^f.f;.°f 
its  color  with  larger  flowers,  not  running  to  so  many  small,  inferior 
florets  as  does  its  parent,  after  the  first  flush  of  fall  bloom.  It  is  a 
blowing  scadet  fringed  ;  growth  strong  and  healthy,  dark  green  and 
fuxJnant,  and  will  Lceed  Portia  in  the  number  of  long-stemmed 
blooms  to  the  same  space  occupied. 

Golden  Gate.      Chas.   T.  Starr. 

A  seedling  of  Hinzie's  White,  fertilized  with  Field  of  Gold  Ihe 
plant  has  thl  characteristics  of  Hinzie's.  but  more  dwarf  in  stalk  and 
Fs  early  flowering.  It  is  a  deep  golden  yellow,  without  any  stripe  or 
foreign  color ;  healthy  and  free. 

T    R.  Freeman.      Chas.   T.  Starr. 

'  A  seedling  of  Century,  crossed  with  Anna  Webb  ;  exceedingly  pro- 
fuse Flowers  almost  all  on  long  stems,  full  and  double  ;  does  not 
burst,  and  is  a  rich  cardinal  crimson  color  ;  clove  scented. 

—  Lasandria.      Chas.   T.  Starr. 

Peculiarly  a  long-stemmed  pink,  like  Portia,  which  it  resembles  in 
manner  of  growth^and  style  of  flower,  but  of  a  rich  carmine  color  ; 
early  and  free. 

Marsfuerite.      Henderson. 

The  flowers  are  of  brilliant  colors,  ranging  through  many  beautiful 
shades  of  reds,  pinks,  white,  variegations,  etc.;  they  are  of  perfect 
form  and  large  size,  and  the  calyx  never  bursts.  They  bloom  in 
abo^t  four  months  after  sowing  the  seeds ;  they  come  eighty  per  cent^ 
double  The  plants  are  dwarf,  much  branched,  compact  and  robust  m 
habit,  consequently  supporting  themselves  without  the  use  of  stakes. 

_  Pomona.      Chas.   T.  Starr.  ,        .       u      i,      .o.. 

Low  growing,  like  L.  L.  Lamborn,  and  adapted  to  benches  near 
the  glass  It  is  of  a  deep  crimson  color,  of  great  substance.  Flowers 
will  keep  a  long  time,  and  are  borne  on  single,  stiff,  upright  stems  that 
do  not  need  supporting.  Foliage  always  healthy  and  vigorous  .  of  a 
bluish  green  color. 
—  Wm,  F.  Dreer.      Chas.   T.  Starr. 

Seedling  of  Buttercup,  fertilized  with  Century.  Is  of  e>cceedingly 
strong  hellthy  growth,  upright  and  robust,  ^ftainmg  he  style  of 
flowel  of  Buttercup  ;  has  a  majority  of  long  stems.  Its  color  is  a 
beautiful  rose  pink  ;  deeply-fringed  petals,  very  large,  often  three 
inches  in  diameter,  and  does  not  burst. 


i6o  Anjials  of  Horticulture. 

Carrot,  New  French  Bellot.      Thorburn. 

A  new  strain,  of  superior  quality,  being  in  size  between  the  Extra 
Early  Forcing  and  Early  Horn  varieties. 

—  Rubicon  Half  Long.     Johnson  &  Stokes  ;  Barnard. 

Earlier  than  the  Danvers,  and  about  the  same  length  ;  the  leaves 
are  one-third  shorter,  fewer  and  finer.  It  grows  without  neck,  the 
crown  is  hollow,  and  it  grows  well  under  the  ground,  which  prevents 
it  from  becoming  sun-burnt.     Connecticut. 

Cauliflower,  Fottler's  Improved  Erfurt.      Schlegel  &  Fottler. 

—  New  Dwarf  Danish.      Schlegel  &  Fottler. 
Celery,  Dilks'  Many-Hearted.     Johnson  &  Stokes. 

It  originated  with  George  Dilks,  Philadelphia,  from  one  stalk  found 
growing  in  a  field  of  Golden  Dwarf,  in  1884  It  is  very  distinct  in 
appearance,  being  much  stouter,  thicker  and  heavier  near  the  root 
than  any  other  variety. 

—  New  Giant  Pascal.      TJiorburn  ;  Henderson. 

The  result  of  selection  from  Golden  Self-Blanching.  It  partakes 
of  the  nutty  flavor  of  that  variety.  About  two  feet  high,  with  stalks 
that  are  solid,  crisp,  not  stringy,  very  large  and  broader  than  those  of 
any  other.  Before  blanching  it  is  green,  with  heart  of  a  golden  yel- 
low and  very  full.  It  is  very  easily  blanched,  requiring  only  five  or 
six  days  earthing  up,  while  its  preservative  qualities  make  it  a  fine 
shipper. 

—  Schumacher.      Thorburn. 

Of  immense  size,  very  solid  and  crisp,  with  light  green  foliage  and 
golden-yellow  solid  heart.  It  will  keep  in  splendid  condition  all 
through  the  winter  and  into  the  spring. 

—  Thorburn' s  Heart' s-Content.      Thorburn. 

Half-dwarf,  with  light  green  foliage,  with  large,  solid  and  crisp 
golden  stalks. 

Centaurea  Cyanus  fl.  pi.      Henderson. 

Cephelandra  palmata,  Scarlet  Fruited  Palm-leaved  Climber. 
Henderson. 

A  rapid-growing  climber  from  south  Africa,  growing  about  30  feet 
high.  The  vines  are  long,  slim  and  straight,  bearing  very  large  pal- 
mate light  green  leaves.  Flowers  large,  reddish  orange,  succeeded 
by  small,  bright  carmine,  cucumber-shaped  fruits. 

Cherries,  Belle  Montreuil.      Williams. 

—  Black  Mastodon.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  California  Advance.     Leonard  Coates. 

—  Purity.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Thompson  Tartarian.      Leonard  Coates. 
Chestnut,  Cut-leaved.      Kelsey. 

A  form  of  the  Spanish,  having  large  handsome  green  foliage  of 
deeply  lobed  finely  cut  leaves.      France. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  i6i 

Chestnut,  Variegated.      Kelsey.  ' 

A  new  type  of  the  Spanish  Chestnut,  with  large,  bold  foliage,  strik- 
ingly variegated  with  bright  yellow.     England. 

Chrysanthemum,  Arizona.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Dwarf  and  stiff  stems,  flowers  composed  of  tubular 
petals  on  the  outside,  and  flat  incurved  in  the  center,  light  chrome 
color. 

—  Bohemia.      U.  S   Nur. 

Large  reflexed  flowers  of  deep  Venetian-red  color,  supported  on 
stout  stems  ;  last  long  in  perfection  ;  considered  the  best  red  chrysan- 
themum. 

—  Bruinhild.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Incurved  very  large  flower  of  unusually  broad  petals, 
brown-red  on  inside,  yellow  on  outside  surface,  florets  partly  tubular 
and  closely  incurved. 

—  Carrie  Denny.      Hill  ^  Co. 

Clear  amber  ;  comes  in  large  spherical  balls,  incurving  and  slightly 
whorled. 

—  Charles  A.  Reeser.     Hill  c^  Co. 

Recurved  ;  rosy  pink,  with  lighter  shadings. 

—  Clara  Rieman.     Hill  &^  Co. 

Rich  lavender  rose  in  color,  shading  to  silvery  rose,  with  a  white 
center.     A  very  large  open-surfaced  flower  of  fine  texture. 

'  —  Connecticut.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Of  the  same  robust  constitution  as  Bohemia.  The  flowers  are 
large,  with  twisted  petals  of  deep  madder,  the  tips  white. 

—  Cortez.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Incurved,  large  flowers  of  stiff  broad  petals  of  mahog- 
any color  inside,  lighter  on  the  outside. 

—  Crown  Prince.     Hill  6r-^  Co. 

Flower  very  large  ;  petals  very  broad.  Color  ox-blood  red  on  upper 
surface  ;  old  gold  beneath.     Fine  incurved  form  ;  early  bloomer. 

—  Edwin  Lonsdale.     H.    Watcrer. 

—  Elliott  F.  Shepherd.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Very  large  flowers,  petals  broad  and  ribbon-like,  of 
beautiful  lemon  color. 

—  Gipsy.      Harry  E.    Widcncr,  Hill  &^  Co. ,  H.    Watcrer. 

Bright  lemon  yellow  in  color,  without  shadings.  Flower  large, 
on  stiff,  stout  stem  ;  incurving,  petals  crisp  and  stiff  ;  very  free  in 
growth. 

—  Huron.      H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Large  flowers  of  delicate  mauve  florets,  tubular,  di- 
lated at  extremities,  and  incurved. 


i62  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Chrysanthemum,  Indiana.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Large  flat  flowers  showing  the  center  of  a  rich  crim- 
son-lake color. 

—  lona.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Reflexed  flower  made  of  tubular,  deep  rose  petals.  Stems  stiff, 
leafy  to  the  flower. 

—  Iowa.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Chinese.  Fine,  perfect  formed  flower,  white  tinted  mauve  at 
the    ends.      Stems  stout,  leafy  to  the  flowers. 

—  Iroquois.      U.  S.   Nur. 

Japanese.  Large  flowers,  petals  tubular,  flat  at  the  ends,  magenta- 
red,  setting  off  the  nankeen-yellow  center. 

—  Ithaca.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Flowers  full,  outside  petals  tubular,  inside  florets 
twisting  spirally  ;   rose  color. 

—  Jean  Humphrey.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Large  flowers  of  a  fawn  color,  outer  petals  long, 
tubular  with  spatulate  ends,  the  inner  incurved  of  a  fawn  color. 

—  John  Lane.     Hill  6^  Co. 

Color  a  rose  pink  with  peach  or  light  shadings  on  underside  of 
petals,  ends  of  center  petals  tipped  with  gold.  Flowers  borne  on 
long,  stiff,  stout  stems. 

—  Kansas.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Petals  drawn  together  at  the  ends  as  if  bunched,  color 
sulphur  yellow. 

—  Kearsarge.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Chinese.     Flowers  light  mauve  supported  on  stiff,  leafy  stems. 

—  Landon  Humphrey.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Flowers  of  the  same  shape  as  Ithaca,  but  much  deeper 
rose  color. 

—  Manitou.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Large  flowers,  florets  clear  white,  incurved,  not  quite 
covering  yellow  center.     Catalogued  in  Annals  for  1889. 

—  Minnewawa.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Incurved  Japanese.  Large  flowers  of  fine  mauve  color,  good  stiff 
stems,  and  good  foliage. 

—  Miss  Mary  Weightman.      Hill  6-   Co. 

Distinct  chrome-yellow,  form  loose  and  feathery,  large  and  full. 
Flowers  ten  inches  across.     Early. 

—  Model.      H.    Water er. 

—  Mohawk.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.     Large  red  flowers,  rather  flat. 

—  Molly  Bawn.      Hill  6-  Co. 

Sport  of  Syringa.     Pure  white. 


hitrodudioJis  of  i8go.  163 

Chrysanthemum,  Moonstone.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Large  ;  irregular,  flat  flower,  with  broad  silver-white 
pointed  petals. 

—  Mrs.  Charles  Dissel.      H.    Waterer. 

—  Mrs.  Cornehus  Vanderbilt.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Flowers  very  large,  composed  of  a  number  of  long 
petals  of  rose  madder. 

—  Mrs.  Edmund  Smith.     Hill  &-  Co. 

Pure  white  ;  long,  narrow,  interlaced  petals ;  great  substance  and 
lasting  quality. 

—  Mrs.  Frank  Chnton.      H.    Waterer. 

—  Mrs.  Grace  Hill.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Incurved  Japanese.  Good  form  and  substance,  of  a  delicate  bluish 
color. 

—  Mrs.  Hicks  Arnold.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Flowers  very  large  and  deep,  of  beautiful  soft  rose 
color  ;  dwarf  grower,  the  stiff  stems  being  leafy  to  the  flower. 

—  Mrs.  J.  T.  Emlen.     Hill  6-  Co. 

Deep  blood-red  on  upper  surface  of  petals,  underside  old  gold. 
Flowers  large,  incurved,  of  splendid  shape. 

—  Mrs.  Libbie  Allan.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Incurved,  well  formed,  large  yellow  flower  not  unlike 
Mrs.  W.  K.  Harris. 

—  Mrs.  Minnie  Wanamaker.      H.    Waterer. 

—  Mrs.  Winthrop  Sargeant.      Hill  c^  Co. 

Bright  straw  color,  incurved,  carrying  its  flowers  on  long  stiff  stems. 
Very  large. 

—  Oneida.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Chinese.     Full  flowers,  of  a  fine  light  pink  color. 

—  Osceola.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Quite  large  flowers  of  irregular  shape  of  a  great  num- 
ber of  long  tinted  petals,  narrow,  bright  red  on  inner  side,  pale  yel- 
low on  outer  surface. 

—  Passaic.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Flower  loose,  composed  of  white,  stiff,  standing  tubular  petals. 

—  Piquat.       U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.     Dark  red,  curious,  tubular,  reflexed  petals. 

—  President  Harrison.      H    Waterer. 

—  Raleigh.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Incurved  Japanese.  Buff  color  tinged  with  rose  ;  the  protruding 
middle  petals  are  lemon  yellow. 

—  Reward.      H.   Waterer. 


164  An7ials  of  Ho7^ticult2ire . 

Chrysanthemum,  Robert  S.  Brown.      Hill  &^  Co. 
A  magnificent  dark  crimson.     Very  large. 

—  Rohallion.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Japanese.  Retiexed,  of  great  depth  ;  petals  long,  twisted,  open  at 
the  end,  of  beautiful  dark  chrome-yellow,  strong  grower. 

—  Semiramis.      H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Very  large  flowers  of  broad,  stiff,  incurved  petals,  ma- 
roon-red on  inner,  pale  yellow  on  outer  surface  ;  does  not  show 
center. 

—  Shasta.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Large  spherical  blooms  of  tubular  florets  of  pure  white  ; 
dwarf  growing  plant  with  stiff  stems. 

—  Tacoma.     H.  P.    Walcott. 

Chinese.  Flower  of  perfect  form,  incurved  ;  white,  slightly  tinted 
with  pink  in  the  bud,  becoming  cream-white  when  fully  expanded  ; 
of  very  large  size,  full  center  and  broad,  stiff  petals. 

—  Tecumseh.      H.  P.    Walcott. 

Japanese.  Very  large  flower,  petals  incurved,  brown-red  on  inner 
surface,  light  mahogany  color  on  the  outside,  closely  overlapping 
each  other,  and  do  not  show  center. 

—  Twihght.     H.    Waterer. 

—  Virginia.      U.  S.  Nur. 

Chinese.  Delicate  rose,  madder  color,  perfect  flowers,  produced 
on  stiff  leafy  stems. 

—  White  Cap.      H.    Watere?-. 

—  multicaule.      Tho7^bur7i. 

This  dwarf  annual  bedding  plant  has  hitherto  been  known  in  Eu- 
rope and  America  only  as  a  botanical  curiosity.  Though  a  native  of 
South  Africa  it  has  been  found  to  be  admirably  adapted  to  our  cli- 
mate. The  form  of  the  leaves,  the  whole  habit,  length  of  flower 
stalk,  and  the  look  of  the  flower  itself  remind  one  of  the  English 
daisy,  but  the  flowers  are  of  a  golden  yellow  color.  In  this  latitude 
plants  from  seed  sown  as  late  as  the  middle  of  May,  bloom  from  the 
end  of  June  until  frost 

Citron.      Varieties  introduced   from    Italy   and   Sicily  by  the 
Divisio7i  of  Po77iology,   U.  S.  Dept.  Agriciiltiwe: 

Amalphi,  Calabria,  Cedro  vero,  Citrus  medica,  Icompio,  Limon- 
ziana,  Macrocarpa,  Pereltone,  Pomo  d'Adamo,  Sorrento,  Testi  di 
Turco. 

Corn,  Sweet,  First  of  All.      D)'ce7\ 

Selection  from  the  Cory,  but  better  and  ten  days  earlier. 

—  Guarantee.     Joh7iso7i  6^  Stokes. 

It  grows  a  good-sized,  handsome,  white  ear ;  grain  very  much 
shrivelled  when  dry,  coming  in  second  early  or  intermediate,  and 
producing  three  to  four  ears  on  each  stalk. 


hitrodudions  of  iSgo.  165 

Corn,  Landreth  Sugar. 

Remarkably  productive,  two  ears  on  every  stalk,  often  three,  some- 
times four.  Stalks  two  feet  shorter  than  Evergreen,  very  close  join- 
ted ;  ears  set  low,  large  and  well  filled.  Ripens  after  Concord,  eight 
days  earlier  than  Evergreen. 

—  Maine.      Kendall  c^  Whitney. 

A  twelve-rowed  variety,  ears  of  medium  size,  quite  dwarf  in  habit 
of  growth.  It  ripens  about  ten  days  earlier  than  Crosby's  Early. 
The  pearly  white  kernels  are  tender,  succulent  and  of  a  rich  sugary 
flavor.     It  remains  in  a  green  state  a  long  time. 

—  New  Champion.      Pi'ice  &=  Reed. 

Introduced  as  the  earliest  large  sweet  corn.     Cob  white. 

—  Potter's  Superb.      Mills,   Thorn  Hill,  New  York. 

Originated  with  Rev.  W.  T.  Potter,  who  has  grown  it  for  many 
years.     Ofifered  for  trial  only  in  1890. 

—  Shoe  Peg.     Johnson  a^Stokes.      Breck. 

The  stalks  are  of  medium  height,  without  suckers  ;  joints  short,  and 
sometimes  yield  as  many  as  five  ears,  well  filled  out  The  kernel  is 
small,  very  long,  white  and  tender,  sweet  and  of  a  rich  juicy  flavor  ; 
medium  late.  Grain  deep  and  cob  small.  Originated  at  Bordentown, 
N.J. 

—  Simpsonia  Prohfic.       Wilson. 

The  ears  remain  in  a  good  eating  condition  longer  than  other  kinds. 
Grows  to  a  medium  height,  has  a  strong,  stiff,  leafy  stalk,  ripens 
medium  early,  often  bearing  3  good  ears  to  a  stalk,  each  10  to  12 
inches  in  length.     Originated  with  Simpson  Large,  Bucks  Co.,  Penna. 

—  Stabler' s  Pedigree  Sweet.     Burpee. 

—  Thomas.      Delano    Aloore. 

A  very  early  yellow  variety,  ears  six  to  nine  inches  long.  Originat- 
ed in  Presque  Isle,   Me. 

Cornus  alternifoHa,  argentea.      Temple  &^  Beard. 

Elegantly  marked  with  pure  white,  like  C.  Siberica,    elegantissima. 
Sport  of  our  native  species  found  by  H.  M.  Pratt,  in  Vermont. 
umbracuhfera.       Temple  c^  Beard. 

From  Germany. 

—  brachypoda,  variegata.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

Habit    upright,   branches   horizontal  or    drooping,    foliage    three- 
fourths  white.     From  Japan.     Very  handsome.     Tender. 
Cucumber,  Buckbee's  CKef.      Bicckbee. 
Size  of  White  Spine  ;  dark  green. 

—  Parisian  Prolific  Pickling.      Several  dealers. 

Very  long,  slender,  cylindrical,  densely  covered  with  fine  prickles, 
and  deep,  rich  green  in  color.  The  flesh  is  very  crisp  and  tender, 
making  it  one  of  the  best  for  slicing  as  well  as  for  pickles.  The  vine 
produces  its  fruit  in  clusters.    France. 


1 66  An7ials  of  Horticulture. 

Cucumber,  Pekin  Giant.      Btickbee. 

—  Thorburn's  New  Everbearing.      Tho7-btirn. 

Of  small  size  ;  very  early  and  productive,  and  valuable  as  a  green 
pickler.     The  vines  continue  to  produce  fruit  until  killed  by  frost. 

Currant,  Red  Oak.      H.  A.  Jo7ies,  Himi'ods,  N.   V. 

Seedling  from  Cherry.  Originated  near  Elmira,  N.  Y.  Season 
later  than  other  varieties  ;  good  cropper,  perfectly  hardy  ;  leaves  re- 
sembling an  oak  leaf. 

—  Saunders.       IVm.  Saujiders,  Ont. 

Cydonia  Japonica,  pendula.      Temple  ^^  Beard. 

A  remarkable  form  of  the  Japan  quince,  with  habit  somewhat  like 
that  of  Forsythia  siispensa.  Found  among  imported  seedlings  at 
Shady  Hill,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Dahlia,  Floral  Park  Jewel.      Colors  various.      Childs. 

—  Thomas  Ware's,  introduced  by  various  dealers  : 

Amphion,  Asia,  Dorothy,  Diadem,  Excellent,  Florie  Fisher,  F.  W. 
Strandling,  HertieKing,  Honoria,  Isaac  Pitman,  J.  Humerston,  Kate, 
Lustrous,  Major  Clark,  Margery,  Miss  Jekyll,  Miss  Louisa  Pryor, 
Miss  Ramsbottom,  Mrs.  B.  S.  Liddall,  Mrs.  Edward  Morley,  Mrs. 
G.  Reid,  Mrs.  Jas.  Grieve,  Mrs.  Peter  McKenzie,  Nelly  Cramond, 
Panthia,  Plutarch,  Professor  Baldwin,  Purple  Princess,  Royalty, 
Sidney  Hollings,  Sir  Trevor  Lawrence,  The  Ameer,    Walter,  Zulu. 

Daphne  Cneorum,  majus.      Te^nple  6^  Beard. 

Larger  than  the  type.     Holland. 
Variegated.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

Foliage  bordered  with  white.     Holland. 

Date.      Varieties  introduced  from  Egypt  and  Algiers,  by  the 
Divisiofi  of  Pomology,   U.  S.  Dept.   of  Agriculture  : 

Amhat,  Amreeyeh,  Deylet  Nour,  Hazaneh,  M'Kentichi-Degla, 
Nakleh-et-Pasha,  Rars,  Rasheedeh,  Seewah,  Sultaneh,  Zeb-et-Aled. 

Dewberry,  Wilson's  Mammoth  White.      Wilson. 

Originated  in  Texas. 
Dodocatheon  Clevelandi,  or  Giant  American  Cowslip.      He7i- 
derson  ;  Farquhar. 

Perennial,  discovered  in  California,  and  named  by  Prof.  Edward 
L.  Greene,  of  the  State  University  of  California,  in  i888"  Stems 
one  foot  high,  surmounted  with  from  six  to  ten  large,  beautiful,  cycla- 
men-like flowers  of  violet  blue,  with  y*ellow  and  black  center.  It  is 
perfectly  hardy,  and  a  beautiful  plant  for  partially  shaded  situations. 

Elderberry,  Brainard.     Brandt. 

Fully  three  times  as  large  as  the  common  elderberry. 

Encephalartos  brachyphyllus.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Natal. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  167 

Fig,  Capri  (Wild  fig  of  Europe).  Division  of  Pomology,  U. 
S.  Dept.  of  Agr.;  also  the  following  : 

A  frutti  nero,  Bianco  precoce,  Brianzola,  Black  Brogiotto,  Black 
Dattato,  Dattato,  Delmatino,  Dr.  NapoliTivano,  Guigliona,  Lordeialo, 
Natalino,  Prolifero,  Rubado,  Sanvito,  San  Piero,  Synirna{?),  Tro- 
jano,  White  Brogiotto. 

Forsythia  intermedia.      Temple  c^  Beard. 

A  new  cross,  with  habit  between  F.  suspensa  and  F.  viridisswia,  and 
foliage  ditto.     Very  valuable.     From  Germany. 

Garcinia  Mangostana.      Reasoner  Bros. 
Mangosteen,  E.  Indies. 

Genista  Andreana.      Saul. 

Hardy  ;  flowers  golden  yellow. 

Gentiana,  Little  Gem.      Buckbee. 

Geranium.      The  four  following  introduced  by  Childs  : 

Jupiter.     Enormus  double  flower    of   the  richest  dark  vermilion. 
Mars.     Large,  double  flower  glowing  amaranth  scarlet,  rayed  with 
intense  violet  scarlet,  and  orange  yellow  center. 

Venus.  Beautiful  large  single  flower  of  perfect  shape,  and  light 
orange  scarlet  color. 

Saturn.  A  beautiful  large  single  flower  exactly  the  color  of  Mars. 
A  free  grower  and  great  bloomer. 

—  The  following  French  varieties  were  offered  by  various 
dealers  in  i8go  : 

Boguereau.  Large  truss,  florets  more  than  semi-double,  clear 
damask  rose  color,  with  white  mark  on  the  upper  petals.  Very  beau- 
tiful. 

Brutus.  Truss  of  the  largest  size,  with  large  florets,  scarlet  shading 
to  soft  amaranth.     Very  free  flowering.     Single. 

Catulle  Mendes.  Flower  very  large,  double,  purplish  rose,  upper 
petals  carrying  large  white  mark.     Plant  very  free  flowering. 

Fornaise.  Immense  truss,  large  flowers  of  the  most  brilliant  orange 
scarlet.     Single. 

L'Abbe  Bourgeois.  Enormous  truss,  with  flowers  of  extreme  size, 
double,  bright  vermilion  color. 

La  Vestale.  Fine  umbels,  large  flowers,  quite  round,  pure  white 
and  a  very  vigorous  grower.     A  splendid  white  bedder.     Single. 

M.  Berger.  Double.  Very  wide  truss  disposed  in  half  spherical 
form, bright  rosy  shade  with  capucine  shading.     Flower  holds  well. 

M.  Eiffel.  Flowers  medium  sized,  of  rosy  lake  color,  with  touches 
of  orange.     A  beautiful  color  and  a  plant  of  fine  habit.     Single. 

M.  Moissan.  Large  truss  of  double  flowers,  orange  shading  to  terra 
cotta.     Fine  habit. 

Soleil  Couchant.  Plant  very  free  in  flower  ;  flowers  large  and  bright 
capucine,  the  nearest  approach  to  yellow.     Single. 


1 68  Anfials  of  Horticulture. 

Gladiolus,  California.      Biirbank. 

Often  double,  flowers  arranged  around  the  stalk  as  in  the  hyacinth. 
Originated  by  Burbank. 

Gloxinia,  Defiance.      He?iderson. 

Flowers  large  and  erect  and  the  edges  of  the  petals  are  delicately 
fringed.  Foliage  very  rich  and  veined  with  silvery  white.  It  comes 
about  95  per  cent,  true  from  seed. 

Godetia,  Stray  Beaut}^      Bitckbee. 

Creamy  white,  shading  to  pink. 
Gooseberry,  Pearl.      Smith  6^  Kermaii. 

—  Prairie.      Nehring,  III. 
Gourd,  Carsley.     Delano  Moore. 

Offered  for  1890,  but  an  accident  to  the  seed  prevented  its  intro- 
duction. 

Grape,  Campbell.      T.    V.  Mimson. 

—  Colerain.      Colerain  Grape  Co. 

Vine  a  strong,  healthy  grower,  of  marked  Labrusca  type  ;  perfectly 
hardy  and  free  from  disease,  showing  no  tendency  to  rot  or  mildew 
wherever  tested.  An  abundant  bearer  ;  very  early,  ripening  from 
the  15th  to  the  30th  of  August,  and  hanging  a  long  time  on  the  vine. 
Bunches  and  berries  medium  size  ;  bunches  shouldered  ;  color  light 
green,  with  a  delicate  white  bloom  ;  skin  very  thin  and  tender  ;  flesh 
very  juicy  and  remarkably  sweet,  fairly  vinous,  generally  but  one 
small  seed  to  a  berry.  Originated  by  D.  Bundy,  Colerain,  Ohio,  from 
seed  of  Concord  planted  in  1879. 

—  Cortland.      R.  Lambert  &-'  Sons. 

—  Leavenworth.      Stayman. 

—  Northern  Light.     Biicke. 

—  Osage.      Stayman.  * 

—  Ozark.      Stayman, 

—  Progress.      Stayma?!.. 

—  Wells.      Rabords. 

—  White  Beauty.      Stayma?i. 

—  White  Imperial.      Stayman. 

—  Willis.      Rabords. 

—  The  following  varieties  were  introduced  from   Persia  by 
Division  of  Pomology,   U.  S.  Dept.  Agriculture  : 

Alhakhee,  Askaree,  Black  Shahanee  Chavooshee,  Dizmar,  Dooda, 
Hutab,  Khallilee,  Khishnigoor,  Paykanee,  Razugee,  Red  Tabarza, 
Rish  Baba  (Galinburmaghee,  or  Shirazee),  White  Shahanee,  White 
Sifide,  White  Slishmish. 

Helianthus  argophyllus,  Texanus.      Thorburn. 

A  native  of  Texas.  The  stock  was  procured  from  India  and  the 
seed  grown  in  Florida.     It  is  a  marvel  when  in  full  bloom,  and  pre- 


Introductions  of  i8go.  169 

vious  to  flowering,  its  silvery  foliage  is  very  showy.  It  is  at  home  in 
the  south,  where  it  attains  a  height  of  ten  feet,  branching  from  the 
ground  to  the  top,  and  forming  a  perfect  pyramid  with  nearly  one 
thousand  golden  yellow  flowers  on  the  one  plant,  and  continuing  to 
bloom  until  frost. 

Hibiscus,  New  Japanese.      Wilson. 

Hydrangea,  Sapphire.      Lovett. 

The  formation  of  trusses  of  this  is  different  from  most  any  culti- 
vated hydrangea  ;  they  are  formed  by  a  few  bracts  surrounding  a 
cluster  of  flower  heads.  The  bracts  are  delicate  porcelain  white,  and 
the  flower  heads  are  a  deep  azure  blue,  producing  a  very  pretty  effect. 
The  foliage  is  very  rich,  and  free  from  fungous  attacks. 

Hypericum  Moserianum.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

A  hybrid  with  very  large  flowers  of  yellow,  having  a  large  center  of 
reddish  stamens.     France. 

Impatiens  Sultani,  variegated.      Originated  with  F.A.  Scholes, 

Brooklyn. 
Kalmia  angustifoha,  aurea.      Temple  6^  Beard. 
France. 

—  latifoha,  crispa.      Temple  a^  Beard. 

Foliage  prettily  crimped.     England. 
Laburnum,  Park's  Golden-leaved.      Kelsey. 

Leaves  a  solid  bright  yellow,  permanent  and  very  distinct ;  flowers 
in  long,  golden  racemes  of  a  different  shade  of  yellow,  similar  to 
those  of  the  common  or  "  Golden  Chain  "  variety.     England. 

Lantana,  NelHe  Bly.      Viek. 

Sweet  scented  ;  pure  white,  with  lemon-yellow  center.  A  strong 
grower  and  profuse  bloomer. 

Lath3Tus  splendens,  or  Pride  of  Cahfornia.      He7iderso?i. 

A  striking  climber  of  southern  California,  producing  brilliant  clus- 
ters of  deep  rose-red  flowers. 

Lettuce,  Big  Boston.      Henderson. 

Identical  in  color,  shape  and  general  appearance  with  the  famous 
Boston  Market  Lettuce,  but  is  double  the  size.  It  is  about  one  week 
later  in  maturing. 

—  Blonde  Block-Head.      Gregory. 

Sent  out  by  Vilmorin.  In  structure  and  habit  of  growth  it  much 
resembles  the  Neapolitan  cabbage  lettuce,  so  well  known  by  its  fine 
heading  qualities,  but  differs  from  it  in  its  rich  golden-yellow  color. 

—  Carmine  Gem.      Buckbee. 

—  Early  White  Self-Folding  Cos.      Ferry. 

A  cos  lettuce  which  does  not  need  tying  up.     It  forms  a  large,  solid 
head  like  that  of  an  Early  York  cabbage.     The  head  is  nicely  self- 
blanched,  yellowish-white  in  color,  and  very  crisp,  tender  and  of  su- 
perior flavor. 
A.  H. — 12 


lyo  Annals  of  Ho7'ticulture . 

Lettuce,  Longstander  Bronze  Head.     Johnson  &"  Stokes. 

A  long-standing  sort  with  compact  head  and  golden  bronze  color. 

—  Sunset.      Henderson. 

It  forms  large,  solid  heads,  of  a  rich  golden  yellow,  a  shade  of  color 
hitherto  unknown  in  this  class  of  lettuce.  It  stands  very  long  before 
going  to  seed,  and  is  also  an  excellent  keeper  after  being  cut. 

—  Trianon  Cos.      Henderson. 

Long,  narrow  leaves,  which  form  solid  heads,  almost  like  a  Wake- 
field cabbage,  which  bleach  and  quickly  become  snowy  white.  The 
cos  lettuces  excel  all  others  in  quality,  having  a  taste  and  crispness 
unequalled.  The  leaves,  when  bleached,  are  stiff  like  celery  stalks, 
and  can  be  eaten  in  the  same  manner. 

—  Thorburn's  Cold-frame  White  Cabbage.      Thorbnrn. 
Lilac,  Alphonsus  Lavalle.      Sanl. 

Double  ;  flowers  large,  violet-blue. 
Lonicera  Tartarica,  variegata.      Temple  &  Beard. 

From  Dr.  Dieck,  Germany. 
Macadamia  ternifolia.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Queensland  nut.     Australia. 
Mangoes,  Black  and  Yam.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Jamaica. 
Mauritia  flexuosa.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Mariti  Palm.      South  America. 
Melothria  punctata,    or   African   Oak-leaved    Climber.      He?i- 
derson. 

A  rapid  growing  climbing  annual  from  South  Africa.  The  leaves 
are  palmate  (or  palm-shaped)  and  of  a  bright  refreshing  green,  and 
it  grows  so  luxuriantly  that  it  is  difficult  to  penetrate  it  with  the  hand. 
Flowers  are  succeeded  by  great  numbers  of  blue-brown  berries. 

Momordica   involucrata,  or  New    Red  Balsam   Apple.      He7i- 
derson. 

Climber  from  the  mountains  of  Natal.  The  vines  are  strong,  with 
vivid  green,  deeply  cut  foliage.  The  flowers  are  borne  in  profusion 
and  are  very  large  ;  some  are  creamy  white,  dotted  with  black,  and 
others  pure  white  with  red  pistils.  The  flowers  are  succeeded  by 
beautiful  sulphur-yellow  fruits  two  inches  long,  which  change  to  rich 
carmine  scarlet  ;  when  ripe  they  burst  and  show  the  seeds  of  blood- 
red  color.  The  fruits  and  flowers  are  borne  on  the  vine  at  the  same 
time. 
Mulberr}^,  Black  Northern.  Stark  Bros. 
Musk  Melon,  California  Christmas  Pine  Apple.       Wilson. 

A  winter  melon  ;  originated  with  Ira  W.  Adams,  Napa  Co.,  Cal. 

—  Giant  of  Colorado.     Johnso7i  of  Stokes. 

Fruits  very  large,  with  green  flesh.     Colorado. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  171 

Mask  Melon,  Ideal.      Biickbee. 

Myosotidium  nobile,  or  Giant  Forget-Me-Not.      Henderson. 

Perennial,  growing  about  one  and  a-half  feet  high,  producing  dur- 
ing the  spring  months,  and  occasionally  in  the  autumn,  large  dense 
clusters  of  forget-me-not  bloom.  The  individual  florets  are  one-half 
an  inch  across,  brilliant  blue,  shading  to  white  at  the  center.  The 
leaves  are  large,  nearly  ten  inches  in  diameter. 
Myristica  moschata.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Nutmeg.     East  Indies. 
Nerine  flexuosa.      Reasoner  Bros. 
Natal. 

—  tiexuosa,  var.  pudica.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Natal. 
CEnothera,  Ice  King  Primrose.      Lovett ;  Hallock. 

The  plant  is  of  dwarf  bushy  growth  ;  the  flowers  of  immense  size, 
white,  delicately  shaded  blush,  and  are  produced  in  great  profusion, 
blooming  all  summer.  It  is  also  said  to  be  very  hardy,  coming  from 
Montana. 

Olive.      U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agr.,  as  follows  : 

Ascolana,  Correggiola,  Du  Guazzo,  Gentile,  Grassia,  Infrantoi,  Lec- 
cino,  Marinella,  Oriola,  Piangente,  Razza.  St.  Caterina. 
Onion,  White  Multiplier.      Henderson  ;    Wilson. 
Oreodoxa  sp.      Reasoner  Bros. 
Demerara.     British  Guiana. 
Pansy,  New  Peacock.      Wilson. 
A  parti-colored  English  sort. 
Papaver  orientale  and  bracteata  hybrids.      Henderson. 

These  hybrid  varieties  include  charming  new  colors,  including  ex- 
quisite blush  pink,  blotched  purple,  deep  blood  red,  blotched  black, 
glowing  scarlet,  pure  reddish  orange,  soft  salmon,  etc. 

Parsley,  Beauty.      Bnckbee. 
Passiflora,  John  Spalding.      Henderson. 

A  variegated-leaved  sport  of  Constance  Elliott,  originating  with 
John  Spalding. 

Pea,  Buckbee's  Lightning  Express.      Buckhee. 

Eighteen  to  twenty-five  inches  high.     Good  keeper. 

—  Chelsea.      Henderson. 

One  foot  in  height,  and  is  of  compact  short-jointed  habit  ;  it  is  as 
early  as  American  Wonder  and  earlier  than  Little  Gem,  and  gives  a 
much  larger  crop  than  either  of  these  sorts,  bearing  in  pairs  from  the 
bottom  to  the  top  an  abundance  of  handsome  pods,  which  are  half  as 
long  again  as  thase  of  any  other  first  early  dwarf  kind. 

—  Early  Prize.      Gregory. 

A  cross  between  Tom  Thumb  and  the  Advancer,  by  Mr.  Reed  of 


172  A7inah  of  Horticulture. 

Vermont.  Eighteen  inches  high,  being  slightly  taller  than  Premium 
Gem,  and,  while  equally  early,  it  is  decidedly  a  better  cropper  than 
either  that  or  Tom  Thumb.  Pod  large,  heavy,  and  well  filled.  Also 
equal  to  the  wrinkled  varieties  in  sweetness  and  flavor.  It  can  be 
planted  earlier  than  these  without  danger  of  rotting. 

Pea,  Electric.      Tillingliast, 

—  Favorite.      Gregory. 

A  green  wrinkled  variety  of  branching  habit.  Grows  two  feet  high, 
branching  at  the  ground.  Medium  early.  This  is  of  the  Abundance 
type,  but  the  pods  fill  out  better  than  that  variety,  and  it  is  a  better 
pea  than  either  that  or  the  Everbearing. 

—  Heroine.      Gregory. 

Ripens  with  the  Champion,  but  the  pods  are  longer  and  wider.  A 
fine  cropper.     Three  feet  high.     From  Messrs.  Sharpe,  England. 

—  Iowa's  Challenge.      Iowa  Seed  Co. 

An  extra  early  variety.     Vines  eighteen  inches. 

—  Marblehead  Early  Marrowfat.      Gregory. 

Pods  large,  often  containing  eight  peas.  Vines  immensely  strong  ; 
remains  in  bearing  a  long  time.      Comes  in  after  the  earliest. 

—  Nonpareil.      Tate  &-'  Son. 

—  Pride  of  the  Garden- (Sugar).      Afi7/s,  Thorn  Hill,  N.   Y. 

From  four  and  one-half  to  five  feet  high,  of  very  stout  growth  ; 
the  foliage  is  a  healthy  green  and  the  vines  are  crowded  with  pods. 
Medium  early. 

—  Queen.      Gregory. 

This  pea  has  two  very  valuable  characteristics,  viz. :  the  extreme- 
ly large  size  of  the  peas  (much  larger  than  Champion),  and  the  re- 
markably dark,  rich  green  color  of  the  pods.  Height  two  feet. 
Rather  later  than  Champion.     From  Messrs.  Sharpe,  England. 

—  Shropshire  Hero.      Gregory  ;  Henderso?i. 

About  as  early  as  Advancer,  and  as  good  a  bearer,  while  both  the 
pods  and  peas  are  much  larger.  Vines  three  feet  high.  From  Eng- 
land. 

—  White  Prolific  Marrow.      Gregory. 

This  is  not  of  the  Marrowfat  class,  but  a  wrinkled  pea  as  early 
as  the  Champion  ;  vines  two  feet  in  height,  bearing  long,  straight 
pods.     From  Messrs.  Sharpe,   England. 

Pea,  Sweet,' Countess  of  Radnor.      Breck. 

Pale  mauve  standards,  with  a  deeper  shading  of  mauve  ;  wings 
pale  lilac. 

—  —  Primrose.      Breck. 

A  near  approach  to  a  yellow  sweet  pea  ;  quite  distinct  in  color,  the 
standards  and  wings  pale  primrose  yellow  ;  awarded  first-class  certif- 
icate by  the  Royal  Horticultural  Society.     Eckford. 

Peach,  Alpha  Cling.      Leonard  Coa'tes. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  173 

Peach,  Austin  Winter.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Captain  Ede.      Hamilton. 

—  Champion.      Hamilton. 

—  Chase  Early  Free.      R.   G.   CJiasc  &■'  Co. 

Very  early,  ripening  with  Alexander  ;  of  best  quality.  A  chance 
seedling  in  the  garden  of  S.  W.  Hopkins,  Geneva,  N.  Y. 

—  Future  Great.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Gen.  Grant.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  George's  Late  Chng.      C.  M.  Silva. 

—  Grover  Cleveland.      I^eojiard  Coates. 

—  Gulley.      A.  G.   Gulley,  Mich. 

—  Hardy  Tuscany.      Leo?iard  Coates. 

—  Hollister's  Free.      £.  A.  Riehl. 

—  Knight's   Mammoth.     /.   T.    Whitakcr. 

—  Late  Golden.      H.  A.  Jones,  Himrods,  N.   Y. 

Originated  near  Seneca  Lake,  N.  Y. 

—  Lovett's  White.      Lovett. 

Valuable  especially  for  hardiness  of  blossom  and  tree,  rendering 
it  a  sure  cropper.  The  fruit  is  large,  pure  white,  of  fine  quality  and 
ripens  late. 

—  Madison  Mammoth.      Kcnnan. 

—  Missouri  Blood  Leaf.      Stark  Bros. 

—  North  American  Apricot.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Stark  Heath.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Strong's  Mammoth.     Jackson. 

—  Superb  Cling.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Ulatis.      Leofiard  Coates. 

Pear,  Anne  Ogereau.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Coreless.      Baylcs. 

—  Fitzwater.      H.  A.  Jones,  Himrods,  N.   Y. 

Fruit  beautiful  canary  or  golden-yellow,  of  medium  size,  slightly 
flushed  on  one  cheek  with  a  few  freckles  distributed  evenly  over  the 
surface,  mostly  at  the  calyx  ;  flesh  juicy  and  melting  to  the  core  ; 
flavor  better  than  Bartlett.  Small  core  and  seeds.  Ripens  Novem- 
ber to  January.     Originated  near  Seneca  Lake,  N.  Y. 

—  Groveland.      Lippincott,  Ala. 

—  Old  Kentucky.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Santa  Ana.       W.  R.  Strono;  Co. 

—  Victor.      S.  Miller,  Mo. 

Pepper,   Cardinal.      Henderson  ;  Ferry. 

A  distinct  variety,  growing  from  five  to  six  inches  in  length,  being 
about  two  inches  broad  at  the  top  and  tapering  to  a  point.  Pepper 
slightly  scimetar-shaped  and  is  a  glossy  bright  red  color.  Very  sweet 
and  thick  fleshed. 


174  Annals  of  Horticultnre . 

Pepper,  New  Brazilian  Sweet  Upright  Mammoth.      Thorbiirn. 
New  bright  red  extra  large  sweet  variety. 

—  Thorbiirn' s  New  Fancy  Wrinkled.      Thorbuj'u. 

About  the  size  of  the  Cherry  pepper,  but  distinct  in  appearance. 
This  is  one  of  the  prettiest  peppers  ever  introduced.  It  comes  of 
two  colors,  red  and  yellow. 

—  Yellow  Upright.      Landreth. 

Phlox,  Childs'  New  Jubilee.      {^P.  Drunimondii.')      Childs. 
Physalis  Peruviana.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Peru. 
Pinus  Balfourii.      Kelscy. 

An  exceedingly  handsome  pine  of  comparatively  slow  growth  and 
very  distinct  peculiar  cone-like  foliage  of  very  dark,  rich  color  ; 
very  hardy.     Scotland. 

Plantain,  Chene  Chumpa.      Reasoner  Bros. 

India. 
Platanus  orientalis,  Variegated  Golden.      Kelsey. 

A  new  form  of  the  eastern  plane  ;  of  moderately  rapid  growth  and 
compact  habit  ;  large,  heavy,  thick  leaves,  rich  yellow  or  variegated 
dark  green  and  yellow.      England. 

Plectocomia  elongata.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Java. 
Plum,  Bassford,      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Bunker  Hill.      H.  A.  Jones,  Himrods,  N.   V. 

Originated  near  Seneca  Lake.  A  seedling  from  the  Sugar  Plum. 
Size  of  Washington,  quality  of  Bradshaw  and  season  of  Reine 
Claude. 

—  Bur  bank.      Bur  bank. 

The  fruit  is  usually  from  five  to  five  and  a-half  inches  in  circum- 
ference, and  varying  less  in  size  than  the  other  Japan  plums  ;  nearly 
globular,  clear  cherry  red,  with  a  thin  lilac  bloom.  The  flesh  is  a 
deep  yellow  color,  very  sweet,  with  a  peculiar  and  very  agreeable 
flavor.  The  trees  are  unusually  vigorous,  with  strong,  upright  shoots, 
and  large,  rather  broad  leaves.  Commences  to  bear  usually  at  two 
years  of  age. 

—  Engle's  Gage.      -Eng/e,  Mich. 

—  Golden  Prune.      Leonard  Coates. 

—  Hill  Top.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Illinois  Ironclad.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Japan  Freestone  Gage.      Biirbank  {iSgo  /). 

—  Lincoln.      Lovett. 

The  largest  of  all  plums  we  know  ;  reddish  purple  in  color,  with  am- 
ber flesh  ;  juicy,  rich  and  delicious,  ripens  early  ;  tree  a  weak  grower. 

—  Middlebury.       Willard. 


Introdicdioiis  of  18^0.  175 

Plum,  Missouri  Apricot.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Okaw.      Nehring. 

—  Poole's  Pride.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Prairie  Flower.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Tragedy  Prune.       W.  R.  Strong  Co. 

—  World  Beater.      Stark  Bros. 
Poppy,  Childs'  Rosette.      Childs. 

Petals  fimbriated,  bright  pink. 

Potato,  Brownell's  Winner.      Burpee. 

—  Corona  Beauty.      TJiorbiirii. 

This  is  an  intermediate  variety,  originated  on  Long  Island.  The 
skin  and  flesh  are  white  and  the  quality  exceedingly  fine.  It  is  much 
of  the  shape  of  Rural  No.  2,  but  entirely  distinct  in  growth. 

—  Finch's  Prolific  Snowball.      Finch. 

Originated  in  the  garden  of  Frank  Finch,  Clyde,  New  York.  It 
is  a  cross  between  Finch's  Early  Perfection  and  the  Snowflake,  and 
is  a  late  potato.  It  is  very  smooth  and  handsome  in  appearance  ; 
very  solid  and  of  fine  flavor. 

— -  Governor  Rusk.      Sahcr. 

Medium  to  large,  roundish  oblong  to  oblong. 

—  Mills'  No.  10.      Mills,   Thorn  Hill,  N.   Y. 

White  inside  and  outside,  fine  grained,  late  keeper.  Originated 
with  the  introducer.      Offered  for  trial  in  1890. 

—  Red  Giant.      Gid dings. 

Red,  oblong  ;  eyes  even  with  the  surface. 

—  The  People's.      Ford  c^  Son  ;  Maule. 

Originated  in  Minnesota;  medium  round  or  oblong,  oval,  skin 
creamy  white,  very  much  russeted  ;  eyes  few  and  even  with  the  sur- 
face, giving  it  a  handsome,  smooth  appearance  ;  size  large  ;  a  very 
strong  grower. 

—  Vick's  Perfection.       Vick. 

A  chance  seedling  The  tubers  grow  compact  in  the  hill,  are 
large  and  uniform  in  size,  oblong,  inclining  to  oval,  but  generally 
flattened.  Color  white,  with  a  tinge  of  pink  around  the  eyes  similar 
to  the  Hebron.  The  vine  is  of  strong,  vigorous  growth,  yet  stocky 
and  short  jointed,  maturing  about  the  same  time  as  White  Star. 

—  Wilson's  First  Choice.       Wilson. 
Ptelea  mollis.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

From  Dr.  Dieck,  Germany. 
Pyrus  communis,  heteroph_yl]a.      Temple  &  Beard. 
Three  forms;  obtained  from  Dr.  Dieck,  Germany. 

—  Malus,  Scheideckeri.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

Handsome  double  flowering  crab  from  Japan. 


176  Afuials  of  Horticulture. 

Pyrus,  Malus,  wild  Red   Rose  Flowering.      Stark  Bros. 

Quince,  Fuller.      Lovett. 

Evidently  belongs  to  the  Orange  group,  but  is  larger  than  the 
Orange,  ripening  at  the  same  period  or  a  little  earlier  and  is  of  ex- 
ceedingly brilliant  color.  Quality  is  good  ;  tree  a  strong  grower  and 
prolific. 

Radish,  All  Seasons.      Iowa  Seed  Co. 

Handsome  shape,  stump-rooted,  and  ivory  white  in  color.  Equally 
good  for  spring,  summer,  fall  or  winter  use.  Exceedingly  tender, 
crisp  and  delicious      China.     Offered  only  as  a  premium  in  1890. 

—  Eldorado.      Henderson. 

This  novelty  is  identical  with  the  old  favorite  Scarlet  Turnip  radish 
in  shape,  size  and  quality,  but  is  a  golden  yellow  color. 

—  Felton's  Model  White  Box.     Johnson  6^  Stokes. 

Differs  from  the  Philadelphia  White  Box  as  follows  :  The  shape 
is  rounder  and  handsomer.  It  is  earlier,  with  fewer  and  shorter 
leaves.     Originated  by  Mr.  Felton,  Philadelphia,  by  selection. 

—  French  Early  Deep  Scarlet  Forcing.      Thorburn. 
Early  Scarlet  Forcing.      Thorburn. 

Early  Scarlet  White-Tipped  Forcing.      Thorburn. 

—  Huntington's  New  White  Transparent.      Hu7itington. 

The  finest  pure  white  hot-bed  radish  ;  of  exceedingly  large  size, 
rapid  growth,  tender  and  sweet.  In  size  and  shape  it  resembles  very 
closely  the  Summer  White.  The  tops  are  very  short.  It  never 
cracks  or  rusts,  and  will  attain  a  larger  size,  without  running  to  seed, 
than  any  other  sort. 

—  Mammoth  Chinese.       Vaughan. 

—  New  Celestial.      Henderson. 

Imported  from  China.  It  is  ready  for  use  when  two  and  a-half  or 
three  inches  long  and  continues  until  nearly  six  inches  long,  making 
it  almost  an  all  seasons'  radish.  The  flesh  is  firm  and  solid  and  pure 
white,  and  is  very  attractive  in  appearance. 

—  New  Champion.      Faiist. 

Three  weeks  after  sowing,  this  radish  is  ready  for  the  table.  It  is 
perfect  in  shape,  bright  scarlet  color,  very  crisp  and  tender.  The 
leaves'  are  short  and  make  a  very  small  top. 

—  New  Crystal  Forcing.      Buckbee. 

—  Non  Plus  Ultra.      Thorburn. 

Round,  scarlet,  short-leaved. 

—  Rapid  Forcing.      He7iderson. 

It  resembles  the  Scarlet  Turnip  White-tipped  variety,  but  is 
much  earlier,  coming  to  maturity  in  twenty-two  days  from  the  time 
of  sowing,  and  having  very  small  tops. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  177 

Radish,  Short-Top  Earliest  White  Turnip.      LandreiJi. 

A  remarkably  early  sort,  suitable  for  forcing  ;  very  few  and  small 
leaves. 
Raspberry,  Acme.      Palmer,  Ohio. 

American  Everbearing.      TJiompson.      M.    Hatfield,     IVayfie 

Co.,  Indiana,  originator. 
Black-cap. 

—  Cromwell.      Butler,  Conn. 

—  Doomore.      Sneably,  Ohio. 

—  Gladstone.      Green' s  Nursery  Co. 

A  large  red  berry,  giving  fruit  from  the  middle  of  July  until  Octo- 
ber.    Originated  with  Charles  Carpenter,  Ohio. 

—  Idaho.      Palmer,   Ohio. 

—  Kansas.      Griesa,  Kansas. 

—  Lotta.      Brackett,  Kansas. 

—  Ransom's  Everbearing.      Stark  Bros. 

—  Winona.      Smith. 

Rhus  vernicifera.      Reasoner  Bros. 

Varnish  Tree.     Japan. 
Robinia  Pseud-Acacia,  mimosctfolia.      Temple  6^  Beard. 

From  France.      Leaflets  minute. 
Rose,  Clotilde  Soupert.      Hill  &-'  Co. 

This  plant  is  a  vigorous  grower,  a  free  bloomer,  very  double  and 
handsomely  formed.  It  forms  a  bush  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  inches 
high.  The  outer  petals  are  pearl-white,  shading  to  center  of  rosy 
pink,  but  varying  sometimes  from  pearl-white  to  deep  silvery  rose. 
It  makes  a  fine  pot  plant,  on  account  of  its  free  blooming  habit  and 
fragrance.  Polyantha.  (Soupert  &  Netting.)  First  appeared  in  this 
country  in  i88g. 

—  Count  Henri  Rignon.      Kelsey. 

Silver-flesh  tint  ;  equal  to  American  Beauty  in  size.   (Hybrid  Tea.) 

—  Ernest  Metz.      Kelsey. 

Large  silvery  pink  (Guillot  et  fils). 

—  Madame  Pierre  Guillot.      Kelsey. 

Large  ;  orange-yellow,  lined  with  rosy  crimson  ;  fine  for  bedding. 
(Guillot  et  fils.) 

—  Marquis  of  Salisbury.      Kelsey. 

Bright  rose-crimson,  shaded  with  silver. 

—  Oscar  II,  King  of  Sweden.     Kelsey. 

Large  flower  and  foliage  ;  petals  a  peculiar  shade,  maroon-brown 
or  brownish  crimson. 

—  Princess  Victoria.     Miller. 

This  is  said  to  be  a  sport  from  the  old  Malmaison  ;  its  habit  and 


178  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

growth  do  not  deny  it,  In  growth  it  is  as  vigorous  as  its  parent.  It 
is  very  double,  petals  evenly  arranged,  and  is  almost  a  white  rose, 
although  when  first  expanding  showing  a  sulphur  tinge. 

Rose,  Souvenir  de  Wootton.      Strauss  6^  Co. 

This  rose  is  a  cross  between  Bon  Silene  and  Prince  Camille  de 
Rohan.  It  is  a  good  grower,  every  shoot  bearing  a  bud.  Flowers 
very  large  and  exquisitely  fragrant.  Color,  rosy  crimson  with  velvet 
shadings.     (Hybrid  Tea.)     First  appeared  in  1889. 

—  White  Perle.      Hill  6^  Co.,  and  others. 

A  sport  from  Perle  des  Jardins.  It  is  of  strong,  vigorous  growth, 
producing  freely  very  fine  white  flowers. 

Salvia  splendens,  Clavanad  and  Ingenieur.     Schlegel  &  Fottler, 

and  others. 
Scabiosa,  Snowball.      Childs. 

Double  white.     German. 
Sophora  Japonica,  pendula  nova.      Temple  &  Beard. 

Broader  in  habit  than  the  common  form.  Originated  at  Shady 
Hill  Nurseries,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Spruce,  Albert's  New  Glaucous.      Kelsey. 

A  form  of  our  common  hemlock,  but  more  compact.  It  has  the 
same  graceful  pendulous  foliage,  but  in  this  new  variety,  from  Scot- 
land, the  under  side  of  the  leaf  is  a  silvery  green  color,  contrasting 
effectively  with  the  darker  yet  rich  delicate  green  of  the  upper  leaf. 

—  Black  Hills.      M.  E.  Hinkley. 
Squash,  Fordhook.      Burpee  and  others. 

It  is  extremely  handsome  ;  a  bright  yellow  outside,  and  straw- 
yellow  within.  The  flesh  is.  dry  and  sweet,  and  the  best  in  quality  of 
winter  squashes.  Placed  in  a  cool,  dry  room,  keeps  in  perfect  con- 
dition throughout  the  winter  and  spring,  until  late  in  June,  when 
summer  squashes  are  ready.  The  stem  is  thin  and  hard,  and  also 
the  roots,  consequently  it  is  perfectly  free  from  the  attacks  of  the 
squash  borer.  Matures  early.  The  meat  is  very  thick  and  seed 
cavity  small. 

—  Henderson's  Golden  Custard  Bush.      Henderson. 

Exceeds  in  size  any  of  the  scalloped  edged  sorts,  frequently  attain- 
ing a  diameter  of  two  feet.  The  color  is  a  dark  rich  golden  yellow, 
and  for  quality  cannot  be  excelled. 

—  Sweet  Nut.       Wilson. 

Combined  summer  and  winter  squash,  somewhat  of  the  scallop 
type.  Cream-color  streaked  with  green.  Originated  with  Paynter 
Frame,  Delaware. 

—  Warren.      Gregory. 

Three  years  ago  a  vine  appeared  in  a  field  of  Essex  Hybrid 
Squashes  raised  by  a  neighbor  at  Marblehead,  Mass.,  bearing  three 
squashes,  which  were  distinct  from  the  rest  in  that  they  had  rough, 


Introductions  of  i8go.  179 

warty  and  thicker  shells,  and  were  of  a  richer  color.  The  seeds 
from  the  three  squashes  have  been  planted  by  themselves,  with  the 
objoct  of  permanently  fixing  the  new  type.  Not  only  is  the  shell 
generally  harder  and  thicker  than  the  Essex  Hybrid,  but  the  color  is 
richer  and  deeper,  and  the  quality  decidedly  better. 

Stangeria  paradoxa.      Reasoner  Bros. 

South  Africa. 
Strawberry,  Alabama.     J.  ScJmadlebach,  Alabama. 

A  strong  grower,  perfectly  free  from  rust.  Stands  drought  ex- 
ceedingly well.  Fruit  large,  similar  to  Haverland  in  size  and  shape  ; 
exceedingly  productive.  Color  a  beautiful  crimson  ;  blossom  per- 
fect.     Ripens  between  Stevens  and  Michel's  Early. 

—  Beder  Wood,  or  Racster.      Brandt. 

Berries  large  bright  glossy  red,  quite  smooth  and  of  even  size  and 
shape,  of  excellent  quality,  very  early  and  enormously  productive. 
The  plant  is  a  dark  green,  strong  and  perfectly  healthy,  with  a  per- 
fect blossom. 

"It  was  introduced  last  spring  by  Mr.  Racster,  after  whom  it  was 
named  by  an  Iowa  Horticultural  society,  but  since  that  time  conclu- 
sive evidence  has  been  presented  to  prove  that  the  honor  of  originat- 
ing it  belongs  to  Mr.  Beder  Wood,  of  Moline,  111.,  who  sowed  the 
seed  that  produced  it  in  1881,  and  saw  the  first  fruit  in  1883.  Some 
years  ago  he  let  out  twelve  plants,  under  rigid  restrictions,  to  an  Iowa 
man,  who  subsequently  reported  that  they  had  all  died;  but  now  he 
has  just  fruited  half  an  acre,  and  has  a  large  new  plantation  coming 
on,  while  a  neighbor  of  his  has  disseminated  thousands  of  plants  of 
the  same  variety  under  the  name  of  Racster.  Mr.  Wood,  on  his  part, 
had  given  the  berry  his  own  name  in  full,  and  was  having  it  tested 
by  various  parties  with  a  view  to  its  introduction,  when  he  discover- 
ed the  facts  recorded  above." — Brandt. 

—  Bessie;     J.  Schnadkbach,  Alabama. 

A  seedling  of  the  Crescent.  The  plant  is  very  vigorous.  Fruit  is 
medium  to  large,  of  a  beautiful  glossy  crimson,  its  glossiness  being 
retained  even  when  over  ripe.      It  is  very  firm.      Quality  of  the  best. 

—  Boynton.      Frice  c^  Reed. 

Originated  near  Albany,  N.  Y.  The  Boynton  is  the  best  all  round 
berry  yet  offered.  It  is  a  cross  between  the  Crescent  and  Sharpless  ; 
berries  are  large,  bright  red,  firm  and  solid  ;  good  for  shipping. 
Known  locally  for  two  or  three  years. 

—  Chambers.      Khiney  6^  Sons,  originators.     Brandt. 

—  Dew.      Deia,  Lansing,  Mich. 

—  Edgar  Queen.     Brandt. 

A  pistillate  berry,  one  of  4,000  seedlings  from  seeds  sown  in  1883 
by  D.  Brandt,  Bremen,  Ohio. 

—  Engle.      Engle,  Mich. 

—  Enhance.      Younsr. 


i8o  Annals  of  Horticultuye . 

Strawberr}',  Gem.      Nehring. 

—  Hinman.      Ford  6^  Son. 

This  is  a  chance  seedling  that,  from  its  vigorous  growth  and  healthy 
foliage,  attracted  the  attention  of  Mr.  Hinman  on  his  berry  farm  at 
Akron,  Ohio.  The  plants  are  strong  and  vigorous,  multiplying  free- 
ly ;  foliage  healthy  ;  equalling  the  Crescent  in  productiveness,  of 
much  larger  uniform  size,  holding  its  size  to  the  last  picking.  They 
color  all  over  at  once,  a  beautiful  bright  crimson.  The  fruit  is  firm  ; 
the  blossom  is  perfect.     Fruit  ripens  medium  early,  with  the  Jessie. 

—  Jucunda  Improved.      Lovett  Co. 

A  reproduction  of  the  old  Jucunda,  or  Knox's  Seven  Hundred,  ex- 
cept that  the  fruit  is  larger  and  very  uniform  in  size  and  shape, 
while  the  plant  is  a  strong  healthy  grower,  the  old  Jucunda  being  a 
weak  grower. 

—  Lady  Rusk.       Wm.  Stahl,  III. 

Vigorous  grower  and  is  firm  as  Wilson.  Larger  than  Crescent, 
holding  its  size  throughout  the  season.  Several  days  earlier  than 
Crescent.     Pistillate. 

—  Lovett' s  Early.      Lovett  Co. 

Originator's  description:  "  Lovett's  Early  originated  some  five 
years  since  on  poor  old  clay  soil,  that  had  not  been  cultivated  for 
seven  years.  Parent  supposed  to  be  Crescent.  Plant  large,  well- 
rooted,  as  vigorous  and  healthy  as  any  known  variety.  Mats  over 
the  ground  same  as  Crescent.  Ripens  among  the  very  earliest.  Will 
succeed  better  on  poor  soil  than  any  other  1  know  of,  while  on  good 
soil  and  good  cultivation  there  is  as  much  improvement  as  any  other 
strawberry.  Yields  as  many  berries  in  number  as  Crescent  and  fully 
as  large  as  Sharpless,  of  first  quality  and  a  first  rate  shipper.  Per- 
fect blossom."     Mr,  Morris,  Kentucky,  originator. 

—  Middlefield.      Aitgur  6^  Sons. 

"  The  plant  is  strong  and  healthy,  and  produces  runners  freely. 
The  blossoms  are  pistillate;  the  season  medium.  The  fruit  is  large 
and  quite  regular  in  form  and  size  ;  berries  are  nearly  conical.  The 
fruit  is  quite  firm,  solid,  and  a  good  shipper  ;  color,  a  dark  glossy 
crimson,  which  gives  it  a  brilliancy  and  attractiveness  which  few 
varieties  possess.  The  flesh  is  crimson  clear  through.  The  berries 
color  all  over  (no  green  tips)  ;  as  the  berries  ripen  they  first  turn  to 
glossy  scarlet  and  deepen  in  color  to  crimson  as  they  approach  matur- 
ity. In  quality  it  is  a  favorite  with  our  berry  customers.  It  is  pro- 
ductive and  profitable." — Augur 

—  Neptune.       Young,   Ohio. 

—  Oliver.      Stnibler,  III. 

—  Oregon  Everbearing.       Wilson  ;  Brandt. 

—  vSaunders.     Jolin  Little,  Grant  on,   Ont. 

Healthy,  vigorous,  prolific,  bright  red,  glossy. 

—  Shaw.      Little. 


Introductions  of  i8go.  i8i 

Strawberry,  Space's  Perfection.      Stay  man. 

—  Stayman's  No.   i.      Stay  man  ;   Clei^eland  Nur.    Co. 

Late.      Pistillate. 

—  Sta3'man's  No.  2.      Stayman. 

—  Stevens.     J.  Schnadletnich,   Ala. 

The  plant  is  a  healthy  and  vigorous  grower.  Berry  size  of  Wilson 
and  color  of  the  Crescent.  Fruit  similar  to  Chas.  Downing  on  the 
surface.     Blossom  imperfect. 

—  Tippecanoe.      Allen,  Md. 

This  is  a  selection  from  several  hundred  seedlings  grown  from  seed 
produced  in  France.  The  plant  is  equally  as  hardy  as  any  of  our 
American  strawberries,  of  very  large  size  and  wonderfully  robust 
and  strong,  producing  a  large  number  of  strong  runners,  which  set 
plants  rapidly.  Quite  productive  for  so  large  a  variety,  producing 
on  the  same  ground  fully  double  the  yield  of  Sharpless  or  Cumber- 
land, even  late  runners  bearing  large  trusses  of  fruit.  Fruit  large 
and  beautiful.  It  is  of  a  most  beautiful  globe  shape,  with  now  and 
then  a  flattened  berry.  The  flesh  is  highly  colored.  It  ripens  with 
the  Cumberland  and  stands  the  drouth  well.  The  flavor  is  rich  and 
delicious,  a  characteristic  of  all  French  berries.      Staminate. 

—  Townsend,  Nos.  2,  3,  19,  20.      Towtisend,  Ohio. 

—  Van  Deman.      Bauer,  Ark. 

—  West  Brook.      Brandt  and  others. 

—  Williams.      David  Greig,  Gainesville,  Ontario. 
Styrax  Obassia.      H.  H.  Berger  c^  Go. 

From  Japan.  Attains  a  height  of  8  to  10  feet.  Introduced  also  in 
1889  by  U.  S.  Nur.  (Annals  Hort.  1889,  105 — the  specific  name  mis- 
spelled.) 

Syringa  Japonica,  argentea.      Temple  c^'  Beard. 

The  first  distinct  sport  yet  obtained  of  this  remarkable  species. 
Foliage  about  half  pure  white  ;  bark  very  black.  Originated  in  a  lot 
of  several  thousand  seedlings  at  Shady  Hill  Nur.,  Cambridge,  Mass. 

Thrinax  Barbadensis.      Beasoner  Bros. 

Barbadoes. 
Tomato,  Buckbee's  Autumn  King.      Buckbee. 

Smooth,  scarlet. 

—  Early  Ruby.      Henderson. 

A  large,  very  early,  solid  sort  found  growing  in  a  field  of  Perfec- 
tion, near  Monmouth,  New  Jersey. 

—  Green  Mountain.      Giddings.  * 

—  Ithaca.      Gornell  Experiment  Station. 

"  Medium  size,  about  3  inches  in  diameter,  nearly  spherical,  very 
smooth  and  remarkably  uniform  in  size  ;  color,  light  cherry.  A  new 
variety,  very  promising  among  table  tomatoes  ;    apparently  valuable 


1 82  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

for  forcing,  in  which  capacity  we  shall  test  it  during  the  winter.     The 
history  of  this  variety  is  as  follows  : 

"About  twenty  years  ago,  L.  S.  McWhorter,  a  retail  grocer  of 
Ithaca,  who  was  attracted  by  a  very  fine  specimen  tomato  shown  by  an 
old  English  gardener,  purchased  the  fruit,  and  the  succeeding  year 
planted  the  seed  in  his  private  garden.  The  parent  was  the  French 
pomme  d''  amour,  or  '  Love  Apple.'  Some  years  after  one  plant  ap- 
peared, which  was  a  marked  improvement.  From  this,  Fred  Mc- 
Whorter, his  son,  has  made  careful  selections  for  several  years,  until 
he  has  secured  a  superior  strain.  It  is  strictly  a  local  variety.  We 
shall  not  dispose  of  seeds  this  season." — Bull.  21,  Oct.,  i8go,  Cornell 
Exp.  Sta. 

Tomato,  Mansfield  Tree.      Mills,   Thorn  Hill,  A^.  Y. 

—  Marquis.      Bvckbee. 

An  angular  variety,  originating  in  France  in  1888. 

—  Mitchell  No.  i.      Mitchell,  St.  Marys,  Ont. 

—  Red  Cross.      Gregory  and  others. 

This  tomato  in  form  is  of  the  Livingston  class — round  and  hand- 
some, but  is  earlier.  It  is  even  in  size  throughout  the  season,  per- 
fectly solid,  a  brilliant  crimson  in  color,  ripens  close  up  to  the  stem, 
and  bears  harvesting  better  than  most  varieties. 

—  Ruby  Queen.      Childs. 

Large,  smooth  and  crimson-red. 

—  Table  Queen.      Henderson. 

It  grows  in  clusters  of  from  four  to  six,  and  a  large  proportion  of 
the  individual  fruits  weigh  from  12  to  16  ounces.  As  large  as  the 
Mikado,  but  perfectly  smooth  and  round  ;  solid,  and  contains  fewer 
seeds  than  any  other.  A  dark,  rich  shade  of  crimson.  Offered  only 
as  a  premium  in  1890. 

Tropaeolum,  Asa  Gra}^      Henderson  ;   Gardiner. 

This  new  variety  of  T.  Lobbianum  is  the  lightest  color  yet  pro- 
duced, being  a  delicate  primrose  or  soft  sulphur  yellow. 

Turnip,  Milk.      Salzer. 

—  Moore's  Golden  Crown.      Delajio  Moore. 

Flesh  very  yellow  and  fine  flavored.  Noted  for  symmetry  of  form, 
immense  size  and  keeping  quality.  Originated  by  Delano  Moore, 
Presque  Isle,  Me. 

Ulmus  Americana,  aurea.      Temple  &^  Beard. 

Foliage  all  soft  golden  in  color.  Discovered  in  Vermont  by  F.  L. 
Temple. 

—  'campestris,  pendula  Smithi.      Temple  &'  Beard. 

A  dwarf,  twiggy  and  yellow  variety  from  England. 
Walnut,  Various  Japanese.      Burbajik. 

"  Last  winter  [i888-g  ?]  I  obtained  from  Japan  six  other  new  kinds 
of  walnuts.    The  foliage  and  growth  of  all  are  similar.     The  nuts  are 


Introductions  of  i8go.  183 

of  various  strange  forms  :  No.  i.  (/.  Manschiirica).  A  large  nut  ij4 
inches  long  by  \)i  inches  through  ;  shell  corrugated  like  the  butter- 
nut. No.  2.  Smooth,  same  form  as  ^nebolaiaiia,  but  only  half  as 
large  ;  a  handsome  little  nut.  No.  3.  In  form  and  general  appear- 
ance about  half  way  between  Sieboldiana  and  the  common  English  or 
Madeira  nut.  No.  4.  A  very  large,  long,  smooth,  hard-shelled  nut. 
No.  5.  A  strange  looking  nut,  flat  and  pointed  like  a  chestnut.  \}i 
inches  long,  i  inch  across,  Yz  inch  thick  ;  smooth,  very  thin  shell  and 
a  delicious,  sweet  kernel,  which  always  comes  out  complete  in  one 
piece  with  only  a  slight  blow.  No.  6.  Larger  than  No.  5,  otherwise 
similar,  except  a  suture  on  each  side  so  deep  as  to  give  the  nut  the 
appearance  of  being  double  ;  very  tender,  rich,  sweet  kernel."  Some 
or  all  of  these  have  been  introduced  by  //.  H.  Berge}-  &^  Co. 

Watermelon,  Fordhook.      Biwpee ;    Wilso7i. 

Fruit  nearly  round,  tough-skinned,  medium  green.  Flesh  bright 
red  ;  seeds  white.     Originated  with  Paynter  Frame,  Delaware. 

—  Gragg.      Livingston. 

Very  juicy,  sweet  and  melting — in  these  respects  equaling,  if  not 
excelling,  the  Ice  Cream.  Distinct  in  both  outside  and  inside  appear- 
ance. The  latter  is  of  a  delicate  salmon  tint,  which  is  exceedingly 
handsome  and  tempting.  The  outside  color  is  dark  green,  with  alter- 
nate stripes  of  a  lighter  green,  the  whole  being  covered  with  a  deli- 
cate tracing  of  dark  veins,  giving  the  fruit  a  peculiar  and  handsome 
appearance.  It  occasionally  shows  a  melon  of  a  lighter  shade,  some- 
what resembling  the  Gypsy.     Originated  in  Northern  Texas. 

—  Hoosier  King.      F.  C.  Hu7iti7igton  &  Co. 

It  originated  with  a  prominent  melon  grower  in  Sullivan  Co.,  Ind. 
The  melons  are  of  extra  large  size,  oblong,  and  of  even  diameter 
through  their  whole  length.  Flesh  exceedingly  fine  flavored  and  firm. 
Rind  very  thin,  though  very  tough.      A  long  keeper. 

—  Johnson's  Dixie.     Johnson  &  Stokes. 

Cross  between  Kolb  Gem  and  Cuban  Queen,  and  a  week  to  ten 
days  earlier  than  either  ;  the  meat  more  scarlet  and  better  flavored. 
Hard  rinded  and  a  good  shipper.  Originated  by  George  Collins, 
North  Carolina. 

—  Rosy  Cream.      A.    W.  Smith,  Ga. 

White  fleshed,  with  about  six  longitudinal  rosy  streaks.  Firm  and 
crisp. 

—  Ruby-Gold.      A.    W.  Smith,  Ga. 

Cross  between  Green-and-Gold  and  Jones.      Flesh  yellow  and  red, 
free  from  stringiness. 

—  The  Wild.      Henderson. 

This  variety  is  believed  to  have  originated  with  the  Seminole  In- 
dians in  the  Everglades  of  Florida.  It  is  a  long  melon  like  the  Rattle- 
snake, resembling  that  variety  in  the  markings  on  the  rind,  but  far 
superior  in  quality.  It  also  differs  in  shape  from  that  sort,  being 
much  larger  at  the  blossom  end  than  at  the  stem  end.      In  its  native 


184  Ayuials  of  HorticiUture. 

habitat  it  sometimes  attains  the  weight  of  75  or  80  pounds.  "Wild  " 
was  the  name  it  received  from  the  Indians.  It  is  a  fine  melon  as  to 
flavor,  is  crisp  and  ripens  evenly  within  X  i^ch  of  the  outer  rind. 
The  seed  is  very  peculiar,  and  distinct  from  any  other  variety. 

Watermelon,  Vaucluse  Red-Flesh.      Thorbiirn. 

It  is  of  French  origin,  very  early,  and  of  large  size,  with  stem  end 
slightly  inclined  to  point.  The  flesh  is  a  bright  crimson,  very  sweet, 
not  in  the  least  stringy,  and  coming  to  within  yi  inch  of  the  skin  ;  the 
seeds  are  also  red.  The  rind,  though  thin,  is  very  tough  and  the 
shell  glossy.  It  is  of  a  dark  green  color,  beautifully  threaded  with  a 
still  darker  green. 

—  Wisconsin  Hybrid.      Salzer. 
Wineberry,  Child's  Japanese.      Childs. 

Rtthns  pJuxnicolasins  from  Japan,  from  seeds  sent  to  J.  T.  Lovett 
Co.  by  Professor  C.  C.  Georgeson. 


2.     PLANT  PORTRAITS  OF  iSgo. 


A  List  of  all  the  Illustrations  in  Leading  Horticultural 
AND  SOME  Agricultural  Journals  which  are  of  such 
Character  as  to  Aid  in  the  Determination  of  the 
Species.* 

Abbreviations. — Af?i.  Agric,  American  Agriculturist ;  Am.  F/or.,  Ameri- 
can Florist ;  Ai/i.  Gar.,  American  Garden  ;  Bot.  Mag.,  Botanical  Magazine  ; 
Cal.  Frt.  Gr.,  California  Fruit  Grower;  Caji.  Hort.,  Canadian  Horticultur- 
ist; Gar.  &=  For.,  Garden  &  Forest;  Gar.  Chron.,  Gardeners'  Chronicle; 
Gar.  Mag.,  Gardener's  Magazine;  Gar.  IVor/c/,  Gardening  World;  Gar/., 
Gartenflora  ;  //or/.  Beige,  Revue  de  1'  Horticulture  Beige  et  Etrangere  ; 
//ort.  Art  Journ.,  Horticultural  Art  Journal ;  ///.  //art.,  L'lllustration  Hor- 
ticole;  Jard.,  Le  Jardin  ;  Jour.  JHort.,  Journal  of  Horticulture;  Jour, 
/ioses.  Journal  des  Roses;  Orch  6^  Gar.,  Orchard  &  Garden;  Fop.  Gar., 
Popular  Gardening;  /^e-j.  //ort..  Revue  Horticole  ;  /v.  N.-Y.,  Rural  New- 
Yorker  ;    Vick's  Mag.,  Vick's  Magazine. 

C,  colored  plate. 

(2),  refers  to  the  second  volume,  in  such  periodicals  as  run  into  two  vol 
umes  in  one  year. 

Abies   brachyphylla,    Bot.    Mag.    t.  Abutilon  vexillarium,   Garden,   274. 

7113,  7114.     C.  C. 

—  bracteata.  Gar.  Chron.  673.  —  vitifolium,  Pop.  Gar.  34. 

—  concolor,  Ggr.  Chron.  748,  749.  Acacia  armata.  Jour.  Hort.  205.  (2). 

(2).  —  cordata,  Jour.  Hort.  205.     (2). 

—  Fraseri,  Gar.  Chron.  685.     (2).  —  Drummondii,  Jour.  Hort.  205. 

—  grandis,  Garden  291.     (2).  (2). 

—  Lowiana,     Gar.     Chron.     750.  —  ovata.  Jour.  Hort.  237. 

(2).  —  pulchella,  Jour.  Hort.  205.    (2). 

—  magnifica,  Garden  591.  —  Riceana,  Am.  Flor.  67.     (2). 

—  Nordmanniana,  pendula,   Rev.  —  verticillata,    Jour.    Hort.    205. 

Hort.  440.  (2). 

—  violacea,  Gar.  Chron.  751.   (2).       Acaena  microphylla,  Garden,  177. 
Abutilon  Golden  Fleece,  Vick's  Mag.       Achimenes,     Rosy    Queen,     Gar. 

169.  World,  823.     (2). 

—  Thompsoni,  Gar.  World,  133.  Acineta  densa,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7143. 
(2).  C. 

*  The  nomenclature  in  this  list  is  that  which  accompanies  the  illustrations.  The  editor 
does  not  vouch  in  any  manner  for  the  accuracy  of  the  illustrations  indexed. 

A.   H.  — 13  (185) 


1 86 


Afmals  of  Hortiadiiire. 


Aconitum    Fischeri,    Bot.     Mag.     t. 

7130.     C. 
Acroclinum  roseum,  var.  flore  pleno, 

Rev.  Hort.  487. 
Actiniopteris   radiata,    Gar.   Chron. 

107.     (2). 
Adiantum    Bausei,    Jour.    Hort.    67. 

—  capillus-veneris,    var.    grande, 

Gar.  Chron.  696.      (2). 

—  dolabriforme,  Gar.  World,  217. 

(2). 

—  gracillimum,  Orch.  &  Gar.     8. 
Adonis  vernalis,  Pop.  Gar.  85. 
iErides  augustianum,    Gar.    Chron. 

233- 

—  HouUeti,  Orchidophile,  17.    C. 
iEsculus    Hippocastanum,     Hort. 

Beige,  209. 

—  Parryi,  Gar.  &  For.  357. 
Agapanthus    umbellatus,    Garden, 

503-     (2). 
Agaricus    campestris,    Gar.    World, 
248.      (2). 

—  detiquescens,  Gar.  World,  249. 

(2). 

—  melleus,  Orch.  &  Gar.  12. 
Agave  Americana.  Am,  Gar.  759. 

—  Consideranti,  Rev.    Hort.   391, 

392. 

—  Palmeri,  Vick's  Mag.  305. 
Alkanet,    the    Italian,    Gar.    World, 

645- 
Allamanda   violacea,    Bot.    Mag.    t. 
7122.     C. 

—  —  Garden,  224.     C. 
Allium  cyaneum,  Gart.  113.     C. 

—  Kansuense,  Gart.   113.     C. 
Almond,     Commercial,    Hort.    Art. 

Jour.  17.     C. 
Alocasia  Bachi,  111.  Hort.  77.     C. 
Aloe  Bainesii,  Gar,  &  For.  115. 
Alsophila  excelsa,  Gar.  Mag.  364. 
Alum-Root,     Heuchera     cylindrica, 

Am.  Agr.  138. 

—  Heuchera  parvifolia,  Am.  Agr. 

138. 
Amarantus   caudatus.   Gar.    World, 
709. 

—  tricolor.  Gar.  World,  709. 


Amaryllis   Conqueror,   Gar.  World, 
441. 

—  Johnsoni,  Vick's  Mag.  265.    C. 
Amelanchier  vulgaris.   Gar.    Chron. 

621. 
Ammobium  alatum.  Rev.  Hort.  523. 
AmphicomeEmodi, Garden 458.    (2). 
Ananassa  sativa,  Gart.  273. 
Anemone   Japonica,    Orch.    &    Gar. 

219. 

—  Pennsylvania,  Pop.  Gar.  177. 

—  Pulsatilla,  Rev.  Hort.  545. 

—  Rose  Japan,  Vick's  Mag.  no. 

—  Rue,  Pop.  Gar.  259. 

—  Virginiana,  Gar.  Mag.  763.   (2.) 

—  White  Japan,  Pop.  Gar.  27. 

—  —  Vick's  Mag.  109,  no. 
Angrascum    caudatum,     Gar.     Mag. 

553-     (2). 

—  fuscatum.  Garden  61. 

—  Kotschyi,  Garden  loi. 

—  Sanderianum,  Jour.  Hort.  489. 

(2.) 
Anguloa  uniflora.  111.   Hort.  37.     C. 
Anona  reticulata,  Gart.  273. 
Antennaria    margaritacea.    Rev. 

Hort.  521. 
Anthericum    albo-medio    pictum, 

Jour.  Hort.  155. 
Anthurium    Andreanum,    111.    Hort. 
57.     c. 

—  Scherzerianum,   111.   Hort.   67. 

C. 

—  —  var.  maximum  album.  111. 
Hort.  29.     C. 

Antirrhinum,  a  green  flowered.  Gar. 

Chron.  131.      (2.) 
Apple,   Adam    and    Eve,   Am.    Gar. 

273- 

—  Arkansas     Beauty,    R.      N.-Y. 

875. 

—  Arkansas    Seedling,    R.    N.-Y. 

875. 

—  Aromatic    Russet,    Gar.    Mag. 

572.      (2.) 

—  Benham,  Am.  Gar.  273. 

—  Bloomless,  Am.  Gar.  6. 

—  Bogdanoff,  R.  N.-Y.  738. 

—  Bramley's  Seedling,  Gar.  Mag. 

621.      (2.) 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


187 


Apple,  Candile-Sinoppe,  Rev.  Hort. 

399- 

—  Cellini,  Gar.  Mag.  619.     (2.) 

—  Cox's  Orange,  Gar.    Mag.  622. 

(2.) 

—  Dial's  Fig,  Am.  Gar.  624. 

—  Duchess    of    Oldenburg,    Gar. 

Mag.  746.      (2.) 

—  Early  Queening,  Orch.  &  Gar. 

25- 

—  Early  Ripe,  Orch.  &  Gar.  25. 

—  Galloway    Pippin,   Gar.    Mag. 

621.      (2.) 

—  Gano,  Am.  Gar.  272. 

—  Gibson,  Can.  Hort.  43. 

—  Golden  Spire,  Gar.    Mag.  778. 

(2.) 

—  Gravenstein,  Gar.  Mag.  117. 

—  Grenadier,     Gar.    Mag.     620 

(2.) 

—  Hawthornden,  Gar.  Mag.   844 

(2.) 

—  Henderson's    Seedling,    Can 

Hort.  332. 

—  Hubbardston's  Nonesuch,  Can 

Hort.  97.     C. 

—  Irish   Peach,   Gar.    Mag.    653 

(2.) 

—  Kandyl    Synap,    Can.     Hort 

17- 

—  Kansas  Beauty,  Am.  Gar,  274 

—  Lady  Henniker,  Gart.  265.     C 

—  La  Rue,  Can.  Hort.  8. 

—  Longfield,  R.  N.  Y.  738. 

—  Lord  Grosvenor,  Garden,  291. 

—  Mannington's  Pearmain,   Gar. 

Chron.  205. 

—  Marshall's     Red,      Hort.     Art 

Jour.  13.     C. 

—  McLean,  Can.  Hort.  44. 

—  Mr.    Gladstone,   Gar.    Mag. 

653.      (2.) 

—  Mrs.   Barron,  Gar.  World,  89. 

(2.) 

—  Ozone,  R.  N.  Y.  873. 

—  Pear-shaped,  Pop.  Gar.  221. 

—  Peasgood's     Nonesuch,     Jour. 

Hort.  341.     (2.) 

—  Queen,  Gar.  Mag.  60. 

—  Red  Beitingheimer,  Can.  Hort. 

239- 


Apple,   Renaud's    Seedling,   Can. 
Hort.  331. 

—  Seedless,  Am.  Gar.  272. 

—  Shannon,  R.  N.  Y.  873. 

—  Small's  Admirable,  Gar.  Mag. 

620.      (2.) 

—  Sori-Sinoppe,  Rev.  Hort.  398. 

—  Star  or  Caimite,  Am.  Gar.  405  ; 

Trade  Jour.  18. 

—  Tom  Putt,  Gar.  Mag.  619.   (2.) 

—  Vicar  of  Beighton,   Gar.   Mag. 

46. 

—  Yellow  Transparent,   Orch.    & 

Gar.  112. 

—  Warner's    King,    Garden,   481. 

(2.) 

—  York  Imperial,  Am.  Gar.  273 

—  Tree,     Lord     Suffield,     Gar. 

Chron.  725.     (2.) 
Apricot,    Russian,    Am.     Gar.     646, 

647. 
Aquilegia   chrysantha.    Rev.     Hort. 

304. 

—  coerulea.  Rev.  Hort.  304. 

—  —  flore   pleno.   Rev.,    Hort. 
304. 

—  Red  Gold,  Gar.  World,  725. 
Araucaria    excelsa,    Cal.     Frt.     Gr. 

151  ;  Jardin,  263. 

—  imbricata.    Gar.    Chron.    593, 

596.     (2.) 
Arbor-vitae,     Biota    elegantissima. 

Garden,  443. 
Arbutus  Menziesii,  Gar.  &  For.  515. 

—  Unedo,  Cal.  Frt.  Gr.  277. 
Arisaema  fimbriatum,    Bot.    Mag.  t. 

7150.     C. 

—  ringens,  Garden,  577. 

—  speciosum.    Jour.    Hort,    243  ; 

Garden,  576.     C. 

—  Wrayi,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7105.     C. 
Aristolochia  Goldeana,  Gar.  Chron. 

521  ;   Gar.  Mag.  286. 

—  grandiflora,    Gar.    &  For.    597, 

598,  599- 

—  longecaudata,     Gar.     Chron. 

493-      (2.) 
Arnebia    Cornuta,    Am.    Gar.    181  ; 
Am.  Flor.  400  ;  Gar.  Chron. 
52. 

—  echoides,  Gar.  Mag.  299. 


i88 


Annals  of  Ho7iiailtic?^e. 


Artocarpus  incisa,  Gart.  273. 

—  integrifolia,  Gart.  273. 
Arum  crinitum,  Garden,  29.     (2.) 

—  detruncatum,    Westnik,     Nov. 

i8go. 
Arundinaria    Simoni,   Bot.    Mag.    t. 

7146.     C. 
Arundo  Donax,  Gart.  209. 
Asarum    caudigerum,   Bot.    Mag.  t. 

7126.     C. 
Asclepias  Cornuti,  Rev.  Hort.  548. 

—  tuberosa,  Vick's  Mag.  310. 
Ash,  Weeping  White.     Vick's  Mag. 

331- 
Asimina  triloba,  Am.  Gar.  713. 
Asparagus     retrofractus     arboreus, 

Jardin,  255. 

—  Sprengeri,  Gart.  491. 
Aspidium  acrostichoides,  Am.   Gar. 

659- 

—  Lepidocaulon,     Rev.     Hort. 

369. 
Asprella  Hystrix,  Rev.  Hort.  525. 
Aster  acris  (Blue  Starwort),  Garden, 

248.     C. 
.  —  Dwarf    Bouquet,   Vick's    Mag. 

141. 

—  Juwel,  Gart.  562. 

—  Mignon,  Gart.  614. 

—  New  Rose,  Vick's  Mag.  141. 

—  Prinzess    Schneeball,     Gart. 

614. 

—  ptarmicoides.  Gar.  &  For.  153. 
Astilbe  (Spiraea)  Japonica,  R.  N.-Y. 

82. 
Atriplex  halimoides  var.  monumen- 

talis.    Blatter    silberweiss, 

Gart.   105. 
Aubergine,    Scarlet     Fruited,    Gar. 

Mag.  817.      (2.) 
Aurantium  Pomelo,  Am.  Gar.  717. 
Auricula  "  Golden  Queen,"  Garden, 

108.     (2.)    C. 
Azalea  indicata,  Gart.   34.    C.      111. 
Hort.  59.     C. 

—  indcia,  var.   M'lle    Marie  Ver- 

vaene,  111.  Hort.  49.     C. 

—  indica,    var.    Perle    de    gend- 

brugge.  111.  Hort.  87.     C. 

—  indica  var.  Pharailde-Mathilde, 

111.  Hort.  69.     C. 


Azalea,   Johanna    Gottschalk,   Gart. 
34-     C. 

—  President  Auguste  van   Geert, 

Gart.  34.     C. 

—  Regierungstat   von    Eschwege, 

Gart.  34.     C. 

—  Williams,  B.  S.,  Gart.  34.     C. 
Batchelor's    Buttons,     Vick's    Mag. 

361.     C. 
Bambusa  palmata,  Gar.  Chron.  641. 
Banana,  Abyssinian,  Am.  Agr.  267. 
Banksia    integrifolia,     Jour.     Hort. 

504-        (2.) 

Barbacenia  squamata.  Gar.   Chron. 

409.      (2.) 
Batemannia  Wallisi,  Jour.   Hort.   9. 

(2.) 
Bean,  Burpee's  Bush  Lima,  Orch.  & 
Gar.  55  ;   Pop.  Gar.  24. 

—  Common  Pole  Lima,  Pop.  Gar. 

24. 

—  Dwarf  Large  Lima.     Cal.  Frt. 

Gr.  7. 

—  Haricot  du  Bon  Jardinier,  Rev. 

Hort.  41. 

—  Haricot    prodigo    a    rames    a 

grain  vert.  Rev.  Hort.  41. 

—  Haricot  Shah  de  Perse,   Sev. 

Hort.,  41. 

—  Henderson's  Bush  Lima,  Pop. 

Gar.  26. 

—  Kumerle     Bush     Lima,     Pop. 

Gar.  26. 
Beech,  Weeping,  Vick's  Mag.  332. 
Beet,  Reine  desnoires,  Rev.  Hort.  9. 

—  Silvery    Spinach    or    Seakale, 

Garden,  249. 

—  White  Curled  Swiss  Spinach, 

Garden,  249. 

—  White-leaf  or  Spinach,  Garden, 

249. 
Begonia  Adonis,  Rev.  Hort.  156.    C. 

—  Beaumanni,  Jardin,  273. 

—  Blanche    Duval,    Gar.    World, 

761. 

—  Credneri,  Gart.  563. 

—  Double  Flowered,  111.  Hort.  19. 

C. 

—  Lady,  Gar.  World,  757. 

—  lutea    nana    flore    pleno,    Rev. 

Hort.  204.     C. 


Plant  Portraits  of  iSgo. 


Begonia,  Metallic-leaved,  Pop.  Gar. 

37- 

—  Mme.  A.  Gourtois,  Rev.  Hort. 

205. 

—  M.  Paul  de  Vicq.  Gar.  World, 

761. 

—  multiflora    rosea,    Rev.     Hort. 

204.     C. 

—  Pearle    Humfeld,     Am.     Flor. 

283. 

—  Rex,  Pop.  Gar.  195. 

—  Rosamonde,   Gar.  World,   761. 

—  Scharffiana,  Hort.  Beige,  17. 

—  semperflorens,    Vick's    Mag. 

105.     C. 

—  semperflorens  Sieberiana,  Gar- 

den, 389.     (2.) 

—  Simple  Flowered,  111.  Hort.  17. 

C. 

—  Sobeil    D'Austerlitz,    Rev. 

Hort.  204.     C. 

—  tuberous,  double  flowered.  Am. 

Flor.  457. 

—  —  group  of,  Am.  Flor.  455. 

—  —  Melle,    Amma    Maris    de 

Duras,    111.    Hort.    79. 
C. 
-»       —  Melle.    Marguerite    de 
Montpansin,  111.   Hort. 
79.     C. 

—  —  Mme.   Leon    Tissier,   111. 

Hort.  79.     C. 

—  —  Mme.  Thibaut,  111.  Hort. 

79.     c. 

—  —  Mme.   Treyve-Marie,  111. 

Hort.  79.     C. 

—  —  Phenomenal,    111.     Hort. 

79.     c. 

—  —  single-flowered.     Am. 

Flor.  455. 

—  —  Souvenir   de    M.    Marie, 

111.  Hort.  79.     C. 
Benthamia  fragifera.    Garden,    416. 

(2.)  C.   433.   (2.) 
Berberis    Sieboldii,     Gar.     &     For. 

249. 

—  stenophylla,   Gar.   Chron.   619. 

—  virescens,   Bot.   Mag.   t.    7116. 

C. 
Betterave    Reine    des    noires.    Rev. 
Hort.  9. 


Bignonia  rugosa,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7124. 
C. 

—  Tweediana,   Gar.   World,    377. 
Billbergia  nutans  \Liboniana,  Gart. 

145.     C. 

—  X  Perringiana,  Gart.  145.      C. 

—  Quintusiana,  Gart.  203 

—  Saundersii,  Gart.  89.     C. 
Biota  elegantissima,  Gard.   443. 
Bitter  Sweet,   Am.  Gar.   29  ;  Trade 

Jour.  681. 
Blackberry,    Early    King,    Orch.    & 

Gar.  177. 
Blandfordia  princeps,  Jardin,  203. 
Boronia  heterophylla,    Hort.  Beige, 

229.     C. 
Brachycome    iberidifolia.    Gar. 

World,  789. 
Briza  maxima,  Rev.  Hort.  488. 
Broccoli,   Branching,   Pop.  Gar.     5. 

—  Sharpe's  Monarch,  Gar.  Mag. 

87. 

—  Sutton's  Bouquet,  Jour.   Hort. 

47- 
Bromeliad,  Gigantic,  Jour,  of  Hort. 

487. 
Brugmansia    Knighti,    Garden,    129. 

(2.) 
Brussels  Sprouts,  Gilbert's,  Garden, 

595- 
Buckleyadistichophylla,  Gar.  &  For. 

237- 
Bulbophyllum    Godseffianum,    Gar. 

Mag.  540.     (2.) 
Burchellia  Capensis,  Rev.  Hort.  441. 
Cabbage,  Chou  rouge  conique.  Rev. 
Hort.  56. 

—  —  fence    hatif    d'    Erfurth, 

Rev.  Hort.  56. 

—  —  gros.  Rev.  Hort.  56. 

—  Early  Summer,  Am.  Agr.  201  ; 

Am.  Gar.  290. 

—  Flat  Dutch,  Am.  Gar.  290. 

—  Jersey    Wakefield,     Am.     Agr. 

201  ;  Am.  Gar.  289. 

—  Netted  Savoy,  Am.  Agr.  201. 

—  Noel.  Rev.  Hort.  9. 

—  Winnigstadt,  Garden,  535     (2.) 

C. 
Cactus,    Eagle's-claw,    Gar.    Chron. 
159-      (2.) 


igo 


Annals  of  Hoj'ticulture. 


Calanthe,  Sport  of,  Am.  Gar.  i6i. 
Calceolaria,     herbaceous,     Garden, 

505- 
Calla,     Riehardia    a  1  b  o-maculata, 

Can.  Hort.  23. 
Callistemon  lanceolatum,  Gart.  295. 
Calochortus  Madrensis,  Gar.  Chron. 

320.     (2.) 
Camellia  reticulata.  Garden,  552.    C. 
Camoensia  maxima,  Gar.  Mag.  348. 
Campanula   Barrelieri,   Garden,  87. 

(2.) 

—  carpathica    pelviformis,     Pop. 

Gar.  23. 

—  —  turbinata.  Pop.  Gar.  22. 

—  isophylla.  Garden,  86.      (2). 

—  persicifolia  alba.  Garden,  573. 

(2.) 

—  primulacifolia,  Gart.  225. 

—  —  Brotero,  Gart.  225. 

—  punctata,  Gart.  591. 

—  rotundifolia.  Garden,  225. 
Canna  Ehemanni,  Am.  Agr.  19. 

—  Emile  Leclerc,  Am.  Agr.  19. 
Cannas,  Crozy,  Orch.  &  Gar.  74. 
Capsicum  annuum  (Pimento),  Gar. 

Chron.  335.      (2.) 

—  Celestial  Pepper,  Gar.  Mag.  47. 
Caraguata  angustifolia,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7137-    c. 

Carica  Papaya,  Gart.  273. 
Carludovica    Caput-Medusae,    Bot. 
Mag.  t.  7118.     C. 

—  elegans,  Gar.  World,  409. 

—  palmaefolia.   Gar.  World,   665  ; 

Jour.  Hort.  383. 
Carnation,   Alice  Ayers,   Gar.   Mag. 
658.      (2.) 

—  Bn.     Jules    Beerens    Cotman, 

Hort.  Beige,  241.     C. 

—  Crimson    Coronet,    Hort.    Art 

Jour.  61.      C. 

—  Fred.     Creighton,     Hort.     Art 

Jour.  61.     C. 

—  Germania,  Gar.  Mag.  656.    (2.) 

—  Jennie  McGowan,  Am.  Gar.  60. 

—  Marguerite,  Rev.  Hort.  497. 

—  Mile.  Tilla  De  Kerchove,  Hort. 

Beige,  241.      C. 

—  Mme.  D'Hoop  Goethals,  Hort. 

Beige,  241.     C. 


Carnation,    Mr.    Le   Juge   D'Hoop, 
Hort.  Beige,  241.     C. 

—  Mrs.  Frank  Watts,  Gar.   Mag. 

657.     (2.) 

—  Mrs.     Reynolds     Hole,      Gar. 

Mag.  659.      (2.) 

—  Peachblow  Coronet,  Hort.  Art 

Jour.  61.     C. 

—  Robert  Houigrave,  Gar.  World, 

745- 

—  Scarlet   Bizarre,    Gar.   World, 

9-      (2.) 

—  Self,  EmmaLakin,  Gar.  World, 

745- 

—  White    Coronet,    Hort.    Art 

Jour.  61.     C. 
Carrot,  Altringham,  Garden,  388. 

—  Chantenay,  Pop.  Gar.,  76. 

—  Early  French  Forcing,  Garden, 

389. 

—  Early    Scarlet     Dutch    Horn, 

Garden,  389. 

—  Intermediate  Scarlet,  Garden, 

388. 

—  Navet,  Rev.,  Hort.  202. 

—  orangegelbe  siisse  von  Barletta, 

Gart.,  192. 

—  Stump-rooted,  Am.  Agr.  73. 
Cassava  plant.  Am.  Agr.  370. 
Cassinia  fulvida,  Gart.  241. 
Castanea  vesca,  Hort.  Beige,  41. 
Castilloa  elastica,  Gar.  Chron.  649. 
Catalpa  bignonioides,   Gar.   &   For. 

539- 
Catananchecaerulea,  Rev.  Hort.  523. 
Catasetum    Bungerothi,    111.    Hort. 

117.     C. 
Cattleya  Alberti,  Orchidophile,  328. 

C. 

—  Bowringiana,   Gar.  Mag.   493  ; 

(2.)     Rev.  Hort.  300.     C. 

—  Buyssoniana,     Gar.      Chron. 

589.      (2.) 

—  Dowiana    aurea,    Gar.  World, 

41.      (2.) 

—  Empress     Frederick,    Jour. 

Hort.  251.     (2.) 

—  Gaskelliana,  Am.  Flor.  185. 

— guttata.    Pop.    Gar.    62.       (2.) 

—  intermedia  var.  Candida  splen- 

dida,  Gart.  i.     C. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


191 


Cattleya  Lawrenceana,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7133.    c. 

—  Lindeni,  Jour.  Hort.  471.     (2.) 

—  O'Brieniana,  Jour.  Hort.  25. 

—  pumila,  Dayana,    Rev.     Hort. 

490. 

—  Skinneri,   Gar.   Chron.    289; 

Gar.  &  For.  201. 
Cauliflower,  Early  London,  Garden, 

151- 

—  Veitch's  Autumn    Giant,   Gar- 

den, 151, 
Cedre  du  Libau  en  candelabre,  Rev. 

Hort.  534. 
Cedrus    Atlantica    fastigiata,    Rev. 

Hort.  32  ;  Garden,  195. 
Celastrus   articulata,    Gar.    &    For. 

550- 
Celeriac,   Apple-shaped,    Pop.    Gar. 
20. 

—  common,  Pop.  Gar.  20. 
Celery,  a  couper.  Rev.  Hort.  90. 

—  Apple-shaped,  Garden,  349. 

—  Bouquet,  Pop.  Gar.  51. 

—  Clayworth  Park  Pink,  Garden, 

330.      (2.) 

—  Curled   Solid  White,    Garden, 

,       349- 

—  Pascal,  Rev.  Hort.  9. 

—  plein    blanc     ordinaire.     Rev. 

Hort.  90. 

—  rave.  Rev.  Hort.  91. 

—  —  geant    de    Prague,    Rev. 

Hort.  91. 
'    —  sauvage,  Rev.  Hort.  90. 

—  Soup,  Garden,  349, 

—  Turnip-rooted,  Garden,  349. 
Celmisia    Lindsayi,     Bot.     Mag.    t. 

7134-    c. 

Celosia  pyramidalis.  Rev.  Hort.  522. 
Celtis  occidentalis,  Gar.  &  For.  39, 

40,  41- 
Centaurea  Cyanus,  Vick's  Mag.  361. 

C. 
Cerasus    Pseudo-Cerasus,     Garden, 

276.     (2.)    C. 
Cereus  chloranthus.  Am.  Gar.  473. 

—  flagelliformis.   Am.    Gar.    527  ; 

Trade  Jour.  33. 

—  giganteus,  Am.  Gar.   451,  528; 

Vick's  Mag.  302. 


Cereus  Geggii  Fruit,  Am.   Gar.  474. 

—  Pringlei,  Vick's  Mag.  303. 

—  (Pilocereus)  senilis,   Am.   Gar. 

479- 
Chamaecyparis     Lawsoni     pendula, 

Gart.  449. 
Cheiranthus    annuus    grandiflorus 

plenus,  Rev.  Hort.  304. 
Cherry,  Governor  Wood,  Can.  Hort. 

191.     C. 

—  Windsor,   Hort.   Art  Jour.   64. 

C. 
Chestnut,  American  Sweet,  Orch.  & 
Gar.  162. 

—  Japan  Giant,  Orch.  &  Gar.  162. 

—  Numbo,  Orch.  &  Gar.  162. 

—  Spanish,  Orch.  &  Gar.  162. 
Chimaphila    maculata.    Am.    Gar. 

600. 
Chionodoxa  Lucilise.  Jardin,  51. 
Chironia    palustris,    Bot.     Mag.     t. 

7101.     C. 
Choisya  ternata,   Gar.   Chron.   645  ; 

Gar.  Mag.  256. 
Chrysanthemum,     Ada     Spaulding, 

Am.    Gar.  3  ;    Gar.    &    For. 

587  ;  Orch.  &  Gar.  75. 

—  American.  Garden,  532.     C. 

—  Autumn  Queen,  Am.  Agr.  563. 

—  Bailey,  I.  J.,  Am.  Flor.  227. 

—  carinatum.    Gar.   World,    805  ; 

Jour.  Hort.  139.     (2). 

—  (Culture     Japonaise),     Jardin, 

249. 

—  Fair  Maid  of  Perth,  Am.  Flor. 

181  ;   Gar.  Chron    445.      (2). 

—  Elaine,   Am.   Flor.    181  ;    Gar. 

Chron.  445.      (2.) 

—  Golden  Gem,  Gar.  World,  313. 

—  Harry  E.  Widener,  Am.  Flor. 

229. 

—  Indicum,     Gar.     Chron.     565  ; 

Gar.    Mag.  729.     (2)  ;    Pop. 
Gar.  77. 

—  inodorum    plenissimum.     Am. 

Flor.  301. 

—  Jane    and    its   yellow    variety, 

Garden,  484.     C. 

—  Japanese,  Jour.  Hort.  111. 

—  —  Gloire  de   Rocher,  Jour. 

Hort.  405.     (2.) 


192 


A7i7ials  of  Horticulture . 


Chrysanthemum,  Japanese,  Puritan, 
Jour.  Hort.  377.      (2.) 

—  —  varieties,   types  of,   Rev. 

Hort.  321. 

—  Kiku,  Pop.  Gar.  75. 

—  Lady  Brooke,  Garden,  632.    C. 

—  Lincoln,   W.    H.,  Jour.    Hort. 

547-      (2.) 

—  Louis  Boehmer  (New  Velvet), 

Gar.  Mag.  712.     (2.) 

—  Mary  Ward,  Am.  Flor.  227. 

—  maximum.  Am.  Flor.  329. 

—  Mme.    P.    Jung,    Hort.    Beige, 

276.      C. 

—  Moseman,    G.    F.,    Am.    Flor. 

227. 

—  Mrs.     Alpheus     Hardy,     Can. 

Hort.  25  ;   Hort.  Beige.  39. 

—  Mrs.  Carter,  Pop.  Gar.  123. 

—  Mrs.    Frank    Thomson,    Am. 

Flor.  227. 

—  Mrs.  Fottler,  Am.  Flor.  227. 

—  Mrs.     Pres.      Harrison,     Am. 

Flor.  227. 

—  Mrs.   Sailer,   L   D.,  Am.   Flor. 

258. 

—  nouvelles  de.   Rev.   Hort.    132. 

C. 

—  Rose  Laing,   Hort.   Beige,    37. 

C. 

—  Ruche  toulousaine,  Rev.  Hort. 

564.      C. 

—  Sam.  Houston,  Am.  Flor.  227. 

—  Sinense,  Gar.  Mag.  730.      (2.) 

—  single-flowered  varieties,   Rev. 

Hort.  276.     C. 

—  sport  of.  Am.  Gar.  161. 

—  Sunflower,    Gar.   World,    153. 

(2.) 

—  Thos.  Cartlege,  Am.  Flor.  227. 

—  uliginosum.  Garden,  523.     (2.) 

—  Waban,  Am.  Flor    303. 
Chrysophyllum    Cainito,   Am.    Gar. 

405- 
Cineraria  aurita,   Garden,   252.     C. 

—  hybrida  grandiflora,  Gart.  614. 

—  Webberiana,  Garden,  207. 
Cinquefoil,  shrubby,  Pop.  Gar.  173. 
Cirrhopetalum    fimbriatum.     Gar. 

Mag.,  197. 
Cissus  discolor.  Garden,  27. 


Cistus  florentinus.  Garden,  177.    (2.) 
Citron,  Fingered,  Gar.  Chron.  385. 
Citrus  Aurantium,  Gart.  273. 

—  decumana,  Gart.  273. 

—  Japonica,  Gar.  Chron.  393. 
Clearia  stellularia,  Jour.  Hort.  133. 

(2.) 
Clematis  coccinea,   Can.    Hort.    86 ; 
Hort.  Art  Jour.  40.     C. 

—  crispa,  Can.  Hort.  86. 

—  Fremontii,  Gar.  &  For.  381. 

—  indivisa   lobata,    Garden,    557. 

(2)  ;  Gar.  Mag.  151. 

—  Lady  Caroline  Neville,  Garden, 

537  ;  Vick's  Mag.  280. 

—  Jackmanni,  Can,  Hort.  86. 

—  kermesinasplendida,  Hort.  Art 

Jour.  89.     C. 

—  lanuginosa,  Can.  Hort.  86. 

—  orientalis   glauca,   Rev.    Hort. 

561. 

—  paniculata.  Gar.  &  For.  621. 

—  patens  vesta,  Gart.  569.   C.   571. 

—  Stanleyi,  Gar.  Chron.  327.   (2)  ; 

Gar.     &     For.     513  ;     Jour. 
Hort.  295.     (2.) 
Clerodendron   Balfourianum.     Gar. 
Chron.  133.      (2.) 

—  paniculatum,      Bot.      Mag.     t. 

7141.     C. 

—  serotinum,  Am.  Gar.  757. 
Clianthus  Dampieri    marginatus, 

Garden,  298.     C. 
Clitoria  Ternatea,  Jour.   Hort.    112. 
(2)  ;    Garden,    132.    (2.)     C. 
Clivia  miniata,  111.  Hort.  39.     C. 
Clivias,      Gar.      Mag.      241  ;      Jour. 

Hort.  29. 
Coburgia  trichroma.  Rev.  Hort.  108. 

C. 
Cocos  australis,  Am.  Flor.  515. 

—  nucifera,  Gart.  273. 

—  Weddelliana,     Hort.     Beige, 

219.     C. 

Codiaeum  Warrenii ,  Gar.  World,  457. 

Coelogyne  cristata.  Am.  Flor.  87. 
(2)  ;  Gar.  Mag.  747  ;  (2.) 
Hort.  Beige,  85.     C. 

—  cristata  maxima,  Garden,  549. 

—  pandurata,  Jour,  of  Hort.  425. 
Coffea  Liberica,  Rev.  Hort.  104. 


P/ajit  Portraits  of  i8go. 


193 


CoffeaLiberica,  fruits  du,  Rev.  Hort. 

105. 
Colchicum  autumnale,    Gar.   World 

117.     (2.) 
Coltsfoot,    Tussilago   Farfara   varie- 

gata,  Garden,  435. 
Cordyline    australis,     Garden     409. 

(2.) 

—  indivisa,  111.  Hort.  99.  C. 
Coreopsis  aristosa.  Garden  199. 

—  auriculata.  Garden  202. 

—  cardaminifolia,  Garden  203. 

—  Drummondii,  Garden  203. 

—  lanceolata.  Garden  203. 

—  tinctoria,  Garden  202.      C. 
Corn,  Cory  Sweet,  Pop.  Gar.  76. 
Cornel,  Weeping,  Orch.  &  Gar.   44. 
Cornus  Baileyi,  Gar.  &  For.  465. 
Cottonia  macrostachya,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7099.     C. 
Cowslip,  Virginian,   Pop.   Gar.   209. 
Cranberry,   Dennis,  Am.    Gar.    586. 

—  Early  Black,  Am.  Gar.  585. 

—  Makepeace,  Am.  Gar.  586. 
Crassula  Rochea  X  Jasmineo-cocci- 

nea,  Hort.  Beige  12.     C. 
Crataegus    coccinea    var.    macra- 

cantha.  Am.  Gar.  509. 
Crinodendron  Hookeri,  Garden  273. 

(2.) 
Crinum  Powelli,  Garden  80.     C. 
Crocosmia    aurea    imperialis.     Am. 

Gar.  341. 
Croton,   Mrs.  Dorman,   Gar.   World 

121.      (2.) 

—  variegatum,  111.  Hort.  11.      C. 
Cucumber   blanc   long.   Rev.    Hort. 

10. 

—  de  Russie,  Rev.  Hort.  222. 

—  Duke  of  Edinburgh,  Am.  Gar. 

543- 

—  Green  Cluster,    Orch.    &  Gar. 

lOI. 

—  jaune  hatif  de  Hollande,  Rev. 

Hort.  222. 

—  long    vert    d'Athenes,    Rev. 

Hort.  223. 

—  Sion  House,  Am.  Gar.  543. 

—  Telegraph,  Am.  Gar.  543. 

—  vert  long,  Rollisson'sTelegraph, 

Rev.  Hort.  222. 


Cucumber  vert  petit  de  Paris,  Rev. 
Hort.  223. 

—  —  tres-long  de  Chine,  Rev. 

Hort.  223. 
Cucumis  dipsaceus,  Gar.  World  341. 
Cunila    Mariana,    Jour.    Hort.    528. 

(2.) 
Cupressus  macrocarpa.  Garden  363. 

Currant,    Crandall,    Orch.     &    Gar. 

193- 

—  Fay's  Prolific,  Gart.  189. 
Cyathea  dealbata,   Gar.    Mag.    364. 
Cycas  revoluta.  Garden  557. 

—  revoluta,  Vick's  Mag.  140. 
Cyclamens,   Giant,    Am.    Flor.    539. 
Cyclamen    Persicum,     Gar.     World 

249.      (2.) 

—  —  giganteum    splendenS; 

Gart.  489.     C. 

—  —  grandiflorum.    Gart.   657. 

C. 
Cymbidium    Traceyanum,    Gar. 
Mag.    841.    (2.)    Jour.    Hort. 

535-      (2.) 
Cyphomandra   betacea,     Am.     Gar. 

409  ;  Trade  Jour.   25  ;  Jour. 

Hort.  15. 
Cypress,  Knee  of,  Gar.  Chron.   332, 

328. 
Cypripedium     Arnoldianum.     Am. 

Flor.  115.    (2);  Gar.  Chron. 

633.     (2.) 

—  Aylingi,      Gar.     Chron.     797  ; 

Jour,  of  Hort.  481. 

—  bellatulum,   Gar.    Chron.    556. 

—  Binoti,  Orchidophile,  120.     C. 

—  caudatum,  Gar.  Mag.  795-  (2)  ; 

Gar.  World,  633  ;  Pop.  Gar. 
62.     (6.) 

—  Constance,  Jour.  Hort.  353.  (2.) 

—  Curtisii,  Gar.  Chron,  557. 

—  EUiottianum,  Jour.  Hort.   199. 

—  Galatea  majus.   Jour.   Hort.  5. 

—  Germinyanum,  Jour.  Hort.  89. 

(2-) 

—  grammatophyllum    speciosum, 

Gar.  Chron.  297. 

—  insigne,  Gar.  Chron.  691.     (2.) 
Lathamianum,     Gar.     Chron. 

318. 


H. 


14 


194 


Annals  of  Horticultuj-e. 


Cypripedium      longifolium,      Gar. 
Chron.  728.     (2.) 

—  Lowi,  Gar.  Chron.  729.      (2.) 

—  Morganae  X.  Gar.  Chron.  545  ; 

Gar.  Chron.  264  ;  Gar.  Mag. 
641.     (2.) 

—  Niobe,  Gar.  World  601. 

—  Philippinense,     Gar.     &     For. 

309- 

—  Roihschildianum,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7102.      C. 

—  Schroderae,    Gar.    World    201. 

(2)  ;  Jour,  of  Hort.  405. 

—  Spicerianum,  Gar.  Chron.  264  ; 

Orchidophile,  148.     C  ;  Am. 
Gar.  159. 

—  Stonei,  var.  platytaenium,  Gar. 

Chron.  548. 

—  superbiens,    Gar.    Chron.   689. 

—  tessellatum  porphyreum,  Jour. 

Hort.   119. 

—  villosum,  Gar.  Chron.  688.  (2.) 

—  Youngianum,   Gar.  Mag.    476. 
Cyrtanthus     sanguineus,     Garden 

344-     C. 
Cytisus   scoparius    var.    Andreanus, 

Jour,  of  Hort.  439. 
Dafiodil,    Queen    Anne's    Double, 

Pop.  Gar.  257. 

—  sporting,  Gar.  Chron.  491. 

—  Stella,  Pop.  Gar.  256. 

—  white,    group    of,    Garden    82. 

(2)     C. 
Dahlia  Barkeriae,  Pop.  Gar.  50. 

—  Cactus,  Am.  Flor.   391. 

—  Cactus,  Charming  Bride,  Gar. 

Mag.  605.      (2. ) 

—  —  Prince    of    Wales,     Gar. 

Mag.  604.      (2.) 

—  Cannell,  H.,  111.  Hort.  119.   C. 

—  —  Favorite,    111.    Hort.   119. 

C. 

—  coccmea,  Pop.   Gar.  63. 

—  glabrata.  Pop.  Gar.  64. 

—  Kentish  Sun,  111.  Hort.  119.   C. 

—  Lady    Kerrison,    Gar.     World 

21.      (2.) 

—  Mrs.   Douglas,    111..  Hort.    119. 

C. 

—  Seedless,  Am.  Gar.  692. 


Dahlia  superflua,  Pop.  Gar.  63. 

—  White  Dove,  Orch.   &  Gar.  45 
Daphne  Indica  alba.  Garden  jo. 
Darlingtonia  Californica,   Garden 

147  ;  Gar.  Chron.  85. 
Davallia  Canariensis,   Garden   549  ; 
Vick's  Mag.  315. 

—  fceniculacea,    Jour.    Hort.    73. 

(2.) 
Decaschisiia  ficifolia,    Gar.    Chron. 

629.      (2.) 
Delphinium    Cashmerianum,    Rev. 

Hort.  305. 
Dendrobium     Ainsworthii,     Gart. 

177  ;  Jour,  of  Hort.  445. 

—  Dalhousianum,      Garden     608 

(2.) 

—  Devonianum,  Gar.  Chron.  680. 

—  Leechianum,  Jour.  Hort.  85. 

—  juno,  Jour.  Hort.  85. 

—  Macfarlanei,   Jour.    Hort.   177. 

—  nobile,   Orchidophile   304.      C. 

—  —  album,      Orchidophile 

304.     C. 

—  —  Burfordvar. .  Jour.  Hort. 

63. 

—  —  Cooks  o  n  i  a  n  u  m,    Jour. 

Hort.  63. 

—  Wardianum,    Jour.     Hort.     8. 

(2.) 
Dendrocalamus    Sikkimensis,     Gar. 

Chron.  793. 
Desmodmm  penduliflorum,Pop.Gar. 

233- 
Deutzia    candidissima.     Am.     Flor. 
263. 

—  —  flore-pleno,    Jour.    Hort. 

297. 

—  scabra.  Garden  315. 
Dianthus  alpinus,  Garden  269.      (2.) 

—  Caryophyllus,  111.  Hort.  9.     C. 

—  neglectus,  Garden  8.      C. 
DictamnusFraxinella,  Am.  Flor.  328. 
Diervilla    Middendorfiana,    Gar. 

Chron.  581. 

Dimorphotheca    graminifolia,    Gar- 
den 180.     (2.)    C. 

Diospyros     Virginiana,     Am.     Gar. 

651. 
Dipladenia    Brearleyana,    Garden 

185. 


Plant  Po7'traits  of  i8go. 


195 


Disa  grandiflora,  Garden  516. 

—  tripetaloides,  Gar.  Chron.  768. 
Dogwood,   Weeping,   Cornus  florida 

pendula,  Vick's  Mag.  333. 
Doronicum  plantagineum  var  excel- 
sum,     Gart.     653  ;     Garden 

437-     (2.) 
Drosera     cistiflora,     Bot.     Mag.     t. 

7100.     C. 
Durio  Zibethinus,  Gart.  273. 
Echinocactus    cylindraceus,     Gar. 

Chron.  167.     (2.) 

—  Emoryi,  Am.   Gar.  459;  Vick's 

Mag.  303. 

—  hexaedrophorus,  Am.  Gar.  461. 

—  pectinatus  robustus,  Gart.    513. 

C. 

—  Simpsoni,  Gar.  Chron.  166.    (2.) 

—  Visnac;a,  Am.  Gar.  461 
Echinops  Ritro,  Rev.  Hort.  524. 
Egg-Plant,  Large  Round  Violet.  Am. 

Gar.  219. 

—  Long  Violet,  Am.  Gar.  220. 

—  Round  White,   Am.   Gar.   221. 

—  Scarlet     Fruited,     Gar.     Mag. 

817.      (2.) 

—  White  Chinese,  Am.  Gar.  220. 

—  Group  of,  Am.  Gar.  21S. 

—  scarlet-fruited,  Gar.  Mag.  817. 

(2.) 
Eichhornia  azurea.  Rev.  Hort.   540. 
C. 

—  (Pontederia)     crassipes,     Am. 

Flor.    511. 
Ela^agnus  longipes.  Pop.  Gar.  15. 
Embothium  coccineum.  Gar.  Chron. 

717. 
Epacris  ardentissima,  Am.  Flor.  543. 

—  hyacinthiflora    candidissim  a, 

Am.  Flor.  543. 

—  —  fulgens.    Am.    Flor.   543. 

—  rubella.  Am.  Flor.  543. 

—  Sunset,  Am.  Flor.  543. 
Ephedra  altissima,  Gar.  Chron.  792. 
Epiphronitis     Russelian  u  m     var. 

Gaertneri,  Gart.  581. 

—  truncatum,     Am.      Flor.     135  : 

Am.     Gar.     535  ;    Gar. 
Chron    173. 

—  —  on  Pereskia  stock,  Vick's 

Mag    152. 


Epiphronitis    Russelianum   var.   ro- 
seum.  Am.  Flor.  327. 

—  Veitchi.  Jour.  Hort.  518.  (2.) 
Episcia  maculata,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7131. 

C. 
Equisetum    sylvaticum.    Gar.    Mag. 

524.     (2.) 
Eremurus  aurantiacus,  Bot.    Mag.  t. 

7113.     C. 

—  Bucharicus,  Gart.  57.      C. 
Erianthus  Ravennse,  Rev.  Hort.  546. 
Erica  andromedaeflora,  Gart.  25. 
Eriogonum    androsaceum.    Gar. 

Chron.  260. 

—  compositum.  Gar.  Chron.  261. 

—  corymbosum.     Gar.     Chron. 

525-     (2.) 

—  ovalifolium.    Gar.  Chron.   260. 

—  racemosum.   Gar.   Chron.   528. 

—  Thomasii, Gar.  Chron.  529.  (2.) 
Eryngmm  Olivierianum,  Garden  97. 
Erythrolaena  conspicua,  Gart.  563. 
Eucalyptus    Andreana,    Rev.    Hort. 

346. 

—  calophylla.  Rev.  Hort.  558. 
Eucharis    Amazonica,     Am.     Flor 

363  ;  Gar.  Chron.  193. 

—  Bakeriana,    Bot.   Mag    t.  7144 

C.  ;  Gar.  Chron.  417. 
Eugenia  myrtifolia.    Am.   Gar.    756 
Eupatorium    probum.    Gar.    Chron 

321. 
Euphorbia  heterophylla,  Gart.    105 

—  meloformis,  Am.  Gar.  463. 
Exochorda    grandiflora.    Am.    Flor 

565  ;  Gar.  Chron.  613  ;  Orch 
&  Gar.  92. 
Fern,  Chatti,  Gar.  Chron,  461. 

—  Maiden  Hair,  seedling  of.  Pop. 

Gar.  178. 

—  Royal.   Gar.  World  18 r.      (2.) 

—  Stag  Horn,  Am.  Gar.  145. 

—  Walking,  Am.  Gar.  225. 

—  filmy,    Gar.    Chron.    100.      (2.) 

—  New     Zealand    filmy.    Garden 

173- 
Ficus  caverneux  du  jardin  de  Pera- 

denia.  Rev.  Hort.  438. 
Fir  tree.  Silver,  Garden  159. 
Forsythia  suspensa.  Garden  598.    C. 


igb 


Amials  of  Hortiadtiu^e . 


Foxglove,  Can.  Hort.  ig. 
FrancisceaHopeana,  Westnik,  Nov. 
i8go. 

—  latifolia,   Westnik,   Nov.    1890. 
Fritillaria  (Korolkowia)  Sewerzowi, 

Jour.  Hort.  257. 

—  racemosa,  Jour.  Hort.  217. 
Fuchsia,  Black  Prince,  Am.  FIor.29g. 

—  General    Roberts,    Gar.    Mag. 

525-      (2.) 
Funkia   Sieboldi,    Garden   79.     (2)  ; 

Am.  Gar.  57. 
Gaillardia  Maxima,  Am    Flor.   329. 
Galanthus  Elwesii,  Gar.  Chron.  268. 

—  imperati,  Gar.  Chron.  269. 

—  latifolius,  Gar.  Chron.  269. 

—  nivalis.   Gar.  Chron.  26g,  271. 

—  plicatus,  Gar.  Chron.  268. 
Garcinia  Mangostana,  Gart.  273. 
Gardenia   Stanleyana,    Garden   322. 

C._    (2.) 
Gaylussacia  frondosa.   Gar.    Chron. 

580. 
Genista   capitata,   Jour.    Hort.    igg. 

(2.) 
Geonoma  Carderi,  Jardin  239. 

—  gracilis,  Hort.  Beige  220. 
Geranium  platypetalum,  Rev.  Hort. 

85. 
Gerbera  Jamesoni,  Gar.  &  For.  507, 

501- 
Gesnera  refulgens.  Am.  Gar.  416. 
Geum    coccineum     duplex     grandi- 

florum,  Rev.  Hort.  305. 

—  miniatum,    Garden    298.      (2.) 

C. 

Gladioli,  Lemoine's  Hybrid,  Cal. 
Frt.  Gr.  281  ;  Garden  327. 
(2) 

Gladiolus  Colvillei,  The  Bride,  Gar- 
den 48g.      (2. ) 

—  hybridus,  111.  Hort.  107.     C. 

—  Snow  White,  Am.  Flor.  279. 

—  sulphureus,     Garden     58,     66. 

(2.)     C. 

—  Turicensis,  Gar.  &  For.  8g. 
Gloriosa  superba,    Garden  576.      C. 

Gloxinia,  Garden  271. 

—  hybrida    grandiflora    Kaiser 

Fredrich,  Gart.  616. 


Gloxinia,  Mile.  Berthe,  Hort.   Beige 
217.      C. 

—  —  Iglesias,     Hort.     Beige 

217.     C. 

—  Mme.    Brabant,    Hort.     Beige 

217.     C. 

—  —  Charles     d  e     Bosschere, 

Jour.  Hort.   Beige  217. 
C. 

—  —  Cocina,  Hort.  Beige  217. 

C. 

—  -De    Masy,     Hort.    Beige 

217.     C. 

—  group  of,  Am.  Flor.  485. 
Godetia,  White  Pearl,  Gart.  563. 
Goldfussia  isophylla.  Gar.  Mag.  257 
Gomphocarpus    arborescens,    Gart 

106. 
Gomphrena  globosa,  Rev.  Hort.  522 
Goodia    latifolia.    Jour.    Hort.    157 

(2.) 
Grape,  Black  Hamburgh,  Gar.  Mag, 
586,  587-      (2.) 

—  —  Prince,    Gar.    Mag.    587 

(2.) 

—  Calabrian    Raisin,    Gar.    Mag 

588.     (2.) 

—  Canada  Rupestris,    Prog.   Agr 

et  Vit.  58.     C. 

—  Colerain,    Hort.  Art  Jour.   79 

—  Esperione    or     Espiran,     Gar 

Mag.  586.      (2.) 

—  Gros  Colman,   Gar.  Mag.   586. 

(2.) 

—  —  Guillaumeor  Barbarossa, 

Gar.  Mag.  587.      (2. ) 

—  —  Maroc,    Gar.    Mag.    587. 

(2.) 

—  Horsford's  Mammoth,  R.  N.-Y. 

737- 

—  Keystone,  Am.  Farm  Hort.  3. 

—  Lady  Downes,  Gar.   Mag.  588. 

(2.) 

—  Madresfield,    Gar.    Mag.    588. 

—  Mrs.   Prince  or   Prince's  Mus- 

cat, Gar.  Mag.  589.      (2.) 

—  Muscat  of  Alexandria,  Garden, 

306    (2)  ;     Gar.     Mag.     589. 
(2.) 

—  New    Brilliant,    R.   N.-Y.   602. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


197 


Grape,      Rupestris     Petit-bouschet, 
Prog.  Agr.  et  Vit.  172.      C. 

—  West's  St.  Peter's,   Gar.   Mag. 

5S9.     (2.) 

—  White   Muscat,   Gal.   Frt.    Gr. 

23- 

Gunnera    scabra,   Gar.    Chron.  665. 

(2)  ;  Gar.  Mag.  845.      (2.) 
Gymnosporangium  macropus,  Orch. 

&  Gar.  135. 
Gymnotrix  latifolia,  Rev   Hort.  546. 
Gynerium    argenteum.    Rev.    Hort. 

489. 
Gypsophila   paniculata,    Rev.    Hort. 

Habenaria     militaris.     Jour.     Hort. 

223.      (2.) 
Haemanthus    Lindeni,    Gar.    Chron. 

437  (2);  111.  Hort.  89.     C. 
Hakealaurina,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7127.   C. 
Hawthorn,  a  spray  of,  Garden  467. 
Hebenstreitia  comosa,  Gart.    191. 
Hedera    Helix,    conglomerate.    Rev. 

Hort.  193. 
Heliamphora    nutans,   Bot.   Mag.   t. 

7093.     C. 
Helianthus  globosus  fistulosus,  Rev. 

Hort.  113. 
Helichrysum  bracteatum,  double- 
flowered,     Rev.     Hort. 
372.  C. 

—  —  grandiflorum.  Rev.  Hort. 

486. 
Helleborus  maxima.  Am.  Gar.  63. 

—  niger    altifolius.    Gar.     World 

281. 

—  punctatissimus.    Gar.    World 

281. 

—  punctatus.   Gar.  World  281. 
Hemiorchis  Burmanica,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7120.     C. 
Heuchera  cylindrica.  Am.   Agr.  138. 

—  parvifolia.  Am.  Agr.  138. 
Hicoria  glabra.  Am.  Gar.  386. 

—  ovata.  Am.  Gar.  386,  387,  388. 

—  microcarpa,  Am.  Gar.  385,  386, 

388. 
Holboellia  latifolia,  Rev.  Hort.  348. 

C. 
Hollyhocks,  Garden  138. 
Hordeum  jubatum.  Rev.  Hort.   488. 


Houlletia  odoratissima  var.  Antio- 
quiensis,  ?Iort  Beige  121.   C. 

Howea  (Kentia)  Belmoreana,  Gar. 
Chron.  75.     (2.) 

—  Forsteriana,   Gar.    Chron.    75, 

533  (2)  ;  Garden  197.     (2.) 
Hoya  imperialis.  Gar.  Mag.  211. 
Hyacinths,  Smgle  and  Double,  Vick's 

Mag.  300. 
Hydrangea,  Climbing,  R.  N.-Y.  621, 

622. 

—  Hortensia,    Pop.     Gar.    58; 

Vick's  Mag.  68. 

—  Otaksa,    Am.    Gar.   415  ;    Can. 

Hort.    I.     C  ;    Orch.   &  Gar. 
no. 

—  paniculata,     Can.      Hort.     2  ; 

Garden  455. 

—  —  grandiflora.  Garden  569. 

(2)  ;  Vick's  Mag.  67. 

—  pink.  Garden  373. 

—  ramulus   coccinea,    Am.    Flor. 

361  ;  Orch.  &  Gar.  log. 

—  red-branched,  Hort.    Art  Jour. 

77.     C. 

—  Thomas  Hogg,  Am.  Flor.  483. 

—  vestita,    var.    pubescens.    Gar. 

&  For.  17. 
Hymenocallis  Caribba^a,  Gar.  World 
421. 

—  rotata,  Am.  Gar.  209. 
Hypericum     densiflorum.     Gar.     & 

For.  527. 

—  Kalmianum,   Gar.  &  For.   113. 

—  Moserianum,   Hort.   Beige    97. 

C. 

—  Hypericum  prolificum.  Gar.  & 

For.  526. 
Hypoxis  erecta,  Am.  Gar.  420. 
Idesia  polycarpa,  Gart.  64. 
Ilex  longipes,  Gar.  &  For.  345. 
Inula    glandulosa.    Gar.    Mag.    541. 

(2-) 

Ipomoea  hederacea,  Jardin  128. 

—  limbata,  Jardin  128. 

—  Mexicana  grandiflora  alba,  Jar- 

din 128. 

—  pandurata,  Jardin  129. 

—  purpurea,  Jardin  128. 
Iresine  Herbstii  aureo-reticulata.  Am. 

Gar.  414. 


198 


A7inals  of  Horticuliure. 


Iris   Bakeriana,    Garden    642.       C  ; 
Gar.  Chron.  293. 

—  (Xiphion)  Boissieri,  Bot.   Mag. 

t.  7097.     C. 

—  Bornmulleri,  Garden  462.     C  ; 

Gar.  Chron.  293. 

—  Danfordiae,    Bot.  Mag.  t.  7140. 

C  ;   Gart.  401.    C. 

—  Gatesii,   Gar.  Chron.  17.      (2.) 

—  Germanica,   Hort.    Beige    145. 

C. 

—  —  Madame    Chereau,    Pop. 

Gar.  133. 

—  iberica,  Gar.  World  629. 

—  Japanese,  Orch.  &  Gar.  129. 

—  Japan  Seedling,  Am.  Agr.  467. 

—  Kasmpferi,     Hort      Beige    83  ; 

Rev.  Hort.  1S8. 

—  Monspur,  Garden  462.      C. 

—  ochroleuca,  Garden  462.      C. 

—  orchioides,  Bot.   Mag.  t.  71 11. 

C. 

—  pavonia,  Garden  530.     (2.)    C. 

—  —  coerulea,  Garden  530.  (2.) 

C. 

—  Persica,  Gar.  Chron.  577. 

—  (Juno)    Rosenbachiana,    Bot. 

Mag.     t.     7135.        C;     Gar. 
Chron.  577. 

—  reticulata,  Rev.  Hort.  133. 

—  Sindjarensis.  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7145. 

C  ;.Gar.   Chron.   365  ;   Jour. 
Hort.  377. 

—  Spanish,      Garden      295      (2)  ; 

Vick's  Mag.  375. 
Irises,  German,  Am.  Flor.  183. 
Ivy,   variegated,  Garden  545.      (2.) 
Juneberry,     Dwarf     Moscow,     Pop. 
Gar.  2.      (6.) 

—  Dwarf,    "Success,"  Hort.    Art 

Jour.  29.      C. 

—  Saskatoon,  Can.  Hort.  257. 
Juniperus    Californica,     Am.      Gar. 

10. 
Kalanchoe  carnea.  Gar.  &  For.  53. 
Kale,  True  Scotch,  Garden  492.  (2.) 
Kalmia  latifolia.  Gar.  &  For.  453. 
Kentia  Forsteriana,  Garden  197.  (2.) 
Laburnum  vulgare.  Am.  Gar.  283. 
Lachenalia  pendula  aureliana.  Rev. 

Hort.  396.     C. 


Laelia  Amanda,  Gar.  Mag.  61. 

—  anceps    Schroderi,    Gar.    Mag. 

813.      (2.) 

—  —  var.   Stella,   Gar.   Chron. 

500.      (2.) 

—  —  Veitchiana,    Gar     World 

284. 

—  —  Vestalis,   Gar.   Mag.   812. 

.(2-) 

—  Arnoldiana,  Am.  Flor.  303. 

—  glauca.  Gar.  Chron.  357. 

—  Gouldiana,  Gar.  Chron.  169. 

—  pumila,  Gart.  171.   C;  Orchido- 

phile5r.      C;   Am.  Gar.  158. 

—  purpurata.  Am.  Flor.  223. 

—  Cattleya     Hippolyta,      Jour. 

Hort.  303. 
Lagenaria  verrucosa,  Gart.  106. 
Lagurus  ovatus.  Rev.  Hort.  488. 
Lamarckia  aurea.  Rev.  Hort.  546. 
Lansium  domesticum,  Gart.  273. 
Latania  Borbonica,  Orch.  &  Gar.  26. 
Lathraea  clandestina,   Bot.    Mag.   t. 

7106.     C. 
Ledum  palustre,  Jour.  Hort.  45.   (2.) 
Lepismium  cavernosum,   Gart.  153. 

—  dissimile,  Gart.  150. 
Lespedeza     Delavayi,     Rev.     Hort. 

226. 
Lettuce  blonde  geante,  Rev.  Hort.  9. 
Leuchtenbergia  principis.  Am.  Gar. 

.  464 
Leucojum  vernum.  Pop.  Gar.  193. 
Leucophyllum    Texanum,     Gar.     & 

For.  489. 
Ligustrum  Sinense,  Gar.  &  For.  213. 
Lilac  Madame-Lemoine,  Jardin  267. 
Lilies,  Rosea  and  Azurea,  Hort.  Art. 

Jour.  I.   C. 

—  Zanzibar    Water,     Hort.    Art. 

Jour.  I.  C. 
Lilium  avenaceum.  Gar.  Chron.  39. 
(2.) 

—  Bolanderi,  Garden  396.  C.   (2.) 

—  Browni,  Garden  173.  (2.) 

—  Canadense,  Gar.  Mag.  556.  (2.) 

—  candidum.  Gar.  Chron.  50.  (2.) 

—  cordifolium.    Gar.    Chron.  41. 

.(2.) 

—  giganteum.  Gar.  Chron.  46.   (2.) 

—  Henryi,  Gar.    Chron.   380.  (2.) 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


199 


Lilium  longiflorum,  Gar.   Mag.  779. 

(^•).  .. 

—  —    Harrisii,      Gar.     World 

233.  (2.) 

—  maritimum,  Gar.  396.  C.  (2.) 

—  Nepalense    var.    ochroleucum, 

Gar.  368. 

—  pardalinum    luteum,   Gar.    396 

C.^(2.) 

—  pomponium,     Gar.    Chron.  51 

(2.) 

—  rubrum,  Gar.  Mag.    557. 

—  superbum,  Gar.  506   C.    (2.) 

—  Thunbergianum  var.  Alice  Wil- 

son, Gar.    440.  C.  (2.) 

—  Van  Houttei,  Gar.   440.  C.  (2.) 
Lily,    Chinese    Sacred,    Gar.     Mag. 

302. 

—  Double  Tiger,  Pop.  Gar.  82. 

—  Martagon  or  Turk's  Cap,  Pop. 

Gar.  48. 

—  White  Martagon,  Gar.  393.  (2.) 
Linum  arboreum.  Jour.  Hort.  193. 
Liquidambar  styraciflua,    Gar.  208. 

(2.) 
Lithospermum  canescens.  Am.  Gar. 

598. 
Loasa  lateritia,  Hort.  Beige  193.  C. 
Lobelia  gracilis,  Garden  354.      (2.) 
Locust,  Robmia    Pseudacacia,   Gar. 

&  For.  311. 
Lonicera  flava.  Gar.  &  For.  190. 

—  splendida,  Gart.  65. 

—  Sullivantii,  Gar.  &  For.  191. 
Lotus  peliorhynchus,  Gart.  601.  C. 
Luculia  gratissima,  Rev.   Hort.  180. 

C. 
LueddemanniaPescatorei,  Bot.  Mag. 

t.  7123.     C. 
Lunaria  annuelle,  Jardin  112. 

—  biennis.  Rev.   Hort.  487. 

—  vivace,  Jardin  112. 

Lupine,  changeantde  Guikshanks  by- 
bride.  Rev.  Hort.  252.     C. 

—  hybrideatrococcine,  Rev.  Hort. 

252.     C. 

—  jaune  scafre,   Rev.    Hort.   252. 

C. 

—  nain.  Rev.  Hort.  252.      C. 

—  subcarnosus,    Rev.    Hort.    252. 

C. 


Lycaste  Schilleriana,  Gart.  233.      C. 

—  Skinneri,    Garden    397  ;     Gar. 

Chron.  424  ;  Vick's  Mag.  233. 
C. 
Lycopodium  laxum,  Gart.  97. 

—  Phlegmaria    var.    parvifolium, 

Gart.  100,  loi. 
Lycoris    squamigera.    Gar.    &    For. 

177. 
Lysimachianummulariaaurea.Hort. 

Beige  164. 
Madura  aurantiaca.  Gar.  Mag.  808, 

809. 
Madrona,    Arbutus   Menziesii,    Gar. 

&  For.  515. 
Magnolia  parviflora.  Jour.    Hort.  3. 

(2.) 

—  stellata.   Am.   Flor.   305;    Gar. 

Chron.  617 
Malpighiailicifolia,  111.  Hort.  47.     C. 
Malva  moschata  alba,  Pop.  Gar.  108. 
Mamillaria  (Anhalonium)  fissurata, 

Am.  Gar.  465. 

—  micromeris.  Am.  Gar.  460. 
Manettia  cordifolia,  Am.  Agr.  263. 
Manzanita  Arctostaphylos,  Am.  Gar. 

26. 
Maranta  zebrina.  Garden  85. 
Marianthus  Drummondianus,   Jour. 

Hort.  399. 
Marsdenia  erecta    Gar.   Chron.  747. 
Martynia,  Orch.  &  Gar.  loi. 

—  fragrans,  Jardin  259. 

—  lutea,  Jardin  259. 

—  proboscoides,  Jardin  260. 
Masdevallia  Carderi,    Bot.    Mag.    t. 

7125.     C. 

—  fulvescens,    Gar.    Chron.    325. 

(2.) 

—  Harryana,      Orchidophile     80. 

C. 

—  Lowii,  Gar.   Chron.   268.      (2.) 

—  Schroederiana,  Jour   Hort.  557. 

(2.) 

—  Shuttleworthii,  Gart.   457.     C. 
Massangea  hieroglyphica,  Garden 

244. 
Medlar,  Fruit  of.  Am.  Gar.  185. 
INIelhania  melanoxylon,  Gar.  Chron. 

513- 
Melica  macra,  Rev.  Hort.  547. 


200 


Arinals  of  Horticulture . 


Melon  d'Antibes  blanc  d'hiver,  Rev. 
Hort.  176. 

—  Bayview,  Orch.  &  Gar.  100. 

—  Countess,  Jour.  Hort.  it. 

—  de  Gavaillon,  Rev.  Hort.  175. 

—  Holborn  favorite,  Jour.   Hort. 

73- 

—  de  Malte  d'hiver  a  chair  rouge, 

Rev.  Hort.  176. 

—  muscade  des  Etats-Unis,  Rev. 

Hort.  175. 

—  de    Porse    on    d'Odessa,    Rev. 

Hort.  176. 
Melothria  punctata,  Gart.  107. 
Microcacrys  tetragona,   Jour.    Hort. 

419. 
Mignonette,  Giant,  Am.  Flor.  431. 
Miltonia  flavescens,  Gart.  433.      C. 
Momordica  involucrata,  Gart.  590. 
Monstera  deliciosa,  Jardin  247. 
Montbretia    crocosmiaeflora,     Hort. 

Beige  92. 

—  Etoile  de  feu.   Rev.    Hort.   36. 

C. 

—  Gerbe  d'or,  Rev.  Hort.  36.     C. 

—  Incendie,  Rev.  Hort.  36.      C. 

—  Pottsii,  Gar.  Chron.  301. 

—  pyramidalis,  Rev.  Hort.  36.    C. 

—  Rayon  d'or,  Rev.  Hort.  36.    C. 
Morning  Glory,  Clarkia,  Jour.  Hort. 

^        569-     (2.) 
Mulberry,  New  American,  Am.  Gar. 

573- 

—  Russian,  Am.  Gar.  562. 
Musa  sapientium,  Gart.  273. 

—  Seemanni, Gar. Chron  182.    (2.) 
Muscari  botryoides,  Jardin  51. 
Mushroom  freak.  Jour.  Hort.  178. 
Mussaenda  erythrophylla,  Gar.  Mag. 

380. 
Mutisia  decurrens,  Gar.  Mag.  573. 
Myosotidium  nobile,  Gart.  190. 
Myosotis  Cintra,  Gart.  191. 
Myrica  rubra.  Am.  Gar.  13. 
Nanodes    Medusae,   Jour.    Hort.   51. 

(2) 
Narcissus  bicolor.  Am.  Agr.  561. 

—  bicolor     Madame    de     Graaff, 

Gar.  World  553. 

—  Bulbocodium   var.   monophyll- 

us.  Jour.  Hort.  315. 


Narcissus,    Countess    of    Annesley, 
Jour.  Hort.  277. 

—  Crown     Imperial,     Am.     Agr. 

561. 

—  Emperor  X  N.  triandrus,  Gar- 

den 153.      (2.) 

—  Glory  of  Leyden,  Gar.  Chron. 

484  ;  Gar.  World  537. 

—  gracilis,  Gar.  World  597. 

—  incomparabilis  albus  expansus, 

Jour.  Hort.  322. 

—  —  Queen  Sophia,  Jour.  Hort. 

345- 

—  —  Sir    Watkin,  Jour.   Hort. 

321. 

—  Johnstoni,  Gar.  Chron.  495. 

—  Macleai,  Gar.  Chron. 493  ;  Gar. 

World  393. 

—  Madame  de  Graaff,  Gar.  Chron. 

485  ;  Jour.   Hort.   337  ;    Gar. 
World  533. 

—  minor,  Gar.  World  393. 

—  odorus.  Gar.  World  393. 

—  —  rugulosa.    Gar.    World 

405- 

—  poeticus,  Jour.  Hort.  325. 

—  Prodigy,  Gar.  Chron.  549. 

—  Pseudo-Narcissus  bicolor  Em- 

press, Jour.  Hort.   316. 

—  —  var.  minimus,  Jour.  Hort. 

317- 

—  Pseudo-Narcissus    var.    minor. 

Jour.  Hort.  317. 

—  Sir  Watkin,   Gar.  Chron.    481. 

—  Tazetta,  Gart.  637. 

—  —  Chinensis.     Gar.     World 

521. 

—  —  papyraceus,   Jour.    Hort. 

323- 

—  —  Trew's,     Gar.    Chron. 

492. 

—  triandrus    albus.   Jour.     Hort 

319- 

—  —  calathinus,     Gar.  World. 

393- 

—  —  var.     pulchellus,     Gar. 

Chron.  487. 
Nemophila      Menziesii     discoidalis. 

Gar.  World  773. 
Nepenthes    O'Brieniana,    111.    Hort. 

109.     C. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


20 1 


Nepenthes  O'Brieniana  Burkei,  Gar. 
World  137.      (2.) 

—  —  Burkei    excellens,     Jour. 

Hort.      161.      (2.) 

—  —  Curtisii,     Bot.      Mag.      t. 

7138.    C.     Gar.   World 
477- 

—  —  cylindrica,     Gar.     World 

477- 
Nephelium  lappaceum,  Gart.  273. 
Nephrolepis    davallioides     furcans, 
Garden  35. 

—  exaltata,  Garden  365. 
Nicotiana  colossea,  Gart.  662.    Hort. 

Beige  52;  Trade  Jour.  88. 
Nidularium  princeps    var.    magnifi- 

cum,  Gart.  291.      C. 
Nigella,  de  Damas,  Rev.  Hort.  545. 

—  Damascena,  Garden  130. 

—  Hispanica,  Garden  130.     C. 

—  sativa,  Am.  Gar.     570. 
Nopaleacoccinellifera,  Am.  Gar. 457. 
Nymphaea    odorata    sulfurea,    Rev. 

Hort.  540.      C. 

—  Zanzibariensis,   Hort.   Beige 

108.     C. 
Nyssa  aquatica,  Gar.  &  For.  491. 
Oak,  Major,  Gar.  &  For.  263. 

—  Quercus   lobata,   Gar.   &    For. 

611. 

—  —  macrocarpa,  Gar.  &  For. 

407. 
Ocymum  comosum,  Gart.  190. 
Odontoglossum    A  n  d  er.so  nianum, 
Gart.  377.     C. 

—  Bleui   splendens,    Jour.    Hort. 

461. 

—  cristatum     Lindi,    var.      Leh- 

manni  Gart.  57.     C. 

—  Pescatorei  var.  Am.  Flor.  333. 

—  Harryanum,  Orchidophile  208. 

C. 

—  Horsmanii,  Gar.  World  573. 

—  Humeanum,  Gar.  Mag.  271. 

—  Insleayi,  Gart.  474. 

—  luteo-purpureum,     111.      Hort. 

27.     C. 

—  Noevium,  Pop.   Gar.  62.      (6.) 

—  Pescatorei,  Gar.  Chron.  200. 

—  ramosissimum,     Jour.    Hort. 

503- 

A.     H. 15 


Odontoglossum    Rossii    var.    majus, 
Hort.  Beige  106. 

—  Schroederianum,     Jour.     Hort. 

127. 

—  Wattianum,  Garden  416.   C. 
Olearia  Gunniana,  Gar.  Chron.  623. 

—  Haasti,  Gar.  149.     (2.) 
Olive,   Japan    Wild,   Pop.    Gar     15 

(6.) 

—  Mission.  Gal.  Frt.  Gr.   388. 

—  Picholine,  Am.  Gar.  200. 

—  Saillern,  Am.  Gar.  200. 
Oncidium    flexuosum,    Gar.    World 

53.      (2.) 
Onion,  Flat  Tripoli,  Garden  232. 

—  Globe     Tripoli     or     Madeira, 

Garden  232. 

—  Italian  Tripoli,  Garden  232. 

—  Prizetaker,  Pop.  Gar.  27. 
Opuntia  angustata,   Am.    Gar.   469; 

Vick's  Mag.  306. 

—  Emoryi,  Am.  Gar.  531. 

—  Ficus-Indica,  Am.   Gar.  471. 

—  monacantha     var.     variegata, 

Am.  Gar.  529. 

—  Rafinesquiana,  Jardin  236. 

—  Rafinesquii,  Am.  Gar.  462. 

—  Tuna,    Am.   Gar.   473  ;    Vick's 

Mag.  304. 

—  versicolor,  Vick's  Mag.  306. 

—  Whipplei,  Am.  Gar.  468. 
Orange,  Bushiukan,  Am.  Gar.  335. 

—  Dwarf    Mock,    Pop.    Gar     ^-x 

(6.) 

—  Kawachi,  Am.  Gar.  333. 

—  Marumi-kinkan,  Am.  Gar.  335. 

—  Maltese    Blood,     Hort.     A  r  t 

Jour.  37.     C. 

—  Natsu-dai-dai,  Am.  Gar.  334. 

—  Oonshiu,  Am.  Gar.  333. 

—  Osage,  Gar.  Mag.  808,  809. 

—  Otaheite,  Am.  Agr.  513. 

—  Sakura-jima,  Am.  Gar    334. 

—  Satsuma,  Am.  Gar.  268.  269. 

—  —  Fruiting  branch  of.  Am. 

Gar.  271. 

—  Shirawa-koji,  Am.  Gar.  334. 
Oreocome  (Selinum)  Candollei,  Gar. 

221.      (2.) 
Osmunda    cinnamomea,    Am.    Gar 
658. 


202 


Ajuials  of  Hoi'ticuItu7-e. 


Osmunda    Claytoniana,     Am.     Gar. 

659- 

—  regalis,  Garden  209. 

Ostrya    vulgaris,   Gar.   Chron.    275. 

(2.) 
Oxalis  Bowieana,  Gar.  508.      C. 

—  crenata,  Gar.  509. 

—  Deppei,  Gar.  509. 

—  floribunda,  Gar.  509. 
Oxera  pulchella,  Rev.  Hort.  274. 
Pachira   insignis,    Jour.    Hort.   595. 

(2) 

Pachysandra  procumbens,  Am.  Gar. 

346- 
Pachystoma    Thomsonianum,    Gar. 

Mag.  441. 
Pseonia,     single     flowered,     Gar. 

Chron.  737. 

—  corallina.  Gar.  Chron.  740. 

—  Wittmanniana,  Gar.  201.     (2.) 

—  Single    White    Moutan,     Gar. 

370.      (2.)     C. 

—  Tree,  Gar.  481. 

Palm,  Cocoanut,  Vick's  Mag.  591. 
Pancratium    amoenum.  Trade  Jour. 
27  ;  Am.  Gar.  419  ;  Gar.  303. 

—  fragrans.     Gar.     Chron.      359. 

(2.) 

—  illyricum.  Gar.    22S.      (2.)     C. 

—  rotatum.  Am.  Flor.  257. 
Panicum  capillare,  Rev.   Hort.  525. 

—  plicatum.  Garden  245. 

—  virgatum.     Gar.     245 ;    Rev. 

Hort.  525. 
Pansy,  Duchess  of    Fife,   Gar.   552. 
(2.)     C. 

—  Hartree,  Gar.  552.      (2.)     C. 
Papaver   croceum,    Rev.   Hort.    60. 

C. 

—  nudicaule,    Orch.    &  Gar.  128  ; 

Vick's  Mag.  297.     C. 

—  rupifragum.    var.    Atlanticum, 

Bot.  Mag.  t.  7107.     C. 
Passiflora  coerulea,  Jardin  50. 

—  Constance  Elliott,  Gar.  37.  (2); 

Vick's  Mag.  343. 

—  Miersii,  Bot.  Mag.  7115.     C. 

—  quadrangularis,  Gar.  584. 

—  princeps.  Gar.  584. 

—  vitifolia,     Gar.    Chron.     21^. 

(-) 


Passion  Flower,  Passiflora  racemosa, 

Gar.  Mag.  335. 
Pea,  Rostroy,  Can.  Hort.  16. 

—  Stratagem,  Pop.  Gar.  251. 

—  Sweet,  Gar.  330. 

Peach,     Champion,     Orch.     &  Gar. 
191. 

—  Dwarf     Japan    Blood,     Trade 

Jour.  69. 

—  Early  Imperial,   Cal.  Frt.   Gr. 

309- 

—  Tree,  Model,  Am.   Gar.  129. 
Pear,     Bergamotte    Esperen,     Gar. 

Mag.  32. 

—  Beurre    Bachelier,    Gar.    366. 

(2.) 

—  Beurre   Bosc,    Gar.    Mag.  794. 

(2.) 

—  —  Clairgeau,  Gar.  367.    (2.) 

—  —  Clairgeau,     Gar.     Mag. 

624.      (2.) 

—  —  d'Amanlis,  Gar.  Mag.  4. 

—  —  de    I'Assomption,    Gar. 

Mag.  18. 

—  —  de      I'Assomption,     Gar. 

World  88.     (2.) 

—  —  de  Ranee,  Gar  Mag.  71 

—  —  Dial,  Garden.  241. 

—  Colmar  d'Ete,  Gar.  Mag.   616. 

—  Doyenne   Boussock,  Gar.    367. 

(2.) 

—  Easter  Beurre,  Gar.  Mag.  622. 

•    (2.) 

—  Fondante    d'Automne,    Gar. 

Mag.  762.     (2.) 

—  Gerber,    Hort.    Art.  Jour.    21. 

C. 

—  Glout  Morceau,  Gar.  Mag.  624. 

(2.) 

—  Jersey  Gratioli,   Gar.  Mag.  88. 

—  Josephine    de     Malines,    Gar. 

Mag.  623.     (2.) 

—  KruU  Winter,  Pop.  Gar.  167. 

—  Louise  Bonne  of  Jersey,  Gar. 

Mag.  623.     (2.) 

—  Marie  Louise,  Gar.  367.      (2)  ; 

Gar.  Mag.  625.     (2.) 

—  Marie  Louise  d'Ucele,  Garden 

477- 

—  Ne  Plus  Meuris,  Gar.  367.  (2.) 

—  Prince  of  Wales,  Gar.  Mag. 604. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


20  • 


Pear,  Sapieganka,  Can.  Hort.  238. 

—  Wilder  Early,  Can.   Hort.  252. 

C. 

—  —  Early,  Pop.  Gar.  46. 

—  William's  Bon  Chretien,  Gar. 

Mag.  625.      (2.) 

—  Worden,  Am.  Gar.   753. 
Pecan,     Carya    olivaeformis,     Hort. 

Art.   Jour.  85.     C. 
Pedicularis  megalantha,   Bot.  Mag. 

t.  7132.      C. 
Pelargonium    Countess    of    Derby, 

Vick's  Mag.  201.     C. 

—  a  grandesfleurs,  Rev.  Hort.  87. 

—  Jealousy,  Garden  400. 

—  zonal.  Rev.  Hort.  86. 
Pelecyphora    aselliformis   var.   con- 
color.  Am.  Gar.  474. 

Peliosanthes   albida,    Bot.    Mag.    t. 

7110.     C. 
Pellaea  atropurpurea.  Am.  Agr.  74. 

—  gracilis.  Am.  Gar.  660. 
Pennisetum  longistylum.  Rev.  Hort, 

489. 
Pentstemon  gentianoides,  Gar.   603. 

—  Menziesii   var.   Scouleri,    Gar. 

Chron.   204. 
Pepper,  Bull's  Nose,  Gar.  Mag.  134. 

—  Cardinal,  Rev.  Hort.  10. 

—  Cayenne,  Gar.  Mag.  207. 

—  Celestial,  Gar.  Mag.  47. 

—  Chinois,  Rev.  Hort.  10. 

—  Pimento    (C.    annitiini),    Gar. 

Chron.  335.     (2.) 

—  Procopp's  Giant,  Pop.  Gar.  29. 
Pereskia    aculeata,     Bot.     Mag.     t. 

7147-     c. 

—  Bleo,  Am.  Gar.  462. 
Pescatorea  Klabochorum,  Gart.  321. 

C. 
Petunia  fimbriata  venosa,  Gart.  614. 

—  Webb's  Star,  Gar.  Mag.  119. 

—  Yellow  throated,  Gar.  Mag.  85. 
PhaiusCooksoni  Xi  Gar.  Chron.  389. 

—  Humblotii,    Gar.    World    729  ; 

Hort.  Beige  265.     C. 

—  hybridus  Cooksoni,  Jour.  Hort. 

444- 
Phalaenopsis    amabilis.    Am.     Flor. 
89.      (2);      Gar.     157.     (2); 
Hort.  Beige  25.     C. 


Phalaenopsis,    F.   L.    Ames,   Gar.  & 
For.  29. 

—  Harriettae,  Gar.  156.      (2.)     C. 

—  Schilleriana,  Hort.  Beige  30. 
Phlebodium  aureum.  Gar.  351.     (2.) 
Philadelphus  grandiflorus.  Gar.  413. 

(2.) 

—  microphyllus,    Gart.    40  ;   Pop. 

Gar.  109. 
Phlox,  Queen  of  White,  Gar.  459. 

—  white  herbaceous,  Gar.  105.  (2.) 
Phoenix  Roebelenii,  Gar.  &  For.  273. 

—  rupicola,  Hort.  Beige  220. 
Phormium  tenax,  Vick's  Mag.  340. 
Phyllocactus  Ackermanni,  Am.  Gar. 

446. 

—  a  seedling.  Am.  Gar.  467. 
Picea  Breweriana,  Gar.   &  For.   66, 

67. 

—  concolor  violacea.  Gar,  123. 

—  Nordmanniana,    Orch.    &  Gar. 

III. 
Picotee,    heavy-edged,    Gar.    World 

745- 

—  Yellow-ground,    Gar.    World 

745. 
Pierardia  dulcis,  Gart.  273. 
Pilocereus    Columna    Trajani,   Rev. 

Hort.  129. 

—  senilis,   Rev.  Hort.    128. 
Pine   Tree,   Japanese,    Gar.   Chron. 

12. 
Pinguicula    caudata,    Blumen     lila, 

Gart.  96. 
Pink,  Boiard,  Gar.  World  357. 

—  Clove,  Pop.  Gar.  iii. 

—  Dianthus  alpinus.  Garden  269. 

(2) 

—  George    Hodgkinson,    Gar. 

World  357. 

—  Her    Majesty,    Garden    346. 

(2.)     C. 

—  James  Thurston,   Gar.    World 

357- 

—  John  Dorrington,   Gar.   World 

357- 

—  laced.  Gar.  World  696. 

—  laciniated  Chinese,  Pop.    Gar. 

71- 

—  Mrs.     Thurston,    Gar.    World 

357- 


204 


Annals  of  Hortiadture. 


Pink,  neue  niedrige  Remontant,  Gart. 

20I.       C. 
Pinus  densitlora,  Vick's  Ma?.  3. 

—  —  albiflora,  Vick's  Mag.  4. 

—  Montezumse,  Gar.  Chron.  465, 

466,  467,  475.  (2.) 

—  parviflora,  Vick's  Mag.  5. 

—  ponderosa,    Gar.    Chron.    557, 

561.  569. 
Piptanthus  Nepalensis,  Jour.    Hort. 

399-    (2.) 
Pitcairnia  Darblayana,    Rev.    Hort. 

33- 
Platycenum    grande.    Gar.    Chron. 

97-   (2-) 
Platycodon    grandiflorum,    Gar. 

World  713. 
Pleurothallis  ornata,    Bot.    Mag.    t. 

7094.   C. 

—  platyrachis,    Bot.     Mag.    t. 

7129       C. 
Plum,  AnijelinaBurdett,  Garden  337. 

—  Boian,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Botankio.  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Burbank,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  —  No.  2,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Chabot,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  des  Bejonieres,  Rev.  Hort.  228. 

C. 

—  Early  Red,  Am.  Gar.  625. 

—  Golden    Beauty,    Hort.    Art. 

Jour.  45.     C. 

—  Grand  Duke,  Hort.  Art.   Jour. 

72.     C. 

—  Green  Gage,  Garden  409. 

—  Hattankio,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Kelsey,    Am.     Agr.    16  ;     Rev. 

Hort.  543. 

—  Lincoln,  Orch.  &  Gar.  67. 

—  Masu,  Am.  Agr.  16, 

—  Moldavka,  Am.  Gar.  625. 

—  Ogon,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Prince   of    Wales,    Hort.   Art. 

Jour.  69.     C. 

—  Prunus  Simoni,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Purple-leaved,  Pop.  Gar.  51, 

—  Satsuma,  Am.  Agr.  i5  ;  R.  N.- 

Y.  230. 

—  Ura-Beni,   Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Voronesh    Yellow,    Am.    Gar. 

625. 


Podophyllum  pleianthum,  Bot.  Mag. 

t.  7098.     C. 
Poison  Ivy,  Vick's  Mag.  317. 
Polyanthus,  laced,  George  IV,  Gar. 

Mag.   240. 
Polygala  paucifolia.  Am.  Gar.  597. 
Polygonum  lanigerum,  Gart   224. 
Polypodium  vulgare.  Am.  Gar.  660. 

—  —  var.    t  r  ic  ho  m  a  n  o  ides, 

Garden  53  ;   Gar.    Mag. 
412 
Pomelo,  Aurantium,  Am.   Gar.   717. 
Poppies,  Shirley,  Vick's  Mag.  1     C. 
Poppy,  Papaver  nudicaule,  Orch.  & 
Gar.    128;  Vick's  Mag.  297. 
C. 
Populus  nigra,  Hort.  Beige  256. 
Potato,  Alaska,  R.  N.-Y.  151. 

—  EarlySix  Weeks  Market,  Orch. 

&  Gar.  80. 

—  Howe's  Premium.  R.N.-Y.  150. 

—  The  Ideal,  Am.  Farm  Hort.  7. 

—  Pomme  de  terre  Junon,    Rev. 

Hort.  161. 
Potentilla  hybrida  flore  pleno,  Rev. 

Hort.  305. 
Prepusa    Hookeriana,    Gar.    Chron. 

421. 
Prestoea  Carderi,  Bot.  Mag,  t.  7108. 

C. 
Primrose,    Double    Chinese.    Pop. 

Gar.  83. 

—  evening.    Ice    King,    Orch.    & 

Gar.  173. 
Primula  Allioni,  Gar.  Mag.  409. 

—  'Chinensis  cristata   hybrida, 

Gart.  616. 

—  cortusoides    Sieboldi,    Gar. 

World  535. 

—  double  Chinese,  Garden  127. 

—  obconica,  Can.  Hort.  54. 

—  the  wild  Chinese,  Gar.  Chron. 

564.   (2.) 
Primulina    Sinensis,    Bot.    Mag.    t. 

7117.     C. 
Protea  nana,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7095.      C. 
Prunopsis  Mume,  Rev.  Hort.  209. 
Prunus  Allegheniensis,  Gar.  &  For. 

429. 

—  Japonica  spaehrica.  Rev.  Hort. 

468.     C. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


205 


Pruuus  Pissardi,  Jour.  Hort.  283. 

—  Pseudo-Cerasus,    Gar.    Chron. 

609. 

—  Siberica,  Am,  Gar.  646. 

—  Simoni,  Am.  Agr.  16. 

—  Sinensis,  Garden  605.    (2.) 
Psidium  Passeanum,  Rev.  Hort.  233. 
Psilotum  flaccidum,  Gart.  97,  loi. 

—  triquetrum,  Gart.  loi. 
Ptelea  aptera,  Gar.  &  For.  333. 
Puya  Chilensis,  Gar.  Chron.  685. 
Pyrethrum,  Single,  Vick's  Mag.  329. 

C.    . 

—  uliginosum,   Pop.  Gar.  30.    (6.) 
Pyrus  arbutifolia,  Gar.  &  For.  417. 

—  coronaria.  Am.  Gar.  650. 

—  heterophylla,  Gar.  Chron.  115. 

—  spectabile,  Am.  Flor.  565. 
Quercus  lobata,  Gar.  &  For.  611. 

—  macrocarpa,  Gar.  &  For.  407. 
Quince,  Champion,  Hort.  Art  Jour. 

81.     C. 

—  Common    Scarlet   Japan,   Am. 

Agr.  137. 

—  Fuller,  Orch.  &  Gar.  157. 

—  grandiflora.  Am.  Agr.  137. 

—  Seedling    grandiflora.    Am. 

Agr.  137. 

—  Sunray,  Am.  Agr.  137. 
Radish,  blancde  Russie,  Rev.  Hort. 

326. 

—  gris    d'hiver    de    Laon,    Rev. 

Hort.  326. 

—  gros   blanc  d'Augsbourg,  Rev. 

Hort.  326, 

—  long  d'hiver.  Rev.  Hort.  326. 

—  noir   gros   rond   d'hiver,   Rev. 

Hort.  326. 

—  rose    de    Chine,   Rev.  Hort.  2, 

326. 

—  violet  long  d'hiver  de  Gournay, 

Rev.  Hort.  326. 
Ramie  (Boehmeria    utilis).    Rev. 

Hort.  184. 
Ramondia  Pyrenaica   alba.   Garden 

30-    c. 

Ranunculus  Asiaticus  superbissimus, 

Hort.  Beige  133.      C. 
Raphiolepis  ovata.   Jour.  Hort.  277. 

(2.) 
Raspberry,  Gladstone,  Am.  Gar.  564. 


Raspberry,  Kansas,  Am.  Farm  Hort. 

13- 

—  Lovett,  Orch.  &  Gar.  209. 

—  Muskingum,    Am.  Farm  Hort. 

10. 

—  Progress,  Am.  Farm  Hort.    i  ; 

Can.  Hort.  82  ;   Orch   &  Gar. 

3- 

—  Thompson's    Early    Prolific, 

Orch.  &  Gar.  125. 

—  Winona,  Am.  Farm  Hort.  15. 
Ravenala    Madagascariensis.    Rev. 

Hort.  152. 
Rehmannia  glutinosa.   Gar.   Chron. 

15G.   (2,) 
Reinwardtia  tetragyna,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7136.     C. 
Renanthera  Lowii,  Hort.  Beige  60. 

C. 
Rhipidopteris  peltata,  Gart.  loi. 
Rhipsalis  funalis,  Am.  Gar.  465. 

—  Houlletii,  Gart.  119. 

—  Regnellii    G.    A.    Lindberg    n. 

sp.,  Gart.  119. 

—  salicornioides,  Am.  Gar.  463. 
Rhodanthe    Manglesii,    Rev.    Hort. 

523- 
Rhodochiton  volubilis,  Hort.   Beige 

252.     C. 
Rhododendron  Boothii,   Bot.    Mag. 

t.  7149.     C. 

—  Countess  of  Haddington,  Gar. 

World  505. 

—  Manglesi,  Garden  225.      (2.) 

—  maximum.  Am.  Gar.  595. 

—  Nilgaricum,  Gar.  Mag.  381. 

—  praecox    rubrum.    Garden    32. 

(2.)     C. 
Rhodostachys  andina,  Bot.   Mag.  t. 
7148.     C. 

—  Pitcairniaefolia  var.  Kirchhoffi- 

ana,  Gart.  345.     C. 
Rhodotypus     kerrioides,     Orch.     & 

Gar.  92. 
Rhyncospermum  Japonicum,  Vick's 

Mag.  4. 
Ribes,  Double  Crimson,  Gar.  Chron. 

653. 
Richardia  ^thiopica,   Gar.    Chron. 

755-      (2-) 
Rochea,  M.Buchner, Gar. Chron. 229. 


205 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


Rochea,  Mad.  Foucart,  Gar.  Chron. 
229. 

—  Mr.  Pfitzer,  Gar.  Chron.  229. 

—  Mrs.  Cannell,  Gar.  Chron.  229. 

—  Mrs.  Wynne,  Gar.  Chron.  229. 

—  group  of  Hybrids,    Am.    Flor. 

433. 
Rodgersia  podophylla,  Garden  125. 

(2) ;  Gar.  Mag.  477. 
Romneya  Coulteri,  Am.  Flor.  397. 
Rosa  berberifolia,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7096. 

C. 

—  foliolosa,  Gar.  &  For.  loi. 

—  multiflora,   Bot.  Mag.   t.   7119 

C.  ;    Gar.  &  For.  405. 

—  rugosa,  Orch.  &  Gar.  91  ;  Rev 

Hort.  17. 

—  —  fimbriata.  Rev.  Hort.  427 

—  Sayi,  Am.  Gar.  317. 

—  Watsoniana,  Gar.   &  For.  477 
Roscoea  purpurea,  Gar.  Chron.  igi 

(2.) 
Rose    Aimee    Vibert,    Garden    401 

(2.) 

—  alba     var.      suaveolens,     Gar 

Chron.  44. 

—  Alphonse  Soupert,  Jour.  Roses 

88.     C. 

—  Autumn,  group  of,  Garden  73. 

—  Baroness    Rothschild,     Vick's 

Mag.  65.     C. 

—  Bennett,    W.     F.,    Am.     Flor. 

431- 

—  Bouquet    d'Or,     Garden     180. 

C. 

—  Bride,  Am.   Flor.  431. 

—  Camoens,  Jardin  206. 

—  Capucine  jaune  bicolore.  Jour. 

Roses  24.     C. 

—  Capucine     ou     bicolor,     Jour. 

Roses  23.     C. 

—  Clotilde    Soupert,    Hort.    Art. 

Jour.  25.     C. 

—  Comtesse  Julie  Hunyadi,  Jour. 

Roses  56.     C. 

—  Copper  Austrian,  Garden  600. 

(2.)     C. 

—  Docteur  Grill,  Garden  56.     C. 

—  Edmond    Sablayrolles,     Trade 

Jour.  2. 

—  Emilie  Dupuy, Garden  438.     C. 


Rose  felicite  perpetue,  Hort.   Beige 
205.      C. 

—  gallica  var.  trigintipetala,  Gar. 

Chron.  45. 

—  Georges Bruant,  Am.  Gar.  417; 

Trade  Jour.  19. 

—  Gloried'Dijon,  Hort.  Art  Jour. 

57.     C. 

—  Grace  Darling,  Hort.  Beige  7. 

C. 

—  Gustave    Regis,     Jour.     Roses 

136.      C. 

—  Harrison's  Yellow  X  Rosa  ru- 

gosa, Am.  Gar.  663. 

—  Jacqueminot,  Vick's  Mag.  283. 

—  Lady  Mary  Fitzwilliam,  Jour. 

Roses  184.     C. 

—  La  France,  Garden  233.     (2.) 

—  Madame  Eugenie  Fremy,  Jour. 

Roses  168.     C. 

—  MadameEugene  Verdier,  Jour. 

Roses  40.     C. 

—  Marguerite  de   Fenelon,   Jour. 

Roses  8.     C. 

—  Mme.  Hoste,  Am.  Flor.  431. 

—  Mrs.    Paul,   Garden  484.      (2.) 

C. 

—  Moss,  Vick's  Mag.  33.     C. 

—  Noisette  Mademoiselle  Adelina 

Viviand   Morel,  Jour.   Roses 
104.     C. 

—  Papa  Gontier,   Jour.  Roses  72. 

C. 

—  Pink   seedling    tea,    R.    N.-Y. 

231- 

—  Reine    Olga   de   Wurtemberg, 

Jardin  206. 

—  Souvenir   de  Madame  Sablay- 

rolles,   Jour.     Roses    152. 
C. 

—  Tea,  Niphetos,  Garden  467. 

—  Triomphe  de  Rennes,  Garden 

343-      (2.) 

—  Viscountess  Folkestone,   Jour. 

Roses  120.     C. 

—  White  Baroness,   Vick's   Mag. 

65.     C. 

—  White  Rugosa,  Am.  Agr.  371. 
Roses,  Cherokee,  Am.  Gar.  668. 
Rubus  Canadensis,  Am.  Gar.  637. 

—  hispidus,  Am.  Gar.  642. 


Plant  Portraits  of  i8go. 


207 


Kubus  neglectus,  Am.  Gar.  721. 

—  occidentalis,  Am.  Gar.  722. 

—  strigosus,  Am.  Gar.  723. 

—  villosus,  Am,  Gar.  720. 
Saccolabium  bellinum,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7142.     C. 
Salvia  prunelloides  purpurea,  Gart. 

563. 

—  splendens   var.    Bruanti,    Am. 

Flor.  331. 
Sarcodes  sanguinea,  Am.  Gar.  600. 
Sarracenia  decora,  Gar.  World  777. 
Satyrium  membranaceum.Bot.Mag. 

t.  7104.     C. 
Saxifraga    Boydi,   Garden    10.      (2.) 

C. 

—  sarmentosa,  Gar.  Chron.  237. 
Scaphosepalumpulvinare,  Bot.  Mag. 

t.  7151.   C. 
Schinus  molle,  Jardin  191. 
Schubertia  grandiflora,  Gar.  &  For. 

369- 
Sciadopitys  verticillata,  Garden  499. 

Scolopendrium    rhizophyllum,    Am. 
Gar.  225. 

—  vulgare   cristatum,    Am.    Gar. 

226. 

—  —  lato-digitatum,  Am.  Gar. 
226. 

Scutellaria  Costaricana,  Hort.  Beige 

73.     C. 
Selenipedium    caudatum  var.    War- 

scewiczii,  Gar.  &  For.  285. 
Senecio    Ghiesbreghti,    Rev.     Hort. 

492      C. 
Sequoia  gigantea,  Gar,  &  For.  575. 

—  sempervirens.Gar.  Chron.  303, 

306.     (2.) 
Shortia     galacifolia,     Garden     204 

(2.)     C. 
Sicana   odorifera,    Rev.    Hort.    516 

C. 

—  spherica,  Bot.  Mag.  t.  7109.     C 
Silene    pendula     compacta,     Gar 

World  197.     (2.) 
Skimmia  fragrans,  Jour.   Hort.  427, 
Snowflake,  Leucojum  vernum,  Pop 

Gar.  47. 
Sobralia  xantholeuca,  Rev.  Hort.  12 

C. 


Solanum  macranthum,  Gar.   Chron. 
81. 

—  jasminoides,  Am.  Agr.  321. 

—  Wendlandi,    Garden    104.     C  ; 

Gar.  Mag.  601.  (2)  ;  Jour. 
Hort.  227.  (2) ;  Pop.  Gar. 
51.      (6.) 

—  William's  Improved,  Gar.  Mag. 

130. 
Solidago  speciosa,  Gar.  &  For.  561. 
Sonerila  orientalis.  111.  Hort.  97.   C. 

—  —  guttulata,    111.    Hort.    97. 

C. 

—  —  picta,  111.  Hort.  97.     C. 

—  —  punctata,    111.    Hort.    97. 

C. 
Sonerilas,  Gar.  Jour.  Hort.  509. 
Sophora,     Weeping    Japan,     Vick's 

Mag.  331. 
Spinovitis  Davidii,  Rev.  Hort.  465. 
Spiraea  ariaefolia.  Am.  Gar.  125. 

—  Japonica  compacta  multiflora, 

Gar.  Mag.  640.     (2.) 

—  opulifolia  L.  var.  heterophylla 

fol.  aur.  marg.  Gart.  10. 

—  Thunbergii,  Vick's  Mag.  36. 

—  trilobata.  Am.  Gar.  503. 

—  Van   Houttei,  Hort.  Art  Jour. 

93.     C. 
Spruce,  Blue,  R.  N.-Y.  131. 

—  Sargent's  Weeping,  Pop.  Gar.  2. 

—  Weeping,  Vick's  Mag.  334. 

—  —  Norway,  Vick's  Mag.  247. 
Squash,  Hubbard,  Orch.  &  Gar.  loi. 

—  Red  China,  Pop.  Gar.  3. 
Stachys  affinis,  Gart.  47. 
Stanhopea  Spindleriana,   Gart.  625. 

C. 
Stapelia  gigantea.   Jour.    Hort.   359. 

(2.) 
Star  Apple,  Am.  Gar.  405. 
Statice  pyramidalis,  Rev.  Hort,  524. 
Sterculia  rupestris,  Gar.  World  489. 
Stipa  pennata.  Rev.  Hort.  489. 
Strawberry,  Alpine,  Pop.  Gar.  250. 

—  Belmont,  Am.  Gar.  521. 

—  Bomba,  Am.  Gar.  519. 

—  Bubach,  Can.  Hort.  240  ;  Pop. 

Gar.  190,  230. 

—  —  No.  5,  Can.  Hort.  65.  C. ; 

Pop.  Gar    230. 


208 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


Strawberry,  Cloud,  Am.  Agr.  417. 

—  Competitor,  Gar.  Mag.  492. 

—  Daisy,  Am.  Agr.  417. 

—  Edgar  Queen,  Am.  Farm  Hort. 

4. 

—  Edouard    Lefort,    Rev.    Hort. 

84.     C. 

—  Enhance,  Am.  Farm  Hort.  6. 

—  Gandy,  Pop.  Gar.  48.   (6.) 

—  Golden  Defiance,  Pop.  Gar.  2. 

(6.) 

—  Haverland,  Am.  Agr.  417;  Am. 

Gar.  523  ;  Pop.  Gar.  48,  (6.) 
229. 

—  Hinman,  Am.  Farm  Hort.  11. 

—  Ivanhoe,  Pop.  Gar.  231. 

—  Jessie,    Am.    Agr.    417  ;     Pop. 

Gar.  231. 

—  Lady    Rusk,    Am.    Agr.     417  ; 

Can.  Hort.  81. 

—  Laxton's    Competitor,    Jour. 

Hort.  99.    (2.) 

—  Lovett,  Orch.  &  Gar.  209. 

—  Lower,  Pop.  Gar.  231. 

—  Middlefield,   Am.  Farm    Hort. 

I  ;  Orch.  &  Gar.  176. 

—  Monmouth,  Pop.  Gar.  231. 

—  Mrs.    Cleveland,    Am.    Farm 

Hort.  II. 

—  Parker  Earle,  Can.  Hort.  311. 

C. 

—  Pearl,  Am.  Gar.  417 

—  Sharpless  Seedling,  Gar.  Chron. 

43-   (2.) 

—  Shuster's  Gem,  Am.  Agr.  417  ; 

Orch.  &  Gar.  23. 

—  Sterling,  Pop.  Gar.  48.  (6.) 

—  Warfield,  Am.  Agr.  417  ;   Pop. 

Gar.  231. 

—  Waterloo,  Jour.  Hort.  99.    (2.) 

—  Wilson,    Am.    Gar.   517  ;    Pop. 

Gar.  231. 
Strelitzia  Nicolai,  Garden  327. 
Streptocarpus   Dunnii,  Gar.  &   For. 

609. 

—  Kewensis,     Hort.     Beige     169. 

C. 

—  polyanthus,  Jardin  125. 

—  Watsoni,  Hort.  Beige   169.     C. 

—  White  Pet,    Hort.    Beige    169. 

C. 


Symphoricarpus   occidentalis.    Gar. 

&  For.  297. 
Syringa  Pekinensis,  Gar  &  For.  165. 
Taxodium   distichum.    Gar.    Chron. 

325  ;   Gar.  &  For.  155. 
Tecoma    grandiflora,    Gar.    &    For. 

393- 

—  jasminoides.  Jour.  Hort.  105. 

—  radicans,    Hort.   Art  Jour.   96. 

C. 
Thalictrum  Delavayi,   Bot.   Mag.  t. 

7152.    C  ;  Gar.    Chron.    125. 

(2.) 
Thunbergia    coccinea,    Rev.     Hort. 

197. 
Thunia    Bensoniae,    Pop.    Gar.    62. 

(6.) 
Thuya    occidentalis    Spathii,    Gart. 

225. 
Thyrsacanthus  strictus.    Gar.    Mag. 

1S3. 
Tillandsia  amethystina,  Bot.  Mag.  t. 

7121.     C. 

—  usneoides.  Garden  221. 
Tomato,  Champion,  202. 

—  Cherry-shaped,  Gar.  Mag.  181. 

—  Cyphomandra    betacea.    Jour. 

Hort  15. 

—  Green  Gage,  Gar.  Mag.  193. 

—  Hathaway's  Excelsior,  Garden 

513- 

—  King  Humbert,  Gar.  Mag.  193. 

—  Large  Red,  Garden  513. 

—  Laxton's  Open-air,  Gar.   Mag. 

43- 

—  Mansfield's    Tree,    Pop.     Gar. 

45-      (6.) 

—  Matchless,  Pop.  Gar.  45.     (6.) 

—  Old  Red.  Gar.  Mag.  149. 

—  Peach,  Pop.  Gar.  103. 

—  Pear-shaped,  Gar.  Mag.  180. 

—  Queen,  Gar.  Mag.  193. 

—  Red  Cherry,  Orch.  &  Gar.  loi. 

—  Red  Currant   or    Grape,   Gar. 

Mag.  166. 

—  Station,  R.  N.-Y.  17. 

—  Table    Queen,    Pop.    Gar.    45. 

(6.) 

—  Tree,    Trade    Jour.    25 ;    Am. 

Gar.  509  ;  Jour.  Hort.  15. 

—  Trophy,  Gar.  Mag.  148. 


Plant  Portraits  of  iSgo. 


;o9 


Torenia  Fournieri,  Am.  Flor.  401. 
Trachycarpus  Khasyanus,  Bot.  Mag. 

t.  712S.     C. 
Trichopilia  suavis,  Garden  185.    {2.) 
Trillium    grandiflorum,    Gar.    Mag. 

131  ;   Am.  Gar.  213. 

—  sessile  var.  Californicum,  Gar. 

&  For.  321. 
Trochetia    Erythroxylon    B  1  u  t  e  n 

weiss,  Gait.  96. 
Tulipa  Archiduc  d'  Autriche,    Rev. 

Hort.  420.      C. 

—  Billietiana,  Rev.  Hort.  476. 

—  cornuta,  Rev.  Hort.  476- 

—  double  de  Gesner,  Rev.  Hort. 

475- 

—  double    Murillo,     Rev.     Hort. 

420.     C. 

—  dragonne,  Rev.  Hort.  476. 

—  Due  de  Thol,  Rev.   Hort.  474. 

—  flamande,  Rev.   Hort.  475. 

—  glusiana,  Rev.  Hort.  476. 

—  Greigi,  Jardin,  51  ;  Rev.  Hort. 

476. 

—  Lac    van    Rhein,    Rev.    Hort. 

420.     C. 

—  simple  de  Gesner,   Rev.    Hort. 

475- 

—  —  native,  Rev.  Hort.  474. 

—  sylvestris,  Rev.  Hort.  476. 
Tussilago   Farfara,    variegata,    Gar- 
den 435. 

Ursinia  pulchra  var    aurea,  Garden 

392.     C. 
Vanda  Amesiana, Bot. Mag-.t. 7139.  C. 

—  coerulea,  Gar.  Chron.  17  ;  Gar. 

&  For.  77. 

—  Orchidophile,    376.     C  ;    Gart. 

545-     C. 

—  Kimballiana,      Bot,     Mag.     t. 

7112.     C  ;     Gar.     322       C. ; 
Jour.   Hort.  41. 

—  suavis,  Gar.  Chron.  133  ;   Hort. 

Beige  157.     C. 

—  tricolor,    var.    Patersoni,    Gar. 

Chron.  135. 


Vegetable  Marrow,  Long  Bush,  Gar. 

594- 
Verbascum    Olympicum,    Gar.     55. 

(2-) 

Viburnum  pauciflorum.  Gar.  &  For. 

—  plicatum,  Orch.  &  Gar.  92. 

—  pubescens.  Gar.  &   For.  125. 
Vinca  rosea,  Vick's  Mag.  49. 
Virginia  Creeper,  Vick's  Mag.  317. 
Vitis  rutilans.  Rev.  Hort.  444.     C. 
VrieseaGravisiana,  Gart.  495  ;  Hort. 

Beige  49.     C. 

—  X  Weyringeriana,  Gart.  8. 

—  Kitteliana,  Gart.  327. 

—  Mariae,  Jour.   Hort.  221. 
Waitzia  aurea.  Rev.  Hort.  523. 
Waldsteiniafragarioides,  Rev.  Hort. 

510. 
Watermelon,    Georgia    Rattlesnake, 
Orch.  &  Gar.  100. 

—  Volga,  Pop.  Gar.  3. 

Wax  Plant,  Bella,  Pop    Gar.  13. 
Weigelas,  white  flowering,  Pop.  Gar. 

235- 
Willow,     Ring-Leaved,     Pop.     Gar. 

50.      (6.) 
Wmeberry,  Japanese,  Am.  Agr.  515  ; 

Am.  Farm  Hort.  9  ;  Orch.  & 

Gar.  48. 
Wistaria,  Chinese,  Am.  Flor.  587. 
Xanthoceras  sorbifolia,  Hort.   Beige 

181.     C. 
Xeranthemum    annuum.  Rev.  Hort. 

486. 
Yucca gloriosa,  Gar.  Chron.  693.  (2.) 

—  gloriosa,  var.  recurvifolia,  Am. 

Gar.  661. 
Zamia  Wallisii,   Bot.   Mag.  t.   7103. 

C. 
Zenobia  speciosa  var.   pulverulenta, 

Gar.  Chron.  612. 
Zephyranthes  Atamasco,  Gar.  155. 

—  Candida,  Gar.    154.     C 
Zinnia  Haageana  fiore  pleno,   Gar. 

World  37.     (2.) 


§3-  DIRECTORY  OF  THE  NATIONAL,  STATE,  PRO- 
VINCIAL AND  OTHER  MOST  IMPORTANT 
HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETIES  IN  NORTH 
AMERICA. 


Alabama  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Geo.  I.  Motz,  Huntsville. 
Sec,     Frank  Boykin,  Seale. 

American  Association  of  Nurserymen  : 

Pres.,  S.  M.  Emery,  Lake  City,  Minn, 
Sec,    Chas.  A.  Green,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

American  Chrysanthemum  Society  : 

Pres.,  John  Thorpe,  Pearl  River,  N.  Y. 

Sec,     Edwin  Lonsdale,  Chestnut  Hill,  Philadelphia. 

American  Cranberry  Growers'  Association  : 

Pres.,  J.  H.  Brakeley,  Bordentown,  N.  J. 
Sec.  and  Treas.,  A.  J.  Rider,  Trenton,  N.  J. 

American  Forestry  Congress  : 

Pres.,  James  A.  Beaver,  Bellefonte,  Pa. 
Sec,    C.  C.  Birmey,  Philadelphia,  Pa. 

American  Horticultural  Society : 

Pres.,  Parker  Earle,  Ocean  Springs,  Miss. 
Sec,     E.  A.  Popenoe,  Manhattan,  Kan. 

American  Pomological  Society  : 

Pres.,  P.  J.  Berckmans,  Augusta,  Ga. 
Sec,    G.  B.  Brackett,  Denmark,  Iowa. 

American  Seed  Trade  x\ssociation  : 

Pres.,  Albert  McCullough,  Cincinnati. 
Sec.  and  Treas.,  John  Fottler,  Jr.,  Boston. 

Arizona  Fruit  Growers'  Association  : 
Pres.,  Dr.  A.  J.  Chandler. 
Sec,     H.  R.  Patrick,  Phoenix. 

Arkansas  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  D.  L.  McLeod,  Judsonia. 
Sec,    W.  K.  Tipton,  Little  Rock. 

Association  of  American  Cemetery  Superintendents  : 
Pres.,  Chas.  Nichols,  Newark,  N.  J. 
Sec,    A.  H.  Sargent,  Akron,  O, 
(210) 


Directory  of  Horticultural  Societies   in  No7'th  America.     211 

British  Columbia  Fruit  Growers'  Association  : 
Pres.,  J.  M.  Browning,  Vancouver. 
Sec,    A.  H.  B.  MacGowan.  Vancouver. 

California  Fruit  Association  : 

Pres.,  James  A.  Webster,  Vacaville. 
Sec,     F.  A.  Buckingham,  Vacaville. 

California  Fruit  Union. 

Pres.,  J.  Z.  Anderson,  San  Francisco. 

V.  Pres.  and  Sec,  L.  W.  Buck,  San  Francisco. 

California  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  E.  W.  Hilgard,  Berkeley. 
Sec,     E.  J.  Wickson,  Berkeley. 

California  State  Board  of  Horticulture  : 

Pres.,  Elhvood  Cooper,  Santa  Barbara. 
Sec,     B.  M.  Lelong,  San  Francisco. 

California  State  Floral  Society  : 

Pres.,  E.  J.  Wickson,  Berkeley. 

Sec,     Emory  E.  Smith,  San  Francisco. 

California  Viticultural  Commission  : 

Pres.,  I.  DeTurk,  Santa  Rosa. 

Sec,     Winfield  Scott,  San  Francisco. 

Cider  Makers'  Association  of  the  Northwest  : 
Pres.,  G.  W.  Milliard,  Brighton,  111. 
Sec,     L.  R.  Bryant,  Princeton,  111. 

Colorado  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  C.  S.  Faurot,  Boulder. 
Sec,     Alexander  Shaw,  Denver. 

Connecticut.      No  state  society. 
Delaware.      No  state  society. 
Dominion  Horticultural  Association  : 

Pres.,  D.  P.  Penhallow,  Montreal. 

Sec,     W.  W.  Dunlap,  Montreal. 

Eastern  Nurserymen's  Association: 

Pres.,  W.  C.  Barry,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 
Sec,     William  Pitkin,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Florida  Fruit  Exchange  : 

Pres.,  Geo.  R.  Fairbanks,  Jacksonville. 
Sec,     M.  P.  Turner,  Jacksonville. 

Florida  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Dudley  W.  Adams,  Tangierine. 
Sec,     E.  O.  Painter,  De  Land. 

Florida  Orange  Growers'  Union  : 

Pres.,  J.  C.  McKibbin,  Pomona. 
Sec,     A.  H.  Manville,  Palatka. 


212  Annals  of  Horticuliin'e. 

Foreign  Fruit  Exchange  : 

Pres.,  D.  Wegman,  New  York  City. 
Sec,     F.  S.  Robinson,  New  York  City. 

Georgia  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  P.  J.  Berckmans,  Augusta. 
Sec,     T.  L.  Kinsey,  Savannah. 

Illinois  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Jabez  Webster,  Centralia. 
Sec,     A.  C.  Hammond,  Warsaw. 

Indiana  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  E.  J.  Rowland,  Rowland. 
Sec,     W.  H.  Ragan,  Greencastle. 

Inter-State  Shippers'  Association  : 

Pres.,  A.  M.  DuBois,  Cobden,  111. 
Sec,     Thomas  Buckle,  Villa  Ridge,  111. 

Iowa  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Eugene  Secor,  Forest  City. 
Sec,     Geo.  Van  Houten,  Lenox. 

Kansas  Horticultural  Society : 

Pres.,  L.  Houk,  Hutchinson. 
Sec,     G.  C.  Brackett,  Lawrence. 

Kentucky  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  R.  F.  Dulaney,  Bowling  Green. 
Sec,     John  C.  Hawes,  Louisville. 

Louisiana.      No  state  society. 

Maine  Pomological  Society  : 

Pres.,  Chas.  S.  Pope,  Manchester. 
Sec,     D.  H.  Knowlton,  Farmington. 

Massachusetts  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  William  H.  Spooner,  Jamaica  Plain. 
Sec,     Robert  Manning,  Boston. 

Michigan  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  T.  T.  Lyon,  South  Haven. 
Sec,     Edwy  C.  Reid,  Allegan. 

Minnesota  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Wyman  Elliott,  Minneapolis. 
Sec,     S.  B.  Green,  St.  Anthony  Park. 

Mississippi  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  H.  E.  McKay,  Madison  Station. 
Sec,     W.  H.  Cassell.  Canton. 

Missouri  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  J.  C.  Evans,  Harlem. 
Sec,     L.  A.  Goodman,  Westport. 

Montana.      No  society. 


Directory  of  Horticultural  Societies  i?i  North  America.     213 

Montreal  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  D.  P.  Penhallow,  Montreal. 

Sec,     W.  W.  Dunlap,  Montreal, 
Nebraska  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  F.  W    Taylor,  Omaha. 

Sec,  G.  j.  Carpenter,  Fairbury. 

Nevada.      No  society. 

New  Hampshire.      No  society. 

New  Jersey  Horticultural  Societ}^  : 

Pres.,  Ralph  Egge,  Hopewell. 
Sec,     E.  Williams,  Montclair. 

New  Mexico  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Arthur  Boyle,  Santa  Fe. 
Sec,    Geo.  H.  Cross,  Santa  Fe. 

New  York  Horticultural  Society.      Non-active. 

North  Carolina  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  J.  Van  Lindley,  Pomona. 
Sec,     S.  Otho  Wilson,  Raleigh. 

North  Dakota.      No  society. 

Nova  Scotia  Fruit  Growers'  Society  : 

Pres.,  Henry  Chipman,  Grand  Pre. 

Sec,     C.  R.  H.  Starr,  Wolfville. 

Ohio  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres., Geo.  W.  Campbell,  Delaware. 
Sec,     W.  W.  Farnsworth,  Waterville. 

Ontario  Fruit  Growers'  Association  : 

Pres.,  A.  M.  Smith,  St.  Catharines. 
Sec,     L.  Woolverton,  Grimsby. 

Oregon  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  J.  R.  Cardwell,  Portland. 
Sec,     E.  R.  Lake,  Corvallis. 

Oregon  Pomological  Societ}^ 

Pres.,  E.  P.  Roberts,  The  Dalles. 
Sec,    J.  A.  Varney,  The  Dalles. 

Oregon  State  Board  of  Horticulture  : 

Pres.,  J.  R.  Cardwell,  Portland. 
Sec,     Ethan  W.  Allen,  Portland. 

Peninsular  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  John  J.  Black,  New  Castle,  Del. 
Sec,     Wesley  Webb,  Dover,  Del. 

Pennsylvania  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  G.  W.  Childs,  Philadelphia. 
Sec,     D.  D.  L.  Farson,  Philadelphia. 


214  Annals  of  Horticiilhire. 

Pennsylvania  State  Horticultural  Association  : 
Pres.,  H.  C.  Snavely,  Lebanon. 
Sfec  ,     E.  B.  Engle,  Waynesboro'. 

Rhode  Island  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  Edward  I.  Nickerson,  Providence. 
Sec,     Chas.  W.  Smith,  Providence. 

Society  of  American  Florists  : 

Pres.,  M.  H.  Norton,  Boston. 
Sec,     W.  J.  Stewart,  Boston,  Mass. 

South  Carolina  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  H.  B.  Buist,  Greenville. 
Sec,     G.  Wanner,  Walhalla. 

South  Dakota  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  H.  C.  Warner,  Forestburg. 
Sec,     C.  A.  Keffer,  Brookings. 

Tennessee.      No  society. 

Texas  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  E.  W.  Kirkpatrick,  McKinney. 
Sec,  D.  H.  Watson,  Brenham. 

Texas  State  Nurserymen's  Association: 

Pres.,  E.  W.  Kirkpatrick,  McKinney. 
Sec,     J.  M.  Howell,  Dallas. 

Utah.      No  society. 

Vermont.      No  society. 

Virginia  Pomological  Society.      Non-active. 

Washington  Horticultural  Societ}^  : 

Pres.,  Henry  Bucy,  Tacoma. 
Sec  ,     A.  N.  xMiller,  Puyallup. 

West  Virginia.      No  society. 

Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society  : 
Pres.,  W.  C.  Barry,  Rochester. 
Sec,     John  Hall,  Rochester. 

Western  Nurserymen's  Association: 

Pres.,  G.  J.  Carpenter,  Fairbury,  Neb. 
Sec,     J.  W.  Schoette,  St.  Louis,  Mo. 

West  Tennessee  Horticultural  Society  : 
Pres.,  J.  C.  Tharp,  Gibson. 
Sec,     A. 'A.  Cawdery,  Gadsden. 

Wisconsin  Horticultural  Society  : 

Pres.,  M.  A.  Thayer,  Sparta. 
Sec,     B.  S.  Hoxie,  Evansville. 

Wyoming.      No  society. 


§4-  DIRECTORY  OF  HORTICULTURISTS,  OR  THOSE 
IN  CHARGE  OF  HORTICULTURAL  WORK, 
OF  EXPERIMENT  STATIONS  IN  NORTH 
AMERICA. 


Alabama  : 

P.  H.  Mell,  M.  E.,  Ph.  D.,  Auburn,  Botanist  and  Meteorologist. 

Geo.  F.  Atkinson,  Ph.  D.,  Auburn,  Biologist. 
Arkansas : 

A.  B    McKay,  B.  S.,  Fayetteville,  Horticulturist. 
California  : 

E.  J.  Wickson,  A    M.,  Berkely,  Supt.  of  Grounds. 
Canada  (Agricultural  College)  : 

J.  Hoyes  Panton,  Guelph,  Botanist. 
Canada  (Central  Experimental  Farm)  : 

John  Craig,  Ottawa,  Horticulturist. 
Colorado  : 

C.  S.  Crandall,  M.  S.,  Fort  Collins,  Botanist  and  Horticulturist. 
Connecticut  (State  Station)  : 

Roland  Thaxter,  Ph.  D.,  New  Haven,  Mycologist. 
Delaware  : 

M.  H.  Beckwith,  Newark,  Horticulturist  and  Entomologist. 
Florida : 

James  C.  Neal,  Ph.  D.,  M.  D.,  Lake  City,  Botanist  and  Entomologist. 
Georgia  : 

Gustave  Speth,  Griffin,  Horticulturist. 
Illinois  : 

Thomas  J.  Burrill,  Ph.  D.,  Champaign,  Horticulturist  and  Botanist. 
Indiana  : 

James  Troop,  M.  S.,  LaFayette,  Horticulturist. 
Iowa  : 

J.  L.  Budd,  M.  H.,  Ames,  Horticulturist. 
Kansas  : 

Edward  A.  Popenoe,  A.  M.,  Manhattan,  Horticulturist. 
Kentucky  : 

H.  Garman,  Lexington,  Entomologist  and  Botanist. 
Maine  : 

W.  M.  Munson,  B.  S.,  Orono,  Horticulturist. 
Mar3dand  : 

Thomas  L.  Brunk,  B.  S.,  College  Park,  Horticulturist. 
Massachusetts  (Hatch  Station)  : 

Samuel  T.  Maynard,  B.  S.,  Amherst,  Horticulturist. 
Michigan  : 

L.  R.  Taft,  M.  S.,  Agricultural  College,  P.  O.,  Horticulturist. 
Minnesota  : 

Samuel  B.  Green,  B.  S.,  St.  Anthony  Park,  Horticulturist. 

(215) 


2i6  Annals  of  Horticult2ire. 

Mississippi : 

Howard   E.  Weed,   M.  S.,  Agricultural   College,   P.   O.,   Horticulturist 
and  Entomologist. 
Missouri : 

J.  W.  Clark,  B.  S.,  Columbia,  Horticulturist  and  Entomologist. 
Nebraska : 

Charles  E.  Bessey,  Ph.  D.,  Lincoln,  Director  and  Botanist. 
Nevada  : 

R.  H.  McDowell,  B.  S.,  Reno,  Agriculturist  and  Horticulturist. 
New  Jerse}^ : 

Byron  D.  Halstead,  Sc.  D.,  New  Brunswick,  Botanist  and  Horticulturist. 
New  Mexico  : 

A.  E.  Blount,  A.  M,,  Las  Cruces,  Agriculturist  and  Horticulturist. 
New  York  (Cornell)  : 

L.  H.  Bailey.  M.  S.,  Ithaca,  Horticulturist. 
New  York  (State)  : 

C.  E.  Hunn,  Geneva,  Acting  Horticulturist. 

George  W.  Churchill,  Geneva,  Acting  Pomologist. 
North  Carolina  : 

W.  F.  Massey,  C.  E.,  Raleigh,  Horticulturist. 
North  Dakota  : 

C.  B.  Waldron,  B.  S.,  Fargo,  Arboriculturist. 
Oregon  : 

George  Coote,  Corvallis,  Horticulturist. 
Pennsylvania  : 

George  C.  Butz,  M.  S.,  State  College,  Centre  Co.,  Horticulturist. 
Rhode  Island  : 

L.  F.  Kinney,  B.  S.,  Kingston,  Horticulturist. 
South  Carolina  : 

E.  A.  Smyth,  Jr.,  A.  B.,  Columbia,  Botanist  and  Entomologist. 
South  Dakota : 

Charles  A.  Keffer,  Brookings,  Supt.  Forestry  and  Horticultural  Experi- 
ments. 
Tennessee  : 

R.  L.  Watts,  B.  Ag.,  Knoxville,  Horticulturist. 
Texas  : 

S    A.  Beach,  B.  S.,  College  Station,  Horticulturist. 
Utah  : 

E.  S.  Richmond,  B.  S.,  Logan,  Horticulturist  and  Entomologist. 
Vermont : 

B.  W.  Minott,  B.  S.,  Burlington,  Horticulturist. 
Virginia  : 

W.  B.  Alwood,  Blacksburg,  Botanist  and  Entomologist. 
West  V^irginia  : 

Charles  F.  Millspaugh,  M.  D.,  Morgantown,  Botanist  and  Microscopist. 
Wisconsin  : 

Emmett  S.  Goflf,  Madison,  Horticulturist. 


§  5-  THE  BOTANIC  GARDENS  OF  THE  WORLD 
{WITH  CORRECTIONS  TO  DATE  BY  PRO- 
FESSOR D.   P.   PENHALLOW). 


Algeria — i. 

Algiers,  Jardin  d' Acclimation  du  Hamma,  Charles  Riviere,  Director. 

Australia — 4. 

Adelaide,  (South  Australia),  Dr.  R.  Schomburgk,  Director. 

Brisbane  (Queensland). 

Melboiir7ie  (Victoria). 

Sid7iey  (New  South  Wales),  Charles  Moore,  F.  L.  S.,  Director. 

AUSTRO-HUNGARY 1 4. 

Brmm,  Botanic  Gardens,  Prof.  Alex.  Makovsky,  Director. 

^/^^a/><?5/ (Transylvania),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  L.  Juranyi, 

Director. 
Czer7iowitz  (Bukovia),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Ed.  Tangl,  Dir. 
Gratz  (Styria),   University  Botanic  Garden,   Dr.  G.  Haberlandt,  Dir. 
Innsbruck  (Tyrol),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.   Emil  Heinricher, 

Director. 
Klagenfiirt  (Carinthia),  Baron  Marcus  V.  Jabornegg-Gamsenegg,  Dir. 
A6'/c2'.sz/ar(Transylvania),  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Aug.  Kanitz,  Dir. 
Krakau  (Galicia),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Jos. Thorn,  De  Rosta- 

finski,  Director. 
Leniberg  (Galicia),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Th.  Ciesielki,  Dir. 
Prague  (Bohemia),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  M.  Willkomm,  Dir. 
Schemnitz  (Transylvania),  Prof.  Ludwig  Fekete,  Director. 
Trieste  (Istria),  Raimondo  Tominz,  Director. 
Vienna,  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  A.  J.  Kerner,  Director. 
Vienna,  Imperial   Horticultural  Gardens  of  Hofburg,  Fr.  Antoine,  Dir. 

Belgium — 5. 

Antwerp,  Dr.  H.  Van  Heurck,  Director. 

Brussels,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Francois  Crepin,  Director. 
Ghent,  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  J.  J.  Kickx,  Director. 
Gembloux,  Botanic  Garden  of  the  Agricultural  Institute,  Dr.C.  Malaise, 

Director. 
Liege,  University  Botanic  Garden. 

Brazil — 2. 

Rio  de  Janeiro,  Botanic  Gardens  of  the  Agricultural  Institute,  at  Cor- 

rigez.  Dr.  Nicolau  J.  Moreira,  Director. 
Rio  de  Janeiro,  Government  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  J.  B.  Rodrigues, 

Director. 

Canada — i. 

Montreal  (P.  Q.),  McGill  University  Botanic  Garden,  Prof.  D.  P.  Pen- 
hallow,  Director. 
A.   H. — 16 


2IJ 


Armals  of  Hortic^dtiire. 


Canary  Islands — i. 

Orotava  (Tenerifife),  Jardin  d'Acclimatation,  Mr.  Wildpret,  Chief  Gar. 
dener. 

Cape  of  Good  Hope — 3. 

Cape  Town,  Prof.  MacOwan,  Director. 

Graaf  Reinet,  J.  C.  Smith,  Chief  of  the  Garden. 

Grahani' s  Town,  Edward  Tidmarsh,  Chief  of  the  Garden. 

Ceylon — i. 

Peradeniya.  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Henry  Trimen,  Director. 

Chili — i. 

Santiago,  Prof.  Fred.  Philippi  (fils),  Director. 

China — i. 

Hong  Kong ^  Government  Botanic  Gardens,  A.  B.  Westland,  Supt. 

Cochin  China — i. 

Saigon,  Colonial  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Regnier,  Director. 
Denmark — 2. 

Cope?ihagen,  University  Botanic  Gardens,  Prof.  Eug.  Warming,  Dir. 

Copenhage?i,  Royal  Gardens  of  Rosenberg,  Tyge  Rothe,  Director. 

Ecuador — i. 

Quito,  Prof.  R.  P.  Al  Sodiro,  Director. 

Egypt — i. 

Cairo,  Gastinel-Bey,  Director. 
France — 20. 

Angers,  Dr.  Em.  Lieutaud,  Director. 

Besancon,  F.  Paillot,  Director. 

Caen,  Otto  Lignier,  Director. 

Cannes,  Comte  d'Empremesnil,  Director. 

Clerino7it-  Ferrand. 

Dijon,  Dr.  Laguesse,  Director. 

Hyeres,  Emile  Davrillon,  Director. 

Lille,  T.  Meurein,  Director. 

Lyon,  Dr.  Ant.  Magnin,  Director. 

Monipellier. 

Nancy,  Prof.  G.  Le  Monnier,  Director. 

Nafites,  Dr.  Ecorchard,  Director. 

Orleans,  M.  Rossignol,  Director. 

Paris,  Gardens  of  the  National  History  Museum,  Prof.  Maxima  Cornu, 

Director. 
Rochefort,  Dr.  Barallier,  Director. 
Rouen.  Emm.  Blanche,  Director. 
St.  Quentiti,  Charles  Magnier,  Director. 


Directories.  219 

France,  continued. 

Toulon,  J.  B.  Chabaud,  Chief  Gardener. 
Toulouse,  Dr.  Dominique  Clos,  Director. 
Tours^  Prof.  David  Barnsby,  Director. 

Germany — 36. 

Aix- la- Chape  lie,  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  A.  Forster,  Director. 

Bamberg  (Bavaria),  Dr.  Funk,  Director. 

Berlin,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Prof.  A.  Engler,  Director. 

Berlin,  University  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  S.  Schwendener,  Director, 

Bo7in  (Rhenish  Prussia),  University  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr,  Ed.  Stras- 

burger.  Director. 
Breslau  (Silesia),  University  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  K.  Prantl,  Director. 
Brimswick  (Brunswick),  Botanic  Garden  of  the  Polytechnic  School. 

Dr.  W.  Blasius,  Director. 
Carlsruhe  (Baden),  J.  Pfister,  Director. 
Cologne  (Rhenish  Prussia),  Prof.  J.  Niepraschk,  Director. 
Darmstadt  (Hesse),  Botanic  Garden  of  the  Polytechnic    School,   Dr. 

Leopold  Dippel,  Director. 
Dresden  (Saxony),  Royal  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Oscar  Drude,  Director. 
Erlafigen  (Bavaria),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Max.  Rees,  Dir. 
Frankfort  on- Main  (Hesse-Nas?au),  Botanic  Garden  of  the  Medical 

Institute,  ,  Director. 

Freiburg  (Baden),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  F.  Hildebrand,  Dir. 
Giessen  (Hesse),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  H.  Hoffmann,  Dir. 
Gdrlitz  (Silesia),  Dr.  R.  Peck,  Director. 
G'ottingen,  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Peter,  Director. 
Greifswald  (Pomerania),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Fr.  Schmitz, 

Director. 
Halle-upon-Salle  (Saxony),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Greg.  Kraus, 

Director. 
Hamburg,  Dr.  Sadebeck,  Director. 

Heidelberg  (Baden),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  E.  Pfitser,  Dir. 
Jena  (Saxe-Cobourg),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  E.  Stahl,  Dir. 
Kiel  (Schleswig-Holstein),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Prof.  J.  Reinke, 

Director. 
Konigsberg,  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Chas.  Leurrsen,  Director. 
Leipzig  (Saxony),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Aug.  Schenck,  Dir. 
Marbourg  (Hesse-Nassau),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  A.  Wigand, 

Director. 

Munden  (Hanover),  Forestry  Botanic  Garden,  ,  Director. 

Mu7iich  (Bavaria).  Dr.  C.  G.  Von  Naegeli,  Director. 

iy//«.y/'^r  (Westphalia),  Botanic  Garden  of  the  Academy,  Dr    O.  Bre- 

feld.  Director. 
Potsdam,  Dr.  Juhlke,  Director. 
Rostock  (Mecklenburg),  University  Botanic    Garden,   Dr.    H.   Gobel, 

Director. 
6'/rfl;j(^«r^  (Alsace-Lorraine),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Comte  Herm. 

de  Solms-Laubach,  Director. 
Tha/rand  (Saxony),  Forestry  Academy  Garden,  Dr.  Fred.  Nobbe,  Dir. 


220  A7inals  of  Horticulture. 

Germany,  continued. 

Tubingen  (Wurtemberg),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  W.  Pfeffer, 

Director. 
Wurzberg  (Bavaria),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Jul.  von  Sachs, 

Director. 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland — 12. 

Birmingham  (England),  Mr.  Latham,  Director. 

Cambridge  (England),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  Francis  Dar- 
win, Director. 

London  (England),  Chelsea  Botanic  Gardens,  Thos.  Moore,  Curator. 

London  (England),  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Kew,  Prof.  W.  T.  T.  Dyer, 
Director. 

Londo7i  (England),  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Regent's  Park,  W.  Coom- 
ber,  Superintendent. 

Lofidon  (England),  Royal  Horticultural  Society  Gardens,  South  Kensing- 
ton, A.  F.  Barron,  Superintendent. 

Manchester  (England),  Bruce  Findlay,  Curator. 

Oxford  (England),  University  Botanic  Garden,  Dr.  S.  H.  Vines,  Dir. 

Dublin  (Ireland),  Royal  Botanic  Gardens  of  Glasnevin,  Dr.  Moore, 
Director. 

Belfast  {Ireland.),  Royal  Belfast  Botanic  Gardens,  R.  Motherell,  Sec'y. 

Edinb7irgh  (Scotland),  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  I.  B.  Balfour,  Director. 

Glasgow  (Scotland),  R.  Bullen,  Curator. 

Greece — i. 

Athens,  Dr.  T.  de  Heldreich,  Director. 
Guatemala — i. 

Guatemala,  Dr.  Francesco  Abella,  Director. 
Guiana — i. 

Georgetown,  G.  S.  Jenman,  Superintendent. 
Holland — 4. 

Amsterdam,  Prof.  C.  A.  J.  A.  Oudemans,  Director. 
Groninge7i,  Prof.  P.  De  Boer,  Director. 
Leyden,  Dr.  W.  F.  R.  Suringar,  Director. 
Utrecht,  Dr.  N.  W.  P.  Rauwenhoff,  Director. 

Indian  Empire — 8. 

Bangalore  (Madras),  Col.  W.  L.  Johnson,  Director. 
Bombay,  A.  Shuttleworth,  Director. 

Calcutta,  Royal  Botanic  Gardens,  Prof    G.  King,  Director. 
Ganish  Kind  {Poom.),  G.  W.  Woodrow,  Director. 

Mysore,  Government  Botanic  Gardens, ,  Director. 

Ootacatnud,  Mr.  Jamieson,  Director. 
Pondichery. 

Saharanpur  and  Mussourie  (Bengal),  Government  Botanic  Gardens, 
F.  J.  Duthie,  Director. 


Directories.  221 

Italy — 23. 

Bologne. 

Cagliari,  Dr.  P.  Gennari,  Director. 
Caserta,  Dr.  N.  Terracciano,  Director. 
Catania,  Prof   Fr.  Tornabene,  Director. 
Ferrara,  Dr.  Carus  Massalongo,  Director. 
Florence,  Prof.  T.  Caruel,  Director. 
Genoa,  Prof.  Fred.  Delpino,  Director. 
Lucca,  Dr.  C.  Bicchi,  Director. 
Messina,  Prof.  A.  Borzi,  Director. 
ISIUan,  Prof.  Fr.  Ardissone,  Director. 
Modina,  Dr.  A.  Mori,  Director. 
Naples,  Dr.  J.  A.  Pasquale,  Director. 
Padova,  Cav.  Dr.  P.  A.  Saccardo,  Director. 
Palermo,  Dr.  Aug.  Todaro,  Director. 
Parma,  Prof.  J.  Passerini,  Director. 
Pavia,  Prof.  J.  Briosi,  Director. 
Perotise,  Prof.  Al.  Bruschi,  Director. 
Pisa,  Dr.  J.  Arcangeli,  Director. 
Portici,  Dr.  Horace  Comes,  Director. 
Rome,  Dr.  R.  Pirrotta,  Director. 
Siena,  Prof.  Att.  Tassi,  Director. 
Turin,  Prof.  G.  Gibelli,  Director. 
Venice,  Sen.  Ruchiner,  Director. 

Japan — 2. 

Tokio,  Koiskekowa  Botanic  Gardens,  Prof,  K.  Ito,  Director. 
Sapporo,  Government  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  K.  Miyabe,  Director. 

Java— I. 

Buitenzorg,  Dr.  M.  Treub,  Director. 

Malta — i. 

La  Valette,  Dr.  Gavino  Gulia,  Director. 

Mauritius — i. 

Port  Louts,  J.  Home,  Director. 

Natal — i. 

D' Urban,  Natal  Botanic  Gardens.  J.  Medley  Wood,  Curator. 

New  Zealand — i. 

Christchurch,  J.  B.  Armstrong,  Director. 

Peru — i. 

Lima,  Dr.  Mig.  de  los  Rios,  Director. 

Philippine  Islands — i. 

Manilla  (Luzon),  — ,  Director. 


222  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Portugal — 3. 

Coimbra,  Dr.  J.  A.  Hienriques,  Director. 
Lisbon,  Prof.  J.  de  Andrade  Corvo,  Director. 
Oporto,  Dr.  F.  de  S.  G.  Cardoso,  Director. 

Reunion,   Island  of — i. 

St.  Denis,  M.  Richard,  Director. 

ROUMANIA 2. 

Bucharest,  Dr.  Brandza,  Director. 
Yassy,  Dr.  A.  F§tu,  Director. 

Russia — 16. 

Z>orp at  {Livonia),  Dr.  Ed.  Russow,  Director, 

Helsingfors  (Finland), ,  Director. 

Kazan  (Kazan),  Prof.  N.  W.  Sorokin,  Director. 
Kharkoff,  Prof.  W.  Palladin,  Director. 
Kiev,  Dr.  J.  Schmalhausen,  Director. 
Moscow,  Dr.  J.  Goroschankin,  Director. 
iSlikita  (Crimea),  Mr.  Basarow,  Director. 
Odessa,  Dr.  L.  Reinhard,  Director. 
Orel,  P.  G.  Tretjakoff,  Director. 
Ouman  (Kiev),  Prof.  L.  Scrobichewski,  Director. 
Penza  (Penza). 

St.  Petersburg,  Imperial  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  Ed.  de  Regel,  Director. 
St.    Petersburg,   University   Botanic    Gardens,   Prof.   Andre   Bikitoff, 
Director. 

Tiflis,  Prof.  W.  Scharrer,  Director. 

Woronesh,  Dr.  J.  E.  Fischer,  Director. 

Warsaw,  Dr.  A.  F.  de  Waldheim,  director. 

Scandinavia — 7. 

Christiania  (Norway),  Dr.  F.  C.  Schubeler,  Director. 

G'oteborg  (Sweden),    Hort.    Soc.    Bot.    Gardens,    Prof.    C.    Lowegren, 

Director. 
Lund  (Sweden),  Dr.  F.  W.  C.  Areschong,  Director. 
Stockholm  (Sweden),  Gardens  of  the  Royal  Academy  of  Agriculture, 

Dr.  V.  Wittrock,  Director. 
Stockholm  (Sweden),  Royal   Gardens  of  Haga,  Prof.   M.   A.  Werner, 

Director. 
Stockhohn  (Sweden),  Swedish  Society  of  Horticultural  and  Botanical 

Gardens,  M.  A.  Pital,  Director 
Upsala  (Sweden),  Dr.  Th.  M.  Fries,  Director. 

Servia — I. 

Belgrade, ,  Director. 

Siberia — i. 

Tomsk,  Mr.  Schestakoff,  Director 


Directories.  223 


Spain — 2. 

Madrid,  Dr.  Miguel  Colmeiro,  Director. 

Valencia,  Dr.  Jose  Arevalo  Boca,  Director. 
Straits  Settlements — i. 

Singapore,  N.  Cantley,  Director. 
Switzerland — 3. 

Basle,  Dr.  H.  Vochting,  Director. 

Berne,  Dr.  L.  Fischer,  Director. 

Zurich. 
Tasmania — i. 

Hobart  Town,  Mr,  Abbot,  Director. 

United  States— 5.  x,    f  r-  q 

^r^^M«^(Mass.),  Arnold  Arboretum  of  Havard  College,  Prot.  C.  b. 

Sargent,  Director.  .     ^      ,  t^     ^    c    r-      /i 

Cambridge  (Mass  ),  Havard  College  Botanic  Gardens,  Dr.  G.  S.  Good- 
ale,  Director.  ^      .      .         1    r-   n   „^ 
La7isi7ig  (Michigan),  Botanic  Garden   of    State    Agricultural    College, 

Dr.  W.  T.  Beal,  Director.  ^      „.       o^     i 

St.  Louis  (Missouri),  Missouri  Botanic    Gardens,   Dr.  Wm.  Trelease, 

Washingtol\Ty.  C),  U.  S.  Dept.  of  Agriculture  Gardens,Wm. Saunders, 
Superintendent. 

West  Indies — 6. 

Havana  (Cuba),  J.  Lachaume,  Director. 

King's  House  (Jamaica),  Wm.  Harris,  Superintendent. 

A-^/f./^;/  (Jamaica).  Government  Botanic  Gardens,  Wm.  Fawcett,  Dr. 

St.  ^..rru  (Trinidad),  Government  Botanic  Gardens.  H.Prestoe,  Din 

St.  Pierre  (Martinique),  Colonial  Botanic  Gardens,  M.  Thierry,   Dir. 


§  6.  TITLE  INDEX  TO  EXPERIMENT  STA  TION 
HORTICULTURE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  FOR 
i8go  (^INCLUDING  PUBLLCATIONS  OE  THE  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE.-) 


It  is  impossible  to  draw  a  sharp  line  of  separation  between 
horticulture  and  other  divisions  of  general  agriculture  ;  but  the 
following  lists  (sections  6  and  7)  have  been  made  sufficiently 
comprehensive  to  include  all  that  can  possibly  be  called  horticul- 
ture, and  some  entries  may,  perhaps,  belong  rather  to  general 
farming. 

Explajiation.—The  figures  in  the  left  margin  are  the  numbers  of  the 
bulletins  and  reports.  If  the  number  stands  independently  it  indicates  that 
the  bulletin  contains  only  horticultural  matter ;  but  when  it  stands  in  a 
parenthesis,  the  bulletin  contains  other  matter  than  that  which  is  indexed. 
A  few  bulletins  dated  late  in  1889  had  not  been  received  when  the  previous 
volume  was  printed  and  they  are  inserted  in  this  list. 

Alabama  : 

A.  Agricitltiiral  Experinient  Station. 

10.  Grape  Culture.      Jan.     J.  S.  Nezujnan. 

11.  Peaches  and  Plums.     Feb.     J.  S.  Neiuman. 
15.     Insecticides.     April.      G.  F.  Atkinson. 

(17.)    London  Purple  for  the  Cotton  Worm.      July.      G.  F.  Atkinson. 

20.  Small  Fruits  and  Vegetables  [Strawberries,  Raspberries,  Musk 
Melons,  Water  Melons,  Beans,  Tomatoes,  OnionsJ.  Novem- 
ber.    J.  S.  Nezvman  and  Jas.  Clayton. 

B.  Canebrake  Experiment  Station. 
(7.)    Peas. 

Arkansas : 

(12.)  Insects.     April.      C.   W.   Woodivorth. 

13.  Strawberries.     Aug.     J.  McNeill. 

14.  Effects  of  the  Arsenites  upon  Plants.     Sept.      C.  W.  Woodivorth. 

15.  Some  New  Insecticides.     Dec.      C.   W.   Woodivorth. 

California. 

85.  Observations  on  Olive  Varieties.     Feb.     E.   W.  Hilgard. 

86.  Preservative  Fluids  for  Fresh  Fruits.    The  Sulphuring  of  Dried 

Fruits.     May.     E.  W.  Hilgard. 
Canada : 

A.  Agriculticral  College  {GuelpK). 
LII.     Black-knot  on  Plums.     June. 

B.  Central  Experimental  Farm  {Ottawa). 

(1889  report.)  Horticulturist's  report  [Small  Fruits  and  Vegetables]. 
W.  W.  Hilbo7-n.  Report  of  Entomologist  and  Botanist  [Vari- 
ous Injurious  Insects].     James  Fletcher. 

(224) 


hidex  to  Experiment  Station  Horticulture.  225 

Delaware  : 

(VIII.)     The  Value  of  Sulphide  of  Potassium  as  a  Remedy  against  Pear 
Scab.     F.  D .  Chester.     London  Purple  as  a  Remedy  against 
Codlin  Moth.     M.  H.  Beckwiih.     March. 
(X.)     Fungicides.     Oct.     M.  H.  Beckxoith. 

Colorado : 

(2nd  report.)  Report  of  Section  of  Botany  and  Horticulture  [Apple, 
Pears  and  Ornamental  Trees,  Grapes,  Strawberries,  Goose- 
berries, Currants,  Potatoes,  Sweet  Corn,  Peas,  Celery,  Onions. 
Cabbages,  Tomatoes,  Carrots,  Pumpkins  and  Squashes,  The 
Growing  of  Seeds  for  Distribution,  Insects  and  Insecticides]. 
i88g.     Max  C.  Brose. 

Connecticut  : 

(97.)    Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants.      April.     Roland  Thaxter. 
102.    Fungicides.      March.      Roland  Thaxter. 
(105.)  Potato  Scab.      December.     Roland  Thaxter. 

Florida  : 

9.     Insects  and  Insecticides.     April.     Ja?>ies  C.  Neal. 
fii.)    Irish  Potatoes.     Oct. 

Georgia  : 

(6.)  The  Potato  Sphinx.     The  Twig  Girdler.     Jan.    J.P.Campbell. 

(7.)  Notes  on  a  Destructive  Insect.      April.     /.  P.  Campbell. 

8.  Potato  Experiment.     July.      Gtcstave  Speth. 

(10.)  Corn.     Dec. 
Indiana  : 

31.  Small  Fruits  and  Vegetables.      April.     James  Troop. 

(33.)  Small  Fruits.      Entomological  Notes.     Nov.     James  Troop. 

Iowa  : 

(9.)   Plum  Curculio  and  the  Plum  Gouger.     May.      C.  P.  Gillette. 
(10.)   Experiments   with    Arsenites.     C.  P.   Gillette.     Stocks   for    the 

Cherry,  Plum,  Prune  and  Apricot.     /.  L.  Biidd.     Aug. 
(11.)   The  Potato  Stalk-Weevil  and  Remedies.     The  Apple  Curculio 
and  Remedies.     A  New  Currant  Borer.      Nov.      C.  P.  Gillette. 

Kansas  : 

10.     Notes  on  Conifers.     May.     E.  A.  Popenoe. 
(12.)   Fungicides.     Aug.      W.  A.  Kellerman. 

14.  Winter  Protection  of  Peach  Trees.  Notes  on  Grapes.  Dec, 
E.  A.  Popenoe. 

Kentucky : 

Circular  No.  3.     Insecticides,  Fungicides,  Orchard  Treatment. 

25.     Strawberries.     April.     James  Murray. 

31.     Some  Strawberry  Pests.     Dec.     H.  Carman. 

Louisiana  : 

3.  Large  Fruits  and  Various  Vegetables.     H.  A.  Morgan. 

4.  Irish    Potatoes.     Diseases    of    Potatoes.     H.    A.    Morgan   and 

/.  G.  Lee. 


226  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Maryland  : 

(9.)    Strawberries.     June.      W.  H.  Bishop. 

(1889  report.)  The  Tomato.  E.  Lewis  Sturtevant.  Report  of  the 
Horticulturist  [various  tests  with  Tomatoes,  Potato  Experi- 
ment, General  Notes  on  Vegetables] .      W.  H.  Bishop, 

Massachusetts  : 

A.  Hatch  Experiment  Station. 

(7.)  Small  Fruits  [Blackberries  and  Raspberries].  Girdling  the 
Grapevine.  Report  upon  Vegetables  [Tomatoes,  Sweet  Corn, 
Lettuce,  Potatoes].  Combined  Fungicides  and  Insecticides  in 
Potato  Growing.  Protection  of  Fruit  Trees  from  Mice,  Rabbits 
and  Woodchucks.     Jan.     S.  T.  Maynard. 

(8.)    Experiments  in  Greenhouse  Heating.     April.     S.  T.  Maynard. 

10.     Special  Fertilizers  for  Greenhouse  Crops  [Carnations,  Pansies, 
Lettuce,  Tomato  Plants,  Raspberries,  Blackberries  and  Straw- 
berries.]     Oct.      S.   T.  Maynard. 
(11.)    Insecticides,  Fungicides. 

(1889  report.)  Division  of  Entomology  [Jumping  Sumach  Beetle, 
Bud  Moth  and  Remedies,  Grape-Vine  Leaf-Hopper,  Ants, 
Experiments  with  Remedies,  Alum  not  Destructive  to  Cur- 
rant Worms,  Poisonous  Doses  of  Insecticides].  C.  H.  Fern- 
aid.  Division  of  Horticulture  [Plant  Bed  Cloth  as  a  Sub- 
stitute for  Glass,  Protection  of  Peach  Buds  from  Injury  by 
Cold,  Girdling  Apple  Trees,  Girdling  Grape-Vines,  Protecting 
Trees  from  Mice,  Reports  on  Varieties  of  Apples,  Pears, 
Peaches,  Plums,  Cherries  and  Grapes,  Raspberries,  Black- 
berries and  Strawberries] .      S.   T.  Mayjiard. 

B.  State  Experivient  Statioti. 

(34.)    Potato  Scab.     June.     Jas.  Ellis  Humphrey . 
(7th report.)     General  Account  of  Fungi.     Potato  Scab.     1889.     Jas. 
Ellis  Humphrey . 

Michigan  : 

57.  Experiments  with  Vegetables  [Tomatoes,  Potatoes,  Beets,  Cab- 

bages,    Cauliflower,    Corn,     Lettuce,    Peas    and    Radishes]. 
March.     L.  R.  Taft. 

58.  Insecticides.     March.     A.  J.  Cook. 

59.  List  of  Fruits  for  Michigan.     Notes  on  Vegetables.     Arsenites  for 

the  Codlin  Moth.     The  Plum  Curculio.     Black  Knot.     L.  R. 
*  Taft.     Notes  on  The  Fungus  of  Apple  Scab.     B.  T.  Galloway. 

Treatment  of  Apple  Scab  in  Michigan.     L.  R.   Taft.     April. 
(60.)    Potatoes.      April.      E.  Davenport, 
63.     Greenhouse  Building  and  Heating.     July.     L.  R.  Taft. 
67.     Fruit  Testing.     Oct.      T.  T.  Lyon. 

Minnesota  : 

9.     Description   and   Value   of   Russian  Willows   and  Poplars   for 

Minnesota.     Samuel  B.     Green.     Insects    Affecting    Poplars 

and  Willows.      Oito  Ltigger.     Nov.  1889. 

10.     Experiments  with  Onions  and  Cabbages.     Spraying  with  London 

Purple  to  Kill  the  Curculio  on  Our  Native   Plums.     Bagging 


Index  to  Experi7nent  Station  Hortiadture.  227 

Minnesota,  continued. 

Grapes.      Rollingstone  Plum.     Potatoes  at  Different  Depths. 

Samuel  B.  Green.     Oak  Caterpillars.      Otto  Lugger.      March. 
(11.)    Peas,  Beans  and  other  Crops.     June.      Willet  M.  Hays. 
(12.)    Preserving  Vegetables  in  Carbonic  Acid  Gas.     American  Grown 

Cauliflower  Seed.     July.      Samuel  B .  Green. 

Missouri  : 

10.  Analyses  of  Apples  at  Various  Stages  of  growth.  Bordeaux  Mix- 
ture for  Grape  Rot.  Experiments  with  Small  Fruits  and 
Potatoes.      April.     /.  W.  Clark. 

Nebraska  : 

(12.)  Potatoes,    Sweet    Potatoes,    Beans     Peas,    Onions,    Radishes, 
Parsnips,  Salsify,  Beets,  Carrots,   Turnips,  Ground  Cherries, 
Cucumbers,  Muskmelons,  Watermelons  and  Pumpkins.     Feb. 
Jared    G.  Smith. 
14.     Injurious  Insects.     June.     L.  Briiner. 
(15).   Peas,  Lettuce  and  Radishes.      Sept.     Jared  G.  Smith. 

Nevada  : 

8.  The  Codlin  Moth.     Jan.     F.  H.  Hillman.     ' 

9.  A  Serious  Rose  Pest.      May.      F.  H.  Hillman. 

10.  The  Pear  and  Cherry  Slug.     July.     F.  H.  Hillman. 

11.  Plant-Lice  Infesting  the  Apple.      Sept.     F.  H.  Hillman. 

New  Jersey  : 

70.  Some  Fungous  Diseases  of  the  Spinach.     July.     Byron  D.  Hal- 

sted. 
72.   Various  Injurious  Insects,  and  How  to  Deal  With  Them.     Oct. 

John  B.  Smith. 
76.   Some  Fungous  Diseases  of  the  Sweet  Potato.     Nov.     Byron  D . 

Ha  Is  ted. 
Special    Bulletin  K.   Insects  affecting  Cranberries.     Feb.     John  B. 

Smith. 

New  York  : 

A.  Cornell  University  Experimetit  Station  [Ithaca). 

XVIII.  The  Effect  of  London  Purple  and  Paris  Green  upon  Peach 

Foliage.     Trials  of  Nozzles.     July.     L.  H.  Bailey. 

XIX.  Report  upon   the  Condition    of  Fruit-Growing  in   Western 

New  York,     Aug.      L.  H.  Bailey. 
XXI.       Tomatoes.     Odl.     L.  H.  Bailey  and  W.  M.  Munson. 
XXIII.  Insects  Injurious  to  Fruits.     Dec.     /.   H.    Co??istock  and  M. 
V.  blingerland. 
(XXV.)  The  Hollyhock  Rust.      W.  R.  Dudley.     The  Forcing  of  Beans. 
Influence  of  Latitude  upon  Potatoes  ;  a  Criticism.     Notes  upon 
Methods  of  Herbaceous  Grafting.     The  Influence  of  Depth  of 
Transplanting  upon  the  Heading  of  Cabbages.    Peach  Yellows. 
The  Paper  Flower  Pot.     Experiences  in  Crossing  Cucurbits. 
L.  H.  Bailey.      Dec. 

B.  State  Experijnent  Station  [Geneva). 

Circular.     Methods  Adopted  for  the   Systematic  Testing  of    Small 


228  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

New  York,  continued. 

Fruits.     A  List  of  Fruits  at  the  Station.     A  List  of  Trees  Plant- 
ed  at    the    Arboretum.     March.       C.    E.    Htmn   and    G.    W. 
Churchill. 
24.   Strawberries.     Od. 

North  Carolina  : 

(72).  Apples,    Pears,    Peaches,     Plums,     Cherries,     Quinces,     Nuts, 
Grapes,  Figs,   Raspberries,   Blackberries,   Strawberries,   Cur- 
rants, Gooseberries,  Osier  Willows.     June.      W.  F.   Massey. 
74.     Tests  of  Garden  Vegetables  and  Fruits.     Dec.      W.  F.  Massey. 

Ohio  : 

I.     Experiments  with  Potatoes.     Jan.      W.  J.  Greett. 
(4).   Spraying  to  Prevent   Insect   Injury.     Bark-Lice  of  the  Apple 
and  Pear.     The  Buffalo  Tree  Hopper.     Fungous  Diseases  of 
Plants   and    Remedies.      Clarence    M.    Weed.      Directions    for 
Collecting,  Preserving  and  Studying  Plants.     Freda  Detmers. 
April. 
7.     Strawberries  and  Raspberries.     Aug,     W.  J.  Green. 
(8).   Plum  Ciirculio  Experiment.     Remedies  for  Striped  Cucumber 
Beetle.     The  Rhubarb  Curculio.     Potato  Blight  Experiment. 
Sept.      Clarence  M.   Weed. 
9.     Experiments    with    Asparagus.     Transplanting    Onions.     Oct. 
W.  J.  Green. 
10.     Preventing   Downy  Mildew  or   Brown  Rot  of    Grapes.      Clar- 
ence M.  Weed.    The  Smut  of  Indian  Corn.     C.  E.  Bessey.     Nov. 
(2,    Vol.    I,   Technical  Series.)    Flowering     Plants.       Moses     Craig. 
Fourth  Contribution  to  Life  History  of  Little  Known  Plant- 
Lice.      Clarence  M.   Weed.      May. 

Oregon  : 

(4).   Notes  on  Vegetables,  Ornamental  Trees  and  Shrubs,  Orchards 
and  Small  Fruits.     Jan,     E.  R.  Lake. 

(5).   Some  Injurious  Insects  and   Remedies.     April.     F.  L.     Wash- 
burn. 
7.     Comparative    Tests   of    Small    Fruits    and    Vegetables.     Oct. 
George  Coote. 

Pennsylvania  : 

(10).  Should  Farmers  raise  their  own  Vegetable  Seeds  ?  Notes  on  New 
Varieties  of  Vegetables  (Beans,  Cabbages,  Cauliflower,  Sweet 
Corn,  Celery,  Peas,  Radishes  and  Tomatoes).  Jan.  Geo.  C. 
Butz. 
13.  Black  Knot  on  Plums.  A  few  Ornamental  Plants.  Oct. 
Geo.  C.  Butz. 

Rhode  Island  : 

(7).   Catalogue  of  Fruits.     Results  of  Wintering  Outside  and  in  the 

Cellar.     June.     L.  F.  Kinjiey. 
(Second  report).      Fruits  and  Vegetables.     L.  F.  Kinney. 


Index  to  Expei'iment  Station  Hoi'ticulture .  229 

South  Carolina  : 

(2nd  report.)  Entomology  (Cabbage  Butterfly,  Genus  Colias,  A  New 
Butterfly  for  South  Carolina,  Insects  of  the  Fig).  Botany 
(Compositae).     Ellison  A.  Sinyth,  Jr. 

South  Dakota  : 

18.   Cut-Worm  and  Remedies.     March.     /.  H.  Orcutt. 

Tennessee  : 

I.   Experiments  in  Growing  Potatoes.     Jan.  C.  S.  Pliwib. 

Special  Bulletin  C.  Treatment  of  Fungus  Diseases.  F.  Lamsojz 
Scribner. 
(2nd  report.)  Report  of  the  Division  of  Botany  and  Horticulture  (A 
' '  grass-garden, "  Diseases  of  some  Small  Fruits  and  Vegetables. ) 
F.  Lai/ison  Scribner.  Report  of  the  Entomologist  (European 
Cabbage  Butterfly,  Southern  Cabbage  Butterfly,  Harlequin 
Cabbage  Bug,  Plum  Curculio,  Nematode  Worms,  Experiments 
with  Arsenites).  //.  E.  Siininiers.  1889. 
5.  Fruit  Trees  at  the  Experiment  Station  (Apple,  Peach,  Pear, 
Nectarine,  Apricot,  Cherry,  Plum,  Fig.).     Dec.     R.  L.  Watts. 

Texas : 

(7).   Fungus  on  Forest  and  Apple  Trees.    The  Pear.     Fungi  on  Sweet 

Potatoes,     Treatment  of  Forest  and  Apple  Trees.     Nov.     1889. 

L.  H.    Panimel. 
(8).   Notes  on  Experimental  Vineyards.     Powdery  Mildew,  Black  Rot, 

Grape  Leaf  Blight,  Leaf  Spot  Disease,   Anthracnose.     Notes 

on  Strawberries,  Blackberries  and  Raspberries.     Best  Varieties 

of  Fruits  for  Texas.     List  of  Fruits  Growing  in  Experimental 

Grounds.     Dec.      1889.      T.  L.  Briink. 
(9).   Pear  Stocks.      T.  L.  Bnmk.     Some  Parasitic  Fungi  of  Texas, 

with  Notes.     H.  S.  Jennings.     May. 

United  States  (Department  of  Agriculture)  : 

A.  Division  oj  Pomology. 

Bulletin  3.  Classification  and  Generic  Synopsis  of  the  Wild  Grapes 
of  North  America.      T.   V.  Munson. 

(1889  report.)  Procuring  and  Distributing  Seeds,  Plants  and  Scions 
of  Fruits.  Fruits  ordered  from  Foreign  Countries  (Asiatic 
Persimmon,  Fig,  Asiatic  Peaches,  Grape,  Date,  Citron).  Na- 
tive Fruits  (Chestnut,  Plum,  Currant,  Apple,  Pear).  Grape 
Syrup.  A  Fruit  Ladder.  Fruit  Growing  in  Florida.  Trop- 
ical Fruits  (Cocoanut,  Sapodilla,  Mango,  Banana).  Semi- 
Tropical  Fruits  (Kaki).     Future  Work.     H.  E.   Van  De/nan. 

(1890  report.)  The  Fruit  Crop.  Trips  of  Investigation.  Distribu- 
tion of  Seeds,  Plants  and  Scions  of  Fruits.  Nut  Culture 
(Pecan,  Chestnut,  Almond,  Propagation).  Native  Fruits 
(Apple,  Strawberry,  Grape).  Tropical  Fruits  (Pineapple). 
Semi-Tropical  Fruits  (Kaki,  Goumi).     H.  E.  Van  Deman. 

B.  Division  of  Vegetable  Pathology. 

Bulletin  11.  Report  on  the  Experiments  made  in  1889  in  the  Treat- 
ment of  the  Fungous  Diseases  of  Plants.      [Devoted  largely 


230  Annals  of  Hortiadhire. 

United  States,  continued. 

to  experiments  in  treatment  of  apple  scab  and  grape  diseases.] 
B.  '!'.  Gallinvay. 
(1889  report.)  Treatment  of  Grape  Diseases.  Treatment  of  the 
Diseases  of  the  Apple,  Pear  and  Quince  (Apple  Scab,  Bitter 
Rot  of  the  Apple,  Apple  Rust,  Apple  Powdery  Mildew,  Pear 
Leaf-Blight,  Quince  Diseases).  Treatment  of  the  Blackberry 
Rust  and  other  Diseases  at  Ocean  Springs,  Miss.  Treatment 
of  the  Potato,  Tomato,  and  Melon  for  Blight  and  Rot.  Straw- 
berry Leaf-Blight.  Investigation  of  Peach  Yellows.  The 
California  Vine  Disease.  A  Mignonette  Disease.  B.  T.  Gal- 
loway. 
(1890  report.)  Experiments  near  Washington  (Treatment  of  Black 
Rot  of  the  Grape  ;  Treatment  of  Pear,  Cherry  and  Strawberry 
Leaf-Blight  as  affecting  Nursery  Stock.  Treatment  of  Pear 
Leaf-Blight  and  Scab  in  the  Orchard).  Cooperative  Experi- 
ments (Experiments  in  the  Treatment  of  Apple  Scab,  Rasp- 
berry Leaf-Blight  ;  Experiments  in  the  Treatment  of  Potato 
Rot).  Some  Practical  Results  of  the  Treatment  of  Plant  Dis- 
eases. Fungicides  and  Spraying  Apparatus.  Peach  Yellows 
Investigation.  The  California  Vine  Disease.  Hollyhock  An- 
thracnose.  Anthracnose  of  Cotton.  Ripe  Rot  of  Grapes  and 
Apples.     B.   T.  GalloTvay. 

C.  Division  of  Gardens  and  Grounds. 

(1889  report.)  Grape  Mildew.  Well-ripened  Wood.  Watering 
Plants  in  Pots.  Citron,  Citrus  Medica.  Horticulture  in  the 
Department  (Objects  and  Aims  of  the  Experimental  Garden, 
Grapes,  Pear  Trees,  Peaches,  Japan  Persimmons,  Cinchones, 
Chinese  Tea-plant,  Coffee,  Orange,  Lemon  and  other  Citrus 
fruits.  Apples,  Olives,  Eucalyptus,  Figs,  Testing  the  Merits  of 
Species  and  Varieties  of  Plants,  Laying  out  the  Grounds  and 
Planting  the  Arboretum,  The  Conservatory,  Pineapples,  Build- 
ing Glass  Houses,  Hedges,  Miscellaneous  Plants  Propagated 
and  Distributed).      William  Saunders. 

(1890  report.)  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  the  more  Important  Eco- 
nomic Plants  in  the  Department  Collection  [an  alphabetical 
list  comprising  431  species].      Williaju  Saunders. 

D.  Division  of  Entomology. 

Bulletin  21.  Report  of  Trip  to  Australia,  Made  under  Direction  of 
the  Entomologist,  to  Investigate  the  Natural  Enemies  of  the 
Fluted  Scale.      Albert  Koebele. 

(1889  report.)  The  Fluted  Scale.  The  Six-Spotted  Mite  of  the  Or- 
ange.     C.   V.  Riley. 

(1890  report.)  The  Boll  Worm  Investigation.  Some  New  Iceryas. 
Experiments  Against  the  Black  Scale  (on  Orangesand  Lemons). 
The  Green-Striped  Maple  Worm.  A  New  Peach  Pest  [Ceratitis 
capita ta).     The  Rose  Chafer.      C.   T\  Riley. 

E.  Division  of  Ornithologv  and  A/ammalogy. 

(1889  report.)  Investigations  Concerning  the  Economic  Relations  of 
the  Gopher,  Hawks  and  Owls,  Crow,  Crow  Blackbird,  Potato- 
bug  Birds,  Collection  of  Bird  Stomachs.      C.  Hart  Merriam. 


Index  to  Experime7it  Station  Horticulture,  331 

United  States,  continued. 

(1890  report.)  Seed  Planting  by  Birds.  Birds  which  Feed  on  Mul- 
berries.     C.  Hart  Merriain. 

F.  Division  of  Microscopy. 

(1890  report.)  Mushrooms  (Edible)  of  the  United  States.  Mush- 
room Culture.  Artificial  Mushroom  Spawn.  Twelve  Poison- 
ous Mushrooms.      Thomas  Taylor. 

G.  Office  of  Experiment  :i>tations. 

Bulletin  5.  Organization  Lists  of  Agricultural  Experiment  Stations 
and  Agricultural  Schools  and  Colleges.      March. 

Bulletin  6.     List  of  Botanists  of  the  Agricultural  Experiment  Sta- 
tions and  Outline  of  Work  in  Botany  at  the  Several  Stations. 
May. 
Vermont : 

(3rd  report.)  Report  of  the  Horticulturist  (Seed  Tests,  Cutting 
Potatoes,  Fungicides,  Russian  Poplars  and  Willows,  Orchards 
and  Small  Fruit  Plats,  A  Circular  to  the  Proprietors  or  Origi- 
nators of  New  Fruits,  Tests  of  Vegetables).  C.  W.  Minott. 
Report  of  the  Entomologist,  (Insects  and  Insecticides).  G.  H. 
Perkins.      1889. 

19.   Questions  Concerning  Injurious  Insects.     April.      G.  H.  Perkins. 

Virginia  : 

4.   Field  Experiments  with  Tomatoes,  Chemical  Composition  of  To- 
matoes.    Jan.      Wm.  B.  Alwood  2.ndi  Walker  BoTvman. 
7.   Experiments  with  Varieties  of  Strawberries.     July.      Wm.  B.  Al- 

ivood. 

Wisconsin  : 

(22).   Potatoes,  tests  of    Varieties  and   Experiments  in  Methods  of 

Planting.     Jan.     E.  S.  Goff. 
23.     Prevention  of  Apple  Scab.     April.     E.  S.  Goff, 


7.  SUBJECT  INDEX  TO  EXPERIMENT  STATION 
HORTICULTURE  IN  NORTH  AMERICA  EOR 
iSgo  {^INCLUDING  PUBLICATIONS  OF  THE  DE- 
PARTMENT OF  AGRICULTURE), 


Explanation. — Numbers  standing  alone  refer  to  the  number  of  a  bulletin. 
Those  preceded  by  p.  refer  to  pages  of  reports. 

Almond — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.,  1890,  rep.   p.  417. 
Apple,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  93  and  145.     Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  23  and 

117.     La.  3.      Mass.  Hatch,   1889  rep.   pp.  17  and  28.      Mich.   59. 

N.  Y.   Cornell  xix.       N.  Y.  State  A  Circular,    1890.      N.   Car.   72. 

Oregon  4.     R.  I.  7.     Tenn.  5.       Texas  7  and  8.      U.  S.  Dept.  Agr. 

1889  rep.  pp,  125,  442  ;   1890  rep.  p.  418.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  121. 

Apple,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Bark-Lice^  Ohio,   4.     Bitter-Rot,  U.    S.    Dept.    Agr.    1889  .rep.  p.   412  ; 

1890  rep.  p.  408.  Black-Rot,  Tenn.  2nd.  rep.  p.  13.  Bucadatrix, 
N.  Y.  Cornell,  XXIII.  Ctirculio,  la.  11.  Flat  Headed  Apple-Tree 
Borer,  Oregon,  5.  Maggot,  Del.  1889  rep.  p.  no.  Plant-Lice,  Nev. 
II.  Powdery  Mildezu,  Ohio  4  ;  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  414. 
Rust,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  413.  Scab,  Mich.  59.  Ohio,  4, 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  405  ;  1890  rep.  p.  399.  Wis.  23  ; 
7th.  rep.  p.  193.  Tent  Caterpillar,  Neb.  14.  Tree  Borer,  Del.  1889 
rep.  p.  no.  Twig  Borer,  Del.  1889  rep.  p.  100.  Woolly  Aphis  or 
Woolly  Louse,  Oregon,  5.  Worm  or  Codlin  Moth,  Del.  VIII  ;  2nd 
rep.  pp.  no,  122.     Mich.  59.     Nev.  8     Oregon  5  . 

Apple,  Miscellaneous — 

Analyses,  Mass.   State,   7th  rep.   pp.   295,   300.     Mo.    10.     Analyses  of 
Pomace,  Mass.  State,  7th  rep.  pp.  297,  301.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  74. 

Apricot,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

la.   10.     Mo.   10.     N.  Y.   State,   Circular,    1890.       R.   I.  7.      Tenn.   5. 
Texas  8. 

Artichoke,  Culture  and  Varieties— 

Vt.  3rd.  rep.  p.  100. 
Asparagus,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  96.     Ohio  9.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  100,  115. 
Asparagus,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Beetle,  Del.  2nd  rep.  pp;  no,  113,  128. 
Asparagus,  Miscellaneous — 

Analyses,  Mass.  State.  7th  rep.  p.  306. 

(332) 


Index  to  Experiment  Station  Hoyticiiltnre.  233 

Banana — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  448. 
Bean,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.   Station,   20.     Colo.   2nd  rep.  pp.   35,  100,  120.     Kans. 
2nd  rep.  pp.  133,  135.     Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  60.     Minn.  11.     Nebr.  12. 
N.  Y.  Cornell  25.     Oregon  4.     Pa.  10.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  100,   115, 
125. 
Bean,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Anthracnose,  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.  Leaf-Beetle,  Kans.  2nd  rep.  p.  210. 
Plant-Bugs  Kans.  2nd  rep.  p.  212.  Root-rot  of  Vine,  Tenn.  2nd 
rep.  p.  13.      Weevil,  Kans.  2nd  rep.  p.  206. 

Beet,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  99.  Mich.  57.  Nebr.  12.  Oregon  4.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
pp.  100,  115,  129. 

Blackberry,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  95,  147.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  103.  Ind. 
31,  33  vol.  II.  La.  3.  Mass.  Hatch,  7  and  10;  1889  rep.  pp.  40, 
45.  Mich.  59.  Mo.  10.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular,  1890.  N.  C.  72, 
74.     Oregon  4.     Texas  8.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  122. 

Blackberry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Cane-Borer,  N.  Y.  Cornell  23.  Rnst,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  416. 
Black-Knot — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889,  rep.  p.  87.  Can.  Agr.  Coll.  LII.  Mich.  59. 
Minn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.     Penn.  13. 

Borage — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  loi,  115. 

Broccoli — 

Vt.  ^rd  rep.  pp.  loi,  115. 

Brussels  Sprouts — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  loi,  115. 
Cabbage,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  41.  Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  60.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep. 
p.  44.  Mich.  57.  Minn.  10.  N.  C.  74.  N.  Y.  Cornell  25. 
Oregon  4.     Pa.  10.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  loi,  115. 

Cabbage,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Aphis,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  no.  N.  J.  72.  Bug,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  130. 
Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  14.  Btitterfly,  S.  C.  2nd  rep.  p.  97.  European 
Butterfly  and  Southern  Butterfly,  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  14,  White 
Butterfly,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  123.  Worin^  Del.  2nd  rep.  pp.  no, 
124,  135- 
Canker-Worm'^ — 

Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  no.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  152. 
Carnation — 

Mass.  Hatch,  10  (fertilizers  for). 

A.     H. 17 


234  Annals  of  Horticulhcre . 

Carrot,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  34,  141.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  41,  99. 
Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  60.  Mass.  State,  7th  rep.  pp.  170,  171.  Nebr. 
12.     Oregon  4.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  102,  115,  129. 

Carrots,  Miscellaneous — 

Analyses,  Mass.  State,  7th  rep.  pp.  34,  181,  182,  295,  300. 

Cassava — 

Texas  8. 
Cauliflower,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Mich.  57.     Minn.  12.     Oregon  4.     Pa.  10.     Vt.  3rd  rep.   pp.  103,  115. 
Celery,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  38.     Oregon  4.     Pa.    10.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.    103,  115, 
130. 
Celery,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Plant-Lotise,  Ohio,  2. 

Cherry,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  i88g  rep.  p.  93.  la.  10.  La.  3.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889 
rep.  p.  32.  Mich.  59.  Mo.  10.  Nebr.  12.  N.  Y.  State,  Circu- 
lar 1890.  N.  C.  72.  R.  I.  7.  Tenn.  5.  Texas  8.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
p.  121. 

Cherry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Black-Knot,  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.  Leaf-Blight,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890 
rep.  396.  Powdery  Mildew,  Ohio  4.  Scollop- Shell  Moth,  N.  Y. 
Cornell  23.     Slug,  Nev.  10.      Tj'ee  Tortrix,  N.  Y.  Cornell  23. 

Chervil — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  104,  115. 
Chestnut — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  439  ;   1890  rep.  p.  416. 

Chicory — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  104,  115. 

Citron — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  pp.    116,  439. 

Cocoa-nut — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  447. 

Conifers — 

Texas  8. 
Corn,  Sweet — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.   32,   102,  121.     Ga.    10.      Ind.  31.     Mass.   Hatch,  7. 
Mich.   57.      Nebr.    12.     N.    C.   74.     Oregon   4.      Pa.    10.     Vt.   3rd 
rep.  p.  135.     Wis.  17. 
Corn,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Aphis  and  Btui  Worm,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  iii.  Curciilio,  Del.  2nd  rep. 
p.  129.      Worm,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  132. 


Index  to  Experi7ne7it  Station  Horticulture.  235 

Cranberry — 

Analyses,  Mass.  State,  7th.  rep  p.  302. 

Cranberry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Black-lieaded  Cranberry  Worm,  Fruit  Worm,  Cranbeny  Scale,  Tip  Worm, 
Ye  I  low-headed  Cranberry  Worm,  N.  J.  Special  Bulletin  K. 

Cress — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  104,  115. 

Cucumber,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  100,  121.  La.  3.  Nebr.  12.  Oregon  4,  Vt.  3rd 
rep.  pp.  104,  115,  137. 

Cucumber,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Nematode,  Mass.  State,  7th  rep.  p.  229.  Striped  Cucumber  Beetle,  Del, 
2nd  rep.  p.  117.      Ohio  8. 

Currant,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  94.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  30.  Ind.  31,  33 
vol.  II.  Mich.  59.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72.  Ore- 
gon 4.  R.  I.  7.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  441.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
p.  112,  122. 

Currant,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Borer,  la.  ii.     Oregon  4.     Leaf  Roller,  N.  Y.  Cornell  23.     Roller  and 
Worm,  Del.   2nd  rep.   p.    iii.      Worm,   Mass.   Hatch,  1889  rep.  p. 
25- 
Currant,  Miscellaneous — 

Analyses,  Mass.  State,  1889  rep.  p.  306. 
Cut- Worm — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  70.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  iii.  Fla.  9. 
Oregon  5.     S.  Dakota  18. 

Dandelion — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  114. 
Date — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  438. 
Dewberry — 

Mo.  10.     N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.     R.   I.  7.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.   105, 
115- 
Egg-Plant — 

Vt.  3rd.  rep  pp.  104,  115. 

Elm,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Borer,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  154.  Canker-Worm,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  152. 
Cockscomb  Gall  Louse,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  162.  Fall  Web  Worm,  Vt. 
3rd  rep.  p.  153.  Gall  Louse,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  160.  Leaf  Beetle, 
Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  155.  May  Beetle,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  156.  Mourning 
Cloak  Butterfly,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  150.  Pla7it  Lice,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p. 
157.      Tussock  Moth,  Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  150. 


236  A7mals  of  Hortiadture. 

Endive — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  105,  115. 

Fig — 

La.  3.  N.  C.  72,  74.  Tenn.  5.  Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep. 
pp.  127,  436. 

Fig,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 
S.  C.  2nd  rep.  p.  105. 

Fungi — 

Conn.  97.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  69.  Ky.  31.  Mass.  Hatch  7.  Mass. 
State,  1889  rep.  pp.  195,  214.  Mich.  59.  Nebr.  11.  N.J.  70,  76. 
Ohio  4,  10.     Texas  7.  9. 

Fungicides — 

Conn.  102.  Del.  X.  Kans.  12.  Ky.  Circular  No.  3.  Ky.  31.  Mass. 
Hatch  7,  11;  1889  rep.  p.  49.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  401. 
Wis.  7th  rep.  p.  199. 

Gooseberry,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  30.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  103.  Mich.  59.  N.  Y.  State, 
Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72.  Ind.  31,  33  vol.  II.  Oregon  4.  R. 
I.  7.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  112,  122. 

Gooseberry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Fruit  Worm,  Oregon,  5.      Saiv-FlyX^^"^-  2nd  rep.  p.  125. 

GOUMI 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  423. 

Grafting — 

Herbaceous,  N.  Y.  Cornell  25. 
Grape,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  10.  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  94.  Colo. 
2nd  rep.  pp.  24,  119.  Ind.  33.  Kan.  14.  Mass.  Hatch,  7;  1889 
rep.  pp.  18,  33,  Mich.  59.  Minn.  10.  Mo.  10.  N.  Y.  Cornell 
19.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72,  74.  Oregon  4.  R. 
.  I.  7 ;  2nd  rep.  p.  no.  Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Pom.  Div. 
Bull.  3;  1889  rep.  pp.  119,  437,  444;  1890  rep.  p.  420.  Vt.  3rd 
rep.  p.  122.     Wis.  17. 

Grape,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Anthracnose,  Texas  8.  Berry  Moth,  Del.  2nd  rep,  p.  130.  Black-Knot, 
Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  87.  Black-rot,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  in. 
Texas  8.  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p. 
399  ;  1899  rep.  p.  394.  Brozvn-rot,  Ohio  10.  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p. 
13.  Brown  and  Grey  Rot,  Texas  8.  Dozvny  Mildew,  Mass.  State, 
1889  rep.  p.  206.  Ohio  10.  Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep. 
pp.  Ill,  399.  Leaf  Blight,  Tenn.  2nd.  rep.  p.  13.  Texas  8.  Leaf 
Hopper,  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep.  p.  21.  Leaf  Spot  Disease,  Texas 
8.  Powdery  Mildew,  Mass.  State,  1889  rep.  pp.  29,  30,  50,  312. 
Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.  Texas  8.  Procris.,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  131. 
Rot,  Mo.  10.  Saw-Fly,  Del,  2nd  rep,  p.  131.  Vine  Leaf  Borer, 
Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  in. 


Index  to  Experime^it  Station  Horticulture.  237 

Grape,  Miscellaneous — 

Analyses,  Mass.  State,  1SS9  rep.  pp.  303,  304. 
Greenhouse — 

Heating,  Mass.  Hatch  8.  Mich.  63.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p. 
130. 

GUAVA — 

La.  3.     Texas  8. 

Hollyhock,  Diseases  of — 

N.  Y.  Cornell  25.      U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  407. 

Insects — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  44,  126.  Fla.  9.  Neb.  14.  Ohio  i  vol.  H.  and  4. 
Ohio  4  and  i  vol.  H.  Vt.  19.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  Div.  of  Ent. 
Green  Aphis,  Fla.  9.     Oregon  5. 

Insecticides — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  16  and  17.  Ark.  14  and  15.  Colo.  2nd  rep. 
p.  44.  Del.  Vni ;  2nd  rep.  pp.  79,  106,  133.  Fa.  9.  la.  10  and 
II.  Ky.  Circular  No.  3.  Mass.  Hatch  7,  11  ;  1889  rep.  pp.  26, 
49.  Mass.  State,  1889  rep.  p.  278.  Mich.  58  and  59.  Mo.  10. 
Nebr.  14.  N.  Y.  Cornell  18.  Ohio  4.  Oregon  5.  Tenn.  2nd 
rep.  p.  14.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  145. 

Juneberry 

R.  I.  7. 
Kale — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp,  105,  115. 
Kohl-rabi — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  105,  115. 

Leek — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  105,  115. 

Lettuce,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  95.      Colo.  2nd  rep.  p,  99.      La.  3.      Md. 
2nd  rep.   p.    60.      Mass    Hatch  7  and  10.      Mich.   57.      Nebr.    15. 
Oregon  4.      Pa.  10.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  105,  115. 
Mango — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  448. 
Maple— 

Green-striped  Worm,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  253. 
Melon,  Musk — 

Ala.    Agr.   Exp.    Station   20.       Colo.    2nd  rep.    pp.    loi,    121.       La.    3. 
Nebr.  12.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  106,  115. 
Melon,  Water — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  20.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  loi,  121.  La.  3. 
Nebr.  12.  Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  106,  115,  Diseases,  U.  8.  Dept.  Agr. 
1889  rep.  p.  418. 


238  Aiinals  of  Horticulture. 

Mignonette — 

Disease  of,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  429. 
Mulberry — 

Birds  attacking,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  285. 

Mushroom — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  366. 
Nectarine — 

Mo.  10.     Oregon  4.     R.  I.  7.     N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.     Tenn.  5 

Nuts — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  123.  N.  C.  72.  Oregon  4.  R.  I.  7.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  415. 

Olive — 

Cal.  85.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  126. 
Oak  Caterpillar — 

Minn    10. 

Onion,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  20.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  40,  98.  La.  3.  Minn. 
10.     Nebr.  12.     Ohio  9.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  107,  115. 

Orange — 

La.  3.     Texas  8.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  123. 

Orange,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Scale  bisects,  Fla.  9.     U.   S.  Dept.  Agr.  Ent.  Div.   Bull.  21  ;   1889  rep. 
PP-  334.  340.  355  ;   1890  rep.  pp.  250,  251. 
Pansies — 

Mass.  Hatch,  10. 
Parsley — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  107. 
Parsnip — 

Nebr.  12.     Oregon  4.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  107. 

Pea,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Canebr.  7.  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  35.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp. 
33,  97,  120.  Ind.  31.  Kans.  2nd  rep.  p.  151.  La.  3  Md.  2nd 
rep.  p.  61.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep.  p.  44.  Mich.  57.  Minn.  11. 
Nebr.  12  and  15.  N.  C.  74.  Oregon  4,  7.  Pa.  10.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
pp.  108,  115. 

Pea,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 
Weevil,  Oregon  5. 

Peach,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  11.  La.  3.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep.  p.  31. 
Mich.  59.  Mo.  10.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72.  Ore- 
gon 4.  R.  I.  7.  Tenn.  5.  Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep. 
pp.  120,  436. 


Index  to  Experiment  Station  Horticulture.  239 

Peach,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Black  Peach  Aphis,  N.  J.  72.  Borer,  Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  11.  Del. 
2nd  rep.  p.  III.  Leaf  Curl,  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13.  Maggot,  U. 
S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  225.  Tree  Aphis,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  iii. 
Tree  Borer,  Oregon  5.  Vellozvs,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  92.  N.  Y.  Cor- 
nell 19.  25.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  421  ;   1890  rep.  p.  404. 

Pear,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  93,  146.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  23,  117. 
Kans.  14.  La.  3.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep.  p.  31.  Mich.  59.  Mo. 
10.  N.  Y.  Cornell  19.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72. 
Oregon  4.  R.  I.  7.  Tenn.  5.  Texas  7,  8  and  9.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr    1889  rep.  pp.  120,  444.     Vt.   3rd  rep.  pp.  112,  121. 

Pear,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Bark  Lice,  Ohio  4.  Blight  Beetle,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p  iii.  Leaf  Blight, 
Ohio  4.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  415  ;  1890  rep.  p.  396. 
Leaf  Blister,  N.  Y.  Cornell  18.  Scab,  Del.  VIII  ;  2nd  rep.  p.  88. 
Slug,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  11 1.  Nev.  10.  Stag  Beetle  Borer,  N.  Y. 
Cornell  18.      Tree  Slug,  Oregon  5. 

Pecan — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  415. 
Pepper — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  102,  120.  Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  62.  Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp. 
108,  115. 

Persimmon,  Japanese,  or  Kaki — 

La.  3.      Oregon  4.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  pp.  121,  436,  449;   1890 
rep.  p.  422. 
Pineapple — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  130;   1890  rep.  p.  421. 

Plum,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  11.  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  93,  146, 
Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  117.  la.  10.  La.  3.  Mass.  Hatch,  1889  rep, 
p.  32.  Mich.  59.  Minn.  10.  Mo.  11.  N.  Y.  Cornell  18.  N.  Y 
State,  Circular  1890.  N.  C.  72.  Oregon  4.  R.  I.  7.  Tenn.  5 
Texas  8.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  440.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  122 

Plum,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Black-Knot,  Can.  Agr.  Coll.  LII.  Penn.  13.  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  13 
Curculio,  Del.  2nd  rep.  pp.  iii,  120.  Ind.  33.  la.  9.  Mich.  59 
Minn.  10.  Ohio,  8.  Tenn.  2nd  rep.  p.  14.  Gouger,  la.  9 
Fruit  Rot,  Ohio  4. 

Poplars — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  145.     Minn.  9. 

Poplar,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Borer,  Minn.  9.  Girdler,  Minn.  7.  Leaf  Gall  Louse,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p 
128. 


240  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Pot,  Flower — 

The  Paper,  N.  Y.  Cornell  25. 
Potato,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.   Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.   36,  141.     Colo.   2nd  rep.   pp.   31,    104. 

Ga.    8.     Ind.   31.     Kans.    2nd  rep.    pp.   168,    195.     La.  4.     Mass. 

Hatch,    7.     Md.    2nd  rep.  p.    51.      Mich.   59  and  60.      Minn.    10. 

Mo.    10.       Nebr.    12.       N.    C.   74.       N.    Y.    Cornell  25        Ohio  i. 

Oregon  4.       Pa.  10.       R.  I.  2nd  rep.   p.    iii.       Tenn.  i  ;  2nd  rep. 

p.  8.     U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  75  and  76.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  143.     Wis.  17 

and  22.     Wis.  7th  rep.  p.  205. 

Potato,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Blight,  Ohio  4  and  8.  Bug-eating  Birds,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p. 
369.  Coiorado  Beetle,  Del  2nd  rep.  p.  118  La.  4.  Rot,  La.  4. 
U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  417  ;  1890  rep.  p.  400  Mass.  Hatch, 
II.  Scab,  Conn.  105.  La.  4.  Mass.  State,  34.  Sphinx,  Ga.  6. 
Stalk-Weevil,  la.  11. 

Preservative  Fluids  for  Fresh  Fruits — 

Cal.  86. 
Prune — 

la.  II. 
Pumpkin — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  41,  102,  222.  Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  62.  Nebr.  12.  N. 
Y.  Cornell  25.      Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  108,  115. 

Quince — 

La.  3.  N.  Y.  Cornell  19.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular,  1890.  N.  C.  72. 
Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  416.  Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp. 
112,  122. 

Radish — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  95.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  99.  La.  3.  Md. 
2nd  rep.  p.  62.  Nebr.  12  and  15.  Oregon  4.  Penna.  10.  Vt. 
3rd  rep.  pp.  108,  115. 

Raspberry,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  20.  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp.  94,  120, 
131,147.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  103.  Ind.  31,  33  Vol.  II.  Mass.  Hatch, 
7  and  10;  1889  rep.  p.  38.  Mo.  10.  N.  Y.  State,  Circular  1889. 
N.  C.  72,  74.      Ohio  7.      R.  I.  7.     Texas  8.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  p.  123. 

Raspberry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Leaf -Blight,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  399. 
Rhubarb — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  96. 
Rhubarb,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Curculio,  Ohio  8. 

Rose,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Beetle,  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  88.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  iii.  Nev. 
9.      Slug,  Del.  2nd  rep.  pp.  iii,  115. 


Index  to  Experiment  Station  Horticulture.  241 

bALSIFY — 

Nebr.  12. 
Sapodilla — 

U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  i88g  rep.  p.  447. 

Seeds,  Germination  and  Testing  of — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  1889  rep.  p.  17.     Del.  2nd  rep.  pp.  37,  46.     Vt.  3rd 
rep.  pp.  99,  118.     Wis.  7th  rep.  p.  126. 
Seeds  and  Plants,  Distribution  of — 

Cal.  81  and  84.     U.  S.   Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  132  ;   1890  rep.  p. 
413- 
Spinach — 

Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  108,  115. 
Spinach,  Diseases  and  insects  of — 

Anthracnose,  Black  Mould,  Leaf  Blight,  Mildezu  2in<l  White  Smut,  N.  J. 
70. 

Squash,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Colo.  2nd  rep.  pp.  42,  102.  La.  3.  Md.  2nd  rep.  p.  62.  N.  Y. 
Cornell  25.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  109,  115,  138. 

Strawberry,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  20.  Ark.  13.  Can.  Exp  Farm,  1889  rep.  pp. 
95,  120,  130,  148.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  27.  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  103. 
Ind.  31,  33  Vol.  II.  Ky.  25.  La.  3.  Md.  9.  Mass.  Hatch,  10; 
1889  rep.  p.  91.  Mich.  59.  Mo.  10.  N.  Y.  State,  24  and  Circular 
1890.  N.  C.  72.  74.  Ohio  7.  Oregon  7.  R.  I.  7  ;  2nd  rep.  p. 
III.  Texas  8.  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1890  rep.  p.  418.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
pp.  112,  123.     Vir.  7.     Wis.  7th  rep.  p.  213. 

Strawberry,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Beetle,  Fla.  9.  Blight,  N.  Y.  State  24.  Crown  Borer,  Ind.  33  Vol.  2. 
Ky.  31.  False  Worm,  Ky.  31.  Grub,  Del.  2nd  rep.  p.  in.  Ky. 
31.  June  Bug,  Ky.  31.  Leaf-Blight  Fungus,  Ky.  31.  U.  S.  Dept. 
Agr.  1889  rep.  p,  419  ;  1890  rep.  p.  396.  Leaf  Roller,  Ky.  31.  Root 
Worm,  Ky.  31.  Sfueared  Dagger,  Ky.  31.  I'arnished  Plant  Bug, 
Ky.  31. 
Sweet  Potato — 

Nebr.  12.     N.  C.  74.     Texas  7. 

Sweet  Potato,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Black  Rot,  Dry  Rot,  Leaf  Blight,  Leaf  Mould,  Soft  Rot,  Scurf,  Soil  Rot, 
Stem  Rot,   White  Rot,  N.  J.  76. 

Tomato,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Ala.  Agr.  Exp.  Station  20.  Can.  Exp.  Farm  1889  rep.  p.  117.  Colo. 
2nd  rep.  pp.  41,  104.  Ind.  31.  Kans.  2nd  rep.  p.  198.  La.  3. 
Md.  2nd  rep.  pp.  43,  67,  74.  Mass.  Hatch,  10.  Mich.  57.  N. 
Y.  Cornell  21.  N.  C.  74.  Oregon  4,  7.  Tenn.  10.  Vt.  3rd  rep. 
pp    log    115,  138.     Vir.  4. 


242  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

Tomato,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Rot,  U.  S.  Dept.  Agr.  1889  rep.  p.  418.      Worm,  Del.  2nd  rep.  pp.    iii 
126. 

Turnip,  Culture  and  Varieties — 

Can.  Exp.  Farm,  i88g  rep.  pp.  33,  117.  Colo.  2nd  rep.  p.  103.  Nebr. 
12.     Oregon  4.     Vt.  3rd  rep.  pp.  no,  115,  142. 

Turnip,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

I-lea  Beetle,  Can.  Exp.  Farm,  i88g  rep.  p.  72. 
Willow — 

Minn.  9.     N.  C.  72 
Willow,  Diseases  and  Insects  of — 

Flea  Beetle,  Nebr.  4.  Grove  Plant  Louse,  Ohio  2.  Saio-Fly,  Minn.  9. 
Nebr.  14.  ^^ng,  Minn.  9.  Spotted  Plant  Louse,  Ohio  2.  Spotted 
Will 07V  Slug,  Nebr.  14. 

Wines,  Conservation  of — 

Cal.  87. 


§  8.     BOOKS  OF  1890,  EXCLUSIVE  OF  EFFORTS  OF 
HOE  TICUL  TUEA  L   OE  GANIZA  TIONS. 


This  list  contains  some  of  the  books  of  1889  which  did  not 
appear  in  the  list  for  that  year  (Annals  1889,  213).  The  titles 
of  books  in  foreign  languages  are  given  in  English. 

Andrae,  E.  A.  A  Guide  to  the  Cultivation  of  the  Grape  Vine  in  Texas,  and 
Instructions  for  "Wine  Making.     Dallas,  Texas. 

Bailey,  L.  H.     Annals  of  Horticulture  for  1889.     New  York. 

—  Horticulturist's  Rule-Book       New  York. 

Barral  &  Sagnier.     Dictionary  of  Agriculture,  No.  23.     Paris. 

Bellair,  G.  Ad.     Fruit  Trees.     Paris. 

Bergmann,  Ernest.     An  Excursion  in  Portugal.     Meaux. 

Birmingham  Gardeners'  Association.  A  Series  of  Papers  read  before  the 
Association  in  1886  and  1887. 

Bois,  D.     The  Little  Garden.     Paris. 

Bonavia,  E.  The  Cultivated  Oranges  and  Lemons,  etc.,  of  India  and  Cey- 
lon.    2  vols.     London. 

Bon  Jardinier  for  1890.      134th  ed.     Paris. 

Bosschere,  Charles  de.      Horticulture  at  the  Paris  Exposition.     Ghent. 

Bouche,  C.  &  J.     Construction  and  Arrangement  of  Greenhouses.     Bonn. 

Brooks,  C.     Mushrooms  and  their  Culture.      London. 

Bunyard,  Frederick.     Fruit  Farming  for  Profit.      Maidstone,  Eng. 

Carter.     Carter's  Practical  Gardener.     London. 

Dame,  Lorin,  and  Brooks,  Henry.  Typical  Elms  and  Other  Trees  of  Mas- 
sachusetts.    Embellished  4to.     Boston. 

Daul,  A.     Cacti.     Stuttgart. 

Dilling,  Gustav.  Heinrich  Gustav  Reichenbach  :  a  Sketch  of  His  Life. 
Hamburg. 

Earl  of  Meath.     On  the  Public  Parks  of  America.      London. 

Eisen,  Gustav.  The  Raisin  Industry.  A  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Raisin 
Grapes,  their  History,  Culture  and  Curing.     San  Francisco. 

E.  V.  B.     Days  and  Hours  in  a  Garden.     7th  ed.      London. 

Ferns,  Book  of  Choice,  for  the  Garden,  Conservatory  and  Stove.  London. 
In  monthly  parts. 

Fleischer,  Dr.  C.  The  Most  Important  Enemies  of  Fruit  Trees,  and  Meth- 
ods for  their  Destruction.     Dresden. 

Garola.  C.  G.     The  Use  of  Fertilizers.     Amiens. 

German  Agricultural  Society.     The  Stone  Fruits  of  Germany.     Berlin. 

Goethe,  R.  Report  of  the  Royal  School  for  Fruit  Culture  at  Geisenheim. 
Wiesbaden. 

Greiner,  T.     How  to  make  the  Garden  Pay.     Philadelphia. 

Griffith,  A.  B.     Diseases  of  Crops  and  their  Remedies.     London. 

(243) 


244  Annals  of  Hortiadtin^e . 

Halsted,  Byron  D.  Reserve  Food — Materials  in  Buds  and  Surrounding 
Parts.     Mem.  Torr.  Bot.  Club,  vol.  ii.  No.  i.      New  York. 

Harris,  Jos.  Nitrate  of  Soda  for  Manure,  and  the  Best  Mode  of  its  Em- 
ployment.    Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Hartig,  Dr.  Robert.  Timbers  and  How  to  Know  Them.  Translated  by 
William  Sommerville.     Edinburgh. 

Hartwig,  J.,  and  Heinemann,  F.  C.     The  Clematis.     Leipzig. 

Heinemann,  F  E.  Aquarium,  In-Door  Garden  and  Conservatory.  Leip- 
zig. 

—  The  Culture  of  Common  Bulbous  Plants.     Leipzig. 
Henderson,  Alfred.     Peter  Henderson.     A  Memoir.     New  York. 
Hensel,  Julius.     Explanation  of  Hensel's  Universal  Fertilizer.     Berlin. 
Hofer,  A.  N.     Grape  Growing.      McGregor,  Iowa. 

Howe,  Walter.     The  Garden,  as  Considered  in  Literature  by  Certain  Polite 

Writers.     New  York. 
Hubert,  Philip  G.  Jr.     Liberty  and  a  Living.      New  York. 
Jones,  Walter.     Heating  by  Hot  Water. 

Jiihlke,  F.     Garden  Book  for  Ladies.     4th  edition.     Berlin. 
Kettlewell,  Arthur  M.     The  Art  of  Landscape  Gardening.     London. 
Kirchner,  Dr.  Oskar.     The  Diseases  and  Injuries  of  our  Cultivated  Plants. 

Stuttgart. 
Kolb,  Max.     European  and  Trans-Oceanic  Alpine  Plants.     Stuttgart. 
Kraetzl,  Franz.     Sweet  Rowan  (Pyrus  Aucuparia,  var  dulcis).     Vienna  and 

Olmiitz. 
Lebl.     Indoor  Gardening.      Leipzig. 

—  Mushroom  Culture.     3rd  edition      Berlm. 

Lepki.  Open  Letters  for  Garden,  Field  and  Forest  Culture.  Prag-Wein- 
berge. 

Lisbonne,  Gaston.      Legislation  on  Raisins.     Montpellier,  France. 

M' Alpine,  A.  N.     How  to  Know  Grasses  by  their  Leaves.     Edinburgh. 

Maries,  Charles.     Mangos  of  India.     London. 

Mark,  M.     Latest  Guide  to  all  Garden  Literature.      Erfurt. 

Martin,  Edward  Alfred.     Glimpses  of  Natures'  Secrets.     London. 

Mathews,  F.  Schuyler.  The  Golden  Flower  [Chrysanthemum].  In  Col- 
ors.    Prang  &  Co.     Boston. 

Mayfahrt  Ph.  &  Co.  Vegetable  and  Fruit  Culture  in  the  Field,  with  Refer- 
ence to  Canning  and  Preserving.      Frankfort  a.  M. 

Meulenaere,  O.  de.     Descriptive  List  of  Winter  Chrysanthemums.     Ghent. 

Mills  &  Shaw.     The  First  Principles  of  Agriculture.     Toronto,  Canada. 

Milner,  H.  E.     The  Art  and  Practice  of  Landscape  Gardening.     London. 

Missouri  Botanical  Gardens.     First  Report,  by  the  Director.     St.  Louis. 

Monkemeyer,  W.  Handbook  of  Botanical  Terms  for  Gardeners.  2nd  edi- 
tion of  Kohl's  Work.     Berlin. 

Morgenthaler,  J.  Grape,  Fruit  and  Garden  Culture  at  the  Paris  Exposi- 
tion, and  the  International  Agricultural  Congress  from  the  4th  to  nth 
of  July,  1889.      Zurich. 

Morton,  James.     Southern  Floriculture.     Clarksville,  Tenn. 

Mossdorf,  Otto.      Studies  for  Landscape  Gardeners.     Leipzig. 

Moyen,  J  Les  Champignons.  An  Elementary  Treatise  upon  Mycology, 
with  descriptions  of  useful,  dangerous  and  remarkable  species. 

Miiller,  Ludwig.     Guide  to  Horticultural  Literature.     Berlin. 


The  Books  of  i8go.  245 

Ohrt,  H.     The  Parks  and  Gardens  of  the  Grand  Duke,  at  Oldenburg.     Leip- 
zig. 
Oliver,  F.  W.     On  Sarcodes  sanguinea,  Torr.     London. 
Ormerod,  Miss  E.  A.     Report  on  Injurious  Insects.     London. 
Parey,  Paul.     Novelties  of  the  Past  Year.      Berlin. 

—  Phylloxera  Laws.     Berlin. 

Poole,  Mrs.  Hester  M.      Fruits  and  How  to  Use  Them.      New  York. 

Pratt,  Mara  L.     The  Fairyland  of  Flowers.     Boston,  Mass. 

Ravenscroft,  B.  C.     Tomato  Culture  for  Amateurs.     London. 

Reeves,  J.  A.     Sap  ;  Does  it  Rise  from  the  Roots  ? 

Remark,  Fred.     The  Cactus  Friend.     Minden  i.  W.  Germany. 

Report  of  the  Tree  Planting  and  Fountain  Society  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y. 

Rexford,  Eben  E.      Home  Floriculture.     Vick,  Rochester,  N.  Y. 

Ritzema,  J.      Injurious  and  Beneficial  Animals.      Berlin. 

Runge,  C.  Catalogue  of  the  Fruits  Adapted  to  the  Province  of  Branden- 
burg.     Berlin. 

Sandmann,  J.     Manual  of  the  Markets.      Berlin. 

Schomburg,  R.  Report  on  the  Progress  and  Condition  of  the  Botanic 
Garden.     Adelaide  (South  Australia). 

Schwaab,  Ernest  F.  Secrets  of  Canning.  A  Complete  Exposition  of  the 
Theory  and  Art  of  the  Canning  Industry.      Baltimore. 

Schweizer,      Garden  Calendar  for  1890.      Zurich 

Scribner,  F.  Lamson.  Fungus  Diseases  of  the  Grape  and  other  Plants  and 
their  Treatment.     Little  Silver,  N.  J. 

Seymour,  A.  B.  and  Earle,  F.  S.     Economic  Fungi.      (Exsiccate). 

Sorgues  and  Berthault.     Raisins  and  Their  Uses.     Paris. 

Stoll,  Dr.  R.  On  the  Apples  and  Pears  of  the  Vienna  Market.  Klosterneu- 
burg. 

Strassheim,  C.  J.     Desirable  Roses.     Frankfort,  a.  M. 

Sturtevant,  E.  Lewis.  On  Seedless  Fruits.  Memories  of  the  Torrey  Botani- 
cal Club,  Vol.  i.  No.  4. 

Sutton  &  Sons.  The  Art  of  Preparing  Vegetables  for  the  Table.  Reading, 
England. 

Terry  &  Root.     How  to  Grow  Strawberries.     Medina,  Ohio. 

Thomayer,  Fr.     Technical  Pomology.      Prague. 

Thompson,  W.  Practical  Treatise  on  the  Grape  Vine.  loth  edition. 
Edinburgh  &  London. 

Veitch  &  Sons,  James.  A  Manual  of  Orchidaceous  Plants  Cultivated  under 
Glass  in  Great  Britain.  Part  VI.  Coelogyne,  Epidendrum,  etc. 
London. 

Vergara,  M.  The  Falling  of  Grapes.  Translation  of  Charles  Baltet's  work. 
Madrid. 

Wait,  Frona  Eunice.     Wines  and  Vines  of  California.     San  Francisco. 

Whitehead,  Charles.  F.  L.  S.  Hints  on  Vegetable  and  Fruit  Farming. 
London. 

—  Injurious  Insects  and  Fungi :  3rd  annual  Reports.     London. 
Woodward,    Miss  Florence  H.     The  Genus   Masdevallia.     Issued  by   the 

Marques  of  Lothian,  chiefly  from  plants  in  his  collection.      Grantham. 
Wynne,  Brian.     Our  Hardy  Fruits.     London. 


§  9-       HORTICULTURAL      PERIODICALS     OF     THE 

WORLD. 


NORTH  AMERICA. 


This  list  includes  all  the  periodicals  which  are  strictly  hor- 
ticultural. Many  agricultural  papers  publish  horticultural  de- 
partments, and  a  few,  of  which  the  Florida  Dispatch  and 
No7'thiuest  Horticulturist,  Agriculturist  and  Stockman  are  exam- 
ples, give  particular  attention  to  horticultural  matters. 

American  Farm  and  Horticulturist.     Lakewood,  Ohio.      Quarterly. 

American  Florist.     Chicago       Weekly. 

American  Garden.     New  York.     Monthly. 

California  Fruit  Grower.     San  Francisco.      W. 

Canadian  Horticulturist.     Grimsby,  Ontario.     M. 

Floral  Instructor.  Ainsworth,  la.     M. 

Florists'  Exchange.     New  York.      W . 

Fruit  and  Grape  Grower.     Charlottesville,  Va.     M. 

Fruit  and  Vegetable  Grower.     Cheswold,  Del.     M. 

Fruit  Growers'  Journal.      Cobden.  111.      Semi-monthly. 

Fruit  Trade  Journal.     New  York.      W. 

Garden  and  Forest.     New  York.      W. 

Green's  Fruit  Grower.     Rochester.      Quart. 

Horticultural  Art  Journal.     Rochester.     M. 

Journal  of  the  Columbus  Horticultural  Society.     Columbus,  O.      Quart. 

Lindenia.     M.      (An  English  edition  of  the  French  journal,  with  a  central 

American  office  in  New  York). 
Mayflower.     Queens,  N.  Y.     M. 
National  Horticulturist.     Cambridge,  Md.      M. 
Nebraska  Horticulturist.     Bower,  Neb.     M. 
Orchard  and  Garden.     Little  Silver,  N.  J.     M. 
Ornamental  and  Forest  Tree  Grower.     Evergreen,  Wis.     M. 
Park's  Floral  Magazine.     Fannetsburg,  Pa.     M. 
Pilot  Point  Horticulturist.     Pilot  Point,  Texas.     M. 
Popular  Gardening.     Buffalo.     M. 
Seed  Time  and  Harvest.     La  Plume,  Pa.     M. 

Southern  Horticultural  Journal.     Denison,  Texas.     Sejjii-mcnthly . 
Vick's  Magazine.     Rochester.     M. 
Vineyardist.     Penn  Yan,  N.  Y.      Serni-monthly. 
Western  Garden.     Des  Moines,  Iowa.     M, 

(246) 


Horticultural  Periodicals  of  the    World.  247 

ENGLAND. 

Amateur  Gardening.     London.  Garden  Horticultural  Gazette.   Man- 
Botanical  Magazine.      London.  Chester. 

Floral  Magazine.     London.  Gardener.     London. 

Floral   World   and    Garden    Guide.  Gardeners'  Chronicle.     London. 

London.  Gardeners'  Magazine.     London. 

Florist  and  Pomologist.     London.  Gardening  Illustrated.     London. 

Fruit  Farm  Review,  Gardening  World.     London. 

Fruit  Trade  Journal.      London.     Dis-  Horticultural  Record.     London. 

continued  with  the  year.  Horticultural  Times.     London. 

Garden.     London.  Journal  of  Horticulture.     London. 

Garden  Almanac.     London.  Northern  Gardener.     Manchester. 

IN  FRENCH. 

Annales  de  1'  Horticulture.     Brussels. 

Annuaire  General  d'  Horticulture.     Toulouse. 

Art  dans  1'  Horticulture.     Paris. 

Belgique  Horticole  (La).      Gand  (Ghent). 

Bulletin  d'  Arboriculture.     Ghent. 

Bulletin  d'  Arboriculture,  de  Floriculture,  et  de  Culture  Potagere.  Gand 
(Ghent). 

Bulletin  de  la  Federation  des  Societes  d'  Horticulture  de  Belgique,  public 
par  le  Ministere  de  1' Agriculture.     Gand. 

Bulletin  d  1'  Horticulture.     Clermont  (Oise). 

Bulletin  de  la  Societe  Horticole,  Viticole  et  Forestiere  de  Sens.     Auxerne. 

Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d'  Horticulture  de  Bongival.     Saint-Germain-en-Laye. 

Bulletin  du  Cercle  Floral  d'  Anvers.     Anvers. 

Bulletin  du  Syndicat  des  Viticulteurs  de  France.     Paris. 

Bulletin  Horticole  (Le).      Huy. 

Bulletin  Mensuel  de  la  Societe  d'  Horticulture  Pratique  du  Rhone.      Lyons. 

Chasse  et  Peche,  Acclimation  et  Elevage.  Organ  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
St.  Hubert.     Brussels. 

Flore  des  Serres  et  Jardins  de  1'  Angleterre.     Gand  (Ghent). 

Horticulteur  L'.     Mons. 

Jardin  (Le).     Argenteuil. 

Jardin  de  la  France.     Tours. 

Journal  d'  Agriculture  et  d'  Horticulture.     Bordeaux. 

Journal  de  Horticulture  Pratique.     Paris. 

Journal  des  Orchidees.     Brussels. 

Journal  de  la  Societe  Centrale  d'  Horticulture.     Paris. 

Journal  de  Vulgarisation  de  1'  Horticulture.     Paris. 

Journal  des  Roses.     Paris. 

Illustration  Horticole,  L'.     Brussels. 

Lindenia,  Iconographie  des  Orchidees.     Brussels. 

Orchidophile,  L'.      Argenteuil. 

Lyon  Horticole.      Lyons. 

Moniteur  d'  Horticulture,  Arboriculture,  Viticulture,  Sciences,  Arts  et  In- 
dustries Horticoles.     Paris. 


248  A7i7ials  of  Horticulture. 

Progres  Agricole  et  Viticole.      Montpellier. 

Reveil  Viticole.     Paris. 

Revue  Horticole.     Paris. 

Revue  Horticole,  Viticole,  et  Apicole  de  la  Suisse  Romande.      Geneva. 

Revue  Vinicole.     Paris. 

IN  GERMAN. 

Berliner  Blatter  fiir  Botanik,  Gartnerei  und  Landwirthschaft.     Berlin. 

Deutsche  Garten-Zeitung.     Leipzig. 

Deutscher  Garten.     Berlin. 

Deutscher  Garten-Kalendar.     Berlin. 

Deutsches  Magazin  fiir  Garten-und  Blumenkunde.     Stuttgart. 

Freyhoff's  Garten-und  Ackerbau-Zeitung.     Oranienburg. 

Gartner.     Berlin. 

Garten-und  Blumenfreund.     Cassel. 

Garten-und  Blumenzeitung.      Hamburg. 

Gartenflora.     Berlin. 

Hamburger  Garten-und  Blumen-Zeitung.     Hamburg. 

Illustrirte     Monatshefte    fiir    des    Gesammt-Interessen    des    Gartenbaus, 

Munich. 
Illustrirte  Garten-Zeitung.     Stuttgart. 
Monatsblatt  fiir  Gartenbau.     Keil. 

Monatsschrift  des  Gartenbauvereins  zu  Darmstadt.     Darmstadt. 
Monatsschrift  fiir  Obst  und  Weinbau.      Frauenfeld. 
Nachrichten  aus  dem  Gebiete  des  Gartenbaus,  der  Landwirthschaft,  Fish- 

erei  und  Jagd.     Vilshofen  and  Hacklberg. 
Obstbau.     Stuttgart. 

Obstgarten.     Klosterneuburg  bei  Wien  (Vienna). 
Obstdeutscher  Anzeiger  fiir  Gartenbau.     Thorn. 
Obstmarkt,     Berlin. 
Pomologische  Monatshefte.     Stuttgart. 

Praktische  Obstziichter.     Klosterneburg  bei  Wien  (Vienna).    . 
Practische  Ratgeber  im  Obst-und  Gartenbau.      Frankfurt  a.  d.  O. 
Rheinsche  Blatter  fiir  Obst-Wein-und  Gartenbau.      Strassburg. 
Rheinische    Gartenschrift.     Carlsruhe    Vereinigte    Frauendorfer    Blatter. 

Frauendorf. 
Rosen-Zeitung.     Frankfort-on-the-Main. 
Wiener    Illustrirte    Garten-Zetung.     Vienna.      (Journal    of    the    Imperial 

Horticultural  Society.) 
Zeitschrift  fiir  Obst-und  Gartenbau.     Leipzig. 


IN  ITALIAN,    SPANISH,    PORTUGUESE. 

Bulletin©  della  Societa  Toscana  d'  Horticultura.     Florence. 

Frutta  e  Vino.     Milan. 

Giardini.     Milan. 

Gardiniene.     Milan. 

Jornal  de  Horticultura  Practica.     Oporto. 


Horticultural  Periodicals  of  the    World.  249 


L'  Orticoltura  Genovese.     Genoa. 

O'  Floricultor.     Oporto. 

Revista  de  Horticultura.     Rio  de  Janiero. 

Revista  Horticologica.     Barcelona. 

Revista  Orticola.     Pallanza. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
Dansk  Havetidende.     Copenhagen. 

Gyumolcseszeti  es  Konyhakerteszeti  Fiizetek.     Budapest 
Het  Neederlandsche  Tuinboublad.     Arnhem. 
Journal  of  the  Board  of  Viticulture.     Victoria,  Australia 
Kerteszeti  Fiizetek.     Budapest. 
Nepkortesze.     Budapest. 
Sadovodstvo.     Moscow. 
Sempervirens ;  Gronewegen.     Amsterdam. 
Tidning  for  Tradgordsodlare.     Stockholm. 


A.   H.— 18 


§  lo.      TOOLS  AND  CONVENIENCES  OF  THE  YEAR. 


VARIOUS  DEVICES  FOR  FACILITATING  HORTICULTURAL  LABOR 
WHICH  HAVE  BEEN  INVENTED  OR  HAVE  BEEN  FIRST  PROMI- 
NENTLY   MENTIONED    DURING    189O.* 


Weeder. — (Fig.   I.) 


Fig.  I. 


This  is  a  purslane  weeder,  designed 
to  follow  a  culti- 
vator. It  pulls 
up  and  collects 
all  the  purslane 
and  similar 
weeds, beingnar- 
rower  at  the  rear 
end.  The  teeth 
are  about  i  4 
inches  ip  length, 
round 
iron,  yz 
or  f^  in. 
in  diam- 


eter.— Eugene  Willet,  i?i  Populai'  Gardeni?ig,  vi 

Home-made  Garden  Hoe. — (Fig.  2.)     Made  from 
a    blade    of    an    old    buck-saw. — Fi-ed    W.    Cai'd, 
AmeiHcan  Garden,  jgj. 

Hoes.— -(Fig.  3,  page  251.)  Various  designs  by 
A.  B.  Tarj-yer,  i?i  American  Garden,  20J,  204,  264, 
26s,  614. 

Hoes. — (Fig.  4,  page  252.)    ''Nos.  i  and  2 
I  use  for  stirring  the  soil  and   for  the  general 
purposes  of  a  weed  hoe,  and  Nos.  3  and  4 
for  more  delicate  work  among  close  rows  of 
plants." — D.   S.  Marvin,  in  America^i   Gar- 
den, 631. 


Fig.  2. 


*  None  of  the  tools  mentioned  are  in  any  manner  recommended  by  the  Editor. 

(250) 


Tools  a7id  Co7ivenie7ices  of  the  Year. 


251 


Fig.  3. 


252 


A7i7ials  of  Horticulture. 


^^^=z==sO 


Fig.  3,  continued. 


Fig.  4. 


Tools  a7id  Conveniences  of  the  Year.  25-5 

Clearing  FoRK.-(Fig.  5.)  A  strong  fork  for  removing 
cabbage  stumps,  stones,  etc.  —  Fred  IV. 
Card,  in  Ainerican  Garden,  jgj. 

Clod    Crusher    or    Grater.— (Fig.    6  ) 
Made    from    an    old    stone-boat    by  driving 
strong  spikes  through  it  in  a  slanting  direc- 
tion,   or    threshing    machine    teeth    may  be 
used.    Stones  and 
rubbish    may    be 
drawn    from    the 
field  at  the  same 
time  that  the  im- 
plement    works 
the    ground. — 
Fred  W.     Card,  in 
American   Garden, 
393- 

Home-made 
Garden  Marker. 
— (Figs.  7,  8  and 
9-)  ''For  the 
beam    or    head 

,/       .  (Fig-    7)    I    use 

i>^x2  m.  stuff  4  ft.  2  in.  long,  plow- 
ing a  grove  >^xi/^  in.  in  the  lower 
side.      I  then    bore   i^-in.   holes  every  2  in.,  beginning  2  in 

ick  Lk'e  The  h  ^'^  '^-^^  ^^^-  '^  ^^^  -^^^  of'oak,  from   a 
fnH    /  beam,  With  a  tenon  2  in.  wide  by  V,   in    hi^h 

mort<V"    '"^-      ^''°  ^^^^^^   ^^^^^  ^his  tenon  or  shoulder  I 
t"  ro    "h  ?h  '  T  '"  ''^l'^!  joint-bolt,  which  is  inserted 
fvt^o^^l        T    ^^^.«l^the    tooth.      This    joint-bolt 
witf  AV    ^^'1'  ^^''?'  '/«  ^^-  di^^eter,  and  pointed, 
with  a  thread  turned  on  the  lower  end.      The  hole 
m  which  the  bolt  lies  should  be  y,  in.,  to  allow  0I 


Fig.  6. 


W 


W 


Fig.  7. 


254 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


easy  transference.      The  lower  end 
somewhat   like    a    double    mould 
plow.      For    handles    I    use    two 
rake    handles    about    5     ft.    long, 
which    are    fastened    in  the  head 
between    the    bolt    holes.       The 
teeth  can  be  adjusted  to  any  dis- 
tance   in  a  very  short  time,   and 
the    implement    is    a    useful    and 
durable   one.      The   rings    on  the  top  of    the 
joint-bolt  allow  it  to  be  turned  with  a  stick 
when  a  wrench  is  not  handy." — JoJui  Jea7min, 
Jr.,  in  American  Garden,  lyg. 

Seed  Dropper. — (Fig.  10,  page 254.)    ^'The 
part  reaching  the  ground,  which  is  fitted  into 
the  bottom  of  the  box,  is  made  of  two  strips 
of  wood    grooved   out   on   one  side,  and   fas- 
tened   to- 
B      gether,  for- 
mingatube 
through 
which  the 
seed  drops. 
Carrying 
the  tool    in 
number  of 


the  tooth  is  sharpened 


Fig.  II. 


foot.^ 


Fig.  12. 
-Fred  W.   Card,  i?i  American  Garde?i,  jgj 


the  hand,  the 
seeds  that  are 
wanted  in  the  hill  is  pushed 
in  w  i  t  h  the 
thumb,  which 
remains  over 
the  opening, 
p  r  e  ven  ting 
the  escape  of 
more  seeds 
till  the  next 
hill  is  reach- 
ed. The  cov- 
ering of  the 
seeds  is  usu- 
ally done  rea- 
dily with  the 


Tools  and  Convenie7ices  of  the  Year. 


255 


Lima  Bean  Planter. — The  bean  planters  in  use  are  apt 
to  break  or  split  the  bean.  A  machine  which  appears  to 
have  overcome  this  difficulty  has  been  invented  by  J.  D.  Mor- 
gan, of  Ventura,  California.  It  consists  of  a  cast  wheel  con- 
taining pods  or  fingers,  which  grasp  the  beans  as  the  wheel 
revolves,  each  picking  up  one  or  two  beans,  and  holding  them 

firmly  until  deposit- 
ed in  the  mouth  of 
the  tube,  from  which 
they  are  conveyed  to 
the  ground.  The 
wheel  can  be  so  ad- 

Vl^'.  «iV-£;  _^  the  beans  at  any  de- 
sired distance  apart. 
The  planter  is  made 
so  that  it  can  be  eas- 
ily adjusted  to  a  sul- 
\^  ky  cultivator  frame. 
—  California  Fr  u  i  t- 
Grower,  Feb.  8. 

A  Handy  Cart. — 
(Fig.  II,  page  254.) 
y  This  IS  a  platform  hand-cart,  so  stable  that  it  can  be  used 
in  the  field  as  a  table,  upon  which  the  sorting  and  weighing 
of  experimental  crops  is  done.  We  use  a  3-ft.  wheel  and  a 
wide  tire.  The  body  is  provided  with  a  border  an  inch  high 
all  around." 
L.  If.  Bailey, 
in  American 
Garden,  88. 
Handy 

G  A    R  D   E  N 

Wag  on. — 
(Fig.  12,  p. 
254.)  ''This 
is  a  combin- 
ation fruit 
and  truck  wagon 


Fig.  13. 


Fig.  14. 


The  body  projects  over  the  wheels,  giving 
a  very  large  surface  for  the  handling  of  crates,  boxes,  barrels, 
etc.      I  use  a  3-ft.  wheel  with  a  21^-in.  tire.       The  body  is  4 


256 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


ft.  8  in.  by  12  ft.      It  is  used  either  behind  a  pole  or  thills. 
L.  H.  Bailey,  in  At/ierican  Garden,  88. 

Lawn  Mower  Attachment.  —  (Fig. 
13,  page  255.) — A  patented  device  for 
catching  and  holding  the  grass  thrown 
off  by  a  lawn  mower. — Rural  New- 
Yorker,  y4S' 

Root  Lifter.— (Fig.  14,  page  255.) — 
The  beam  is  of  hard  wood,  5  feet  long 
and  2>^X3>^  in.      In  front  is  an  inch 
hole    through    which    the    wheel-rod 
passes.     The  upper  end  of  the  clevis 


Fig.   16. 


Fig.    15. 

is   turned   up   and   a    threaded 
hole   cut   in   it  to    receive    the 
thumb-screw   which   holds  the 
wheel-rod  in  place.      The  iron 
lifter  is   inserted   in  a  mortise 
about    mid-way  of    the    beam, 
and  is  held  in  place  by  a  key, 
which  provides  means  for  ad- 
justing   it    to    various    depths. 
The    foot    is   made  of    ^-inch 
jv,  f  iron  3  inches  wide,  with  a  small 
.y^":*^  wing  of   steel   riveted   to  the 
3^^^^-^-.?,.^  1  o  w  er    end.     The    roots    are 
''^--"'       topped  with  a  hoe  before  being 
lifted. — A7n.   Agriculturist,  ji^. 


Tools  ajid  Conveniences  of  the   Year. 


257 


Step  Ladder  for  Fruit  Pickers. — (Fig.  15,  page  256).    A 
self-supporting    step  lad- 
der    with     a     revolving 
holder   for  the   basket. — 
Canadia?i  Horticulturist. 

Fruit  Picker. — (Fig. 
16,  page  256).  A  blouse 
fruit-picker,  designed  for 
picking  choice  fruits. 
The  fruit  is  taken  off  with 
scissors  ;  it  falls  into  the 
sleeve  and  enters  the  waist 
of  the  blouse.  If  neces- 
sary, the  over  plus  may  be 
conducted  into  a  padded 
basket.  — Rural  New-  Yorker,  66j. 

Bean  Cleaner. — (Fig.  17.)  A  swinging  sieve  for  cleaning 
beans  as  they  are  poured  into  it.  The  standards  should  be 
about  2x3  at  the  base,  and  2x2  at  the  top.  The  rack  should 
be  about  4>^  ft.  long,  and  is  hung  on  strong  wires  about  20  in. 


Fig.   17. 


Fig.   18. 


long.  P^or  beans  the  size  of  the  Navy,  five  meshes  to  the  inch 
will  be  required  ;  but  for  larger  beans  coarser  sieves  may  be 
used. — Popular  Gardening,  v.  11^. 

Hamilton's  Fruit  Grader. — (Fig.    18.)     A  new   machine 


258 


Annals  of  Hortiadture. 


for  grading  fruit,  and  said  by  the  inventor  to  be  the  only  one 
which  is  adapted  to  both  green  and  dried  fruit.     Made  at  San 

Jos6,  CaHfornia 


Fruit  Sorter 
(Fig.  19)— A 
simple  device 
which  sorts  the 
fruit  by  allowing 
the  small  speci- 
m  e  n  s  to  fall 
through  the 
wire  screen  as 
the  cylinder  is  turned. — Rural  New-Yorker,  ^go. 

California  Fruit  Fitter. — (Fig.  20.)  A  machine  com- 
pleted late  in  1889,  and  put  upon  the  rnarket  in  California 
early  this  year.  It  cuts  and  pits  the  fruits. — California  Fruit 
Grower,  April  5,  216. 

Almond  Huller. — (Fig.  21,  page  259.)  A  California  ma- 
chine. ''  A  man,  with  a  boy  to  feed,  will  hull  two  tons  of  al- 
monds in  a  day, 
formerly  the 
work  of  eight  or 
ten  men.  It  con- 
sists of  irregular 
hardwood  slats, 
fastened  to  an 
endless  belt. 
Bars  underneath 
it  are  set  on  spir- 
al springs,  which 
can  be  geared  to 
any  size  of  al- 
mond. Those 
nuts  that  pass 
through  un- 
hulled  are 
picked  dut  and  hulled  by  hand.  Very  few  shells  are  broken 
in  a  day's  work." — C.  H.  S.,  in  Rural  New-Yorker,  y2g. 

Potato  Sorters. — (Figs.  22-25).  Figs.  22  and  23  (page 
260)  show  patented  devices,  the  former  being  the  Hoover  and 


Tools  and  Conve7iie7ices  of  the  Year. 


259 


the  latter  the  CoUins.  {^Rm-al  New-Yorker,  485.')  A  home- 
made sorter  is  shown  in  Figs  24  and  25  (page  261).  It  com- 
prises one  screen  cyhnder  inside  another.  The  inner  cyHnder 
is  coarse  enough  to  allow  the  dirt  and  small  potatoes  to  pass 
through,  while  the  outer  one  is  finer,  and  allows  only  the  dirt 
to  pass.  The  large  tubers,  therefore,  follow  the  inner  cylin- 
der, and  the  small  ones  are  caught  between  the  two. — W.  D., 
in  Rural  Neiv-  Yorker,  6oy. 

Celery  Hiller. — A  machine  has  been  invented  by  Maurice 
M.  Ranney,  of  Michigan,  for  hilling  celery.  The  hilling  is 
done  by  means  of  mold-boards.  ''  The  mold-boards  are  ad- 
justable to  suit 
the  height  of 
the  plants,  and 
laterally  to  cor- 
respond with 
the  width  of 
the  rows,  the 
machine  being 
designed  to 
crowd  the 
earth  from  the 
bottom  of  the 
furrows  under 
the  leaves,  sim- 
ultane  ously 
upon  both 
sides  of  the 
rows.  The 
side   beams   of 

the  frame  are  adjustable  laterally  upon  the  cross  beams,  and 
from  the  under  side  of  each  side  beam  projects  a  pedestal 
with  an  attached  spud  axle,  upon  which  the  drive  wheels  re- 
volve. A  post  extends  downwardly  from  a  bracket  on  the 
under  side  of  each  side  beam,  through  a  staple  and  eye  formed 
on  a  plate  attached  to  the  forward  end  of  the  mold-board, 
each  post  being  stayed  by  a  brace  bar,  and  the  eyes  and 
staples,  being  large  enough  to  move  freely  upon  the  post. 
For  the  vertical  adjustment  of  the  mold-boards,  a  link  con- 
nects the  staples  on  the  forward  end  of  the  mold-board,  each 
post  being  stayed  by  a  brace  bar,  and  the  eyes  and  staples 


Fig.   21. 


26o 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


being  large  enough  to  move  freely  upon  the  post.      For  the 
vertical  adjustment  of  the  mold-boards,  a  link  connects  the 

staple  on  the 
forward  end  of 
each  with  the 
forward  end  of 
a  lever,  f  u  1  - 
crumed  upon 
an  upright  of 
the  frame,"  a 
rack  secured  to 
one  of  the  side 
beams  being 
provided  for 
each  lever. 
Fig.  22.  which    extends 

to  within  easy 
reach  of  the 
driver.  A  stir- 
rup is  bolted  up- 
on the  outer  face 
of  each  mold- 
board  at  its  rear 
end,  a  chain 
from  each  stir- 
rup passing  over 
a  friction  pulley, 
journaled  at  the 
upper  end  of  a 
rack  secured  to^^ 
the  center  cross  "-^ 
beam,  to  attach- 
m  e  n  t  with  a 
lever  pivoted  on 
the  forward 
cross  beam,  and 
extending  to  the 
driver.  The  mold-boards  are  so  hung  that  they  are  quite  a 
distance  apart  at  their  forward  ends,  and  nearer  together  at 
the  rear,  where  the  two  boards  are  connected  by  a  spiral 
spring,  which   spring   is   attached   through   short,    adjustable 


,'<^/-; 


FiG.   23. 


Tools  and  Conve7iie7ices  of  the   Year. 


261 


arms,  whereby  the  spring  may  be  lengthened,  when  it  is  de- 
sired to  only  half  hill  the  rows.      The  driver,  by  resting  his 

feet  in  the  stir- 
rups of  the  mold- 
bo  a  r  d  s  ,  can 
adapt  them  to 
any  crookedness 
of  the  rows  or 
irregularities  of 
the  surface,  the 
machine  being 
adjustable  to 
rows  from  three 
to  five  feet  apart, 
and  from  six 
inches  to  two 
and  a-half  feet 
in  height." — 
Scientific  Ameri- 
can. 
from   the   point 


Fig.   24. 


Cane  Cutter. — (Fig.    26.)      '-It   is   made 
of  an  old  cradle  scythe,  united  to  a  hard-wood  handle  about 
three  feet  long,  with  a  leather  loop  tacked  on  six  inches  from 
the  end." — American  Garde?!,  244. 

Plant  Peg. — (Fig.  27.)    A  wire  peg  used 
in   England   for  holding   down  layers  and      ^  a 
vines. — American  Garden,  24'/. 


^ 


Fig.  25. 


Fig.  26       Fig.  27. 


262 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


Wire  Stretcher. — (Figs. 


Fig.  29. 


Flower-pot  Hanger 
263.)  ''  Constructed  of  three  wires  of  equal 
length,  each  extending  one-third  around  the 
pot  with  its  bottom  end  twisted  to  the  next 

wire,  forming  an 
outwardly  extend- 
ing arm  ;  then  all 
bent  upward,  their 
top  ends  joined 
and  twisted  into  a 
hook. — John  Lane, 
Popular  Gardening, 
V.  84. 

Pot  Holder  for  Trellis. — (Figs.  33  and 
34,  page  263.)  Fig.  33  shows  an  iron  holder, 
which  is  slipped  onto  a  wall  trellis,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  34. — Revue  Horticole,  j^j. 


28  and  29.)  This  has  two  ad- 
vantages :  It  can  easily  be  made 
from  heavy  wire ;  and  it  can  be 
used  at  any  time  without  cutting 
the  wire,  and  applied  anywhere 
along  the  wire  to  be  stretched. 
Notches  are  filed  near  the  ends 
of  the  stretcher  to  hold  the 
wire  after  it  has  been  stretched. 
—  W. ,  in  Der  Praktische  Ratgeber 
im  Obst  und  Garte?tbau,  yo2. 

Garden  Bag. — (Fig.  30.)  An 
English  leather  bag  for  carrying 
tools,  seeds,  labels,  etc. — Popu- 
lar Garde?ii?tg,  v.  2^8. 
Gardening  Apron. 
— (Fig.  31.)  An  apron 
c  o  n  t  ainiDg 
pockets  for  car- 
rying tools  and 
p  1  a  nts. 
— Sister 
Gracious 
in  Ajnerican 
Garden,  24g. 
32,    page 


(Fig 


Fig.  30. 


Fig.  31, 


Tools  and  Conveniences  of  the   Year. 


263 


Fig.  32. 


Fig.  34. 


264 


Annals  of  Horttculiure. 


Fig. 


Pot  Carrier.— Figs.  35  and  36,  page  263).  This  is  a  rack, 
Fig.  35,  make  of  thin,  light  slats  with  ratches  for  pots,  which 
sets  upon  the  top  of 
a  wagon  box,  as  seen 
in  Fig.  36.  In  order 
to  bring  the  pots  ^^ 
above  whatever  load 
may  be  in  the  wagon 
box,  a  strong  iron 
frame  is  made  to  carry 
the  slats,  as  shown  by 
the  dark  line  b,  a,  d, 
in    Fig.    36.-L.    B.  ^^^-  37- 

-  ---^         Pierce,  in  Popular  Gardening,  v.  204. 

Oetzmann's  Flower  Pots. — (Fig.  37.) 
This  English  device  (patented)  consists 
of  ornamented  flower  pots,  so  made  that 
any  number  of  them  can  be  joined  solid- 
ly together,  and  they  will  fit  into  the 
curves  or  angles  of  windows  in  chain-like 
fashion.  —  Gardeners'  Chronicle,  May  24, 
632. 

Chrysanthemum  Cup  and  Tube. — (Fig. 
-This  device,  the  invention  of  Edwin  Beck- 
ert,  Elstree,  England,  furnishes  a  stand  for  cut- 
flowers  which  supplies  water  and  is  adjustable 
in  height.  Tube 
a  contains  the 
water,  and  the  cap 

b,  containing  a 
thread,  fits  on  it. 
6  is  the  flower 
cup,  in  the  bot- 
tom of  which  is  a 
clip,  shown  at  d, 
for  holding  the 
flower.    This  tube 

c,  screws    down 


the    extent 
Horticulture,  jyS. 


into  the  water  to  ^^:?^\.- 
desired. — -Jour7ial  of 


Tools  and  Coyiveniences  of  the   Year. 


265 


vegetables   through   sev- 
eral degrees  of  latitude 
so  arranged  as  to 


New  Fruit  Car. — A  California  fruit  car,  made  by  the  Earl 
Fruit  Company,  is  designed  for  the  shipment  of  fresh  fruits 
and 

It  is 
be  thrown 
into  either  a  refrigerator  or 
ventilator  car. 

Toope's  Pot  Stand. — (Fig. 
39,  page  264.) — A  device  for 
keeping  snails    and  other  in-^^ 

Fig.  40. 

truders  away  from  pots. — 
Gardeners'  Chronicle,  April 
12,  460. 

Utilizing  Tin  Cans. — 
(Fig.  40.) — Tin  fruit  cans 
are  burned  until  they  fall 
to  pieces,  when  the  cylin- 
drical portion  is  treated  as 
in  the  figure,  by  means  of 
strong  shears,  so  that  the 
edges  can  be  clasped  to- 
They  make  useful  substitutes  for  pots. — S.  H.  Tay- 
vi,  4(p. 


gether 

LOR,  in  Popular  Garde ni?i^, 

Berry-box  Holder. — (Fig.  41.) 
enough  to  hold  a  quart  berry  box. 
through  the  funnel.     A  ---- 

strap  passes  around  the 
picker's  body,  and 
gives  him  the  use  of 
both  hands ;  and  the 
box  cannot  be  tipped 
over,  and  the  berries 
are  not  dropped  or 
spilled. —  Orange  Judd 
Farmer. 

Improved  Watering 
Pot.— (Figs.  42,  43.) 
Ordinary  watering  pots  / 

are  apt  to  drizzle  when 

A.    H. — 19 


This  is  a  tin  box,  large 
The  berries  are  dropped 


Fig. 


266 


Annals  of  Ho7'ticulttire. 


Fig. 


44- 


Tools  and  Co7ive7iie7ices  of  the   Year. 


267 


the    water    is 
nearly    exhaust- 
ed, as  shown  in 
the   lower    illus- 
tration   in    Fig. 
42.      To  remedy 
this    difficulty, 
the  neck  of  the 
spout,  «,  should 
be  made  larger, 
as   shown   at    b. 
The    cross    sec- 
tion  of    the   neck  should 
be    twice  greater  than    it 
commonly    is,    as    repre- 
sented   by   the    circles  in 
Fig.  43. — Der  Praktischer 
Ratgeber  i??i  Obst-und  Gar- 
tenbau,  22g. 

Indestructible  Label. 
(Figs.  44,  45.)— The  tag 
is  made  of  ordinary  glazed 
earthernware,  the  name 
being  sunken  and  colored 
blue.  Heavy  copper  wire 
bent  into  spirals  is  used 
for  fastening  the  tag  to  a 
plant. — R.  ZoRN,  in  Der 
Praktischer  Ratgeber  im 
Obst-und  Gartenbau,  j. 

Zinc  Label. — (Fig.  46, 
page  268.)  A  zinc  label, 
fastened  to  the  tree  or 
stake  by  driving  into  it 
the  ends  of  a  stiff  wire 
loop. — Isaac  Hicks,  in 
Rural  New-  Yorker ^  266. 

Double  Wooden  La- 
bel.—(Figs.  47,  48,  page 
268.)      It  consists  of  two 


Fig    43. 


268 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


ordinary  v/ooden   labels,  fastened   together  by  a  wire.      The 
~  name     is    written 

upon  the  outside 
of  the  double  la- 
b  e  1 ,  as  in  any 
label,  but  it  is  also 
written  on  the  in- 
side for  perma- 
nence. When  the 
outside  writing  is 
worn  off,  the  label  is  opened  and  the  inside  writing  will  be 
found  to  be  bright.  The  label  is  fastened  to  the  tree  by  a 
tack.  Fig.  48. — 
F.  S.,  in  Rural 
New-  Yorker,  21^. 
Seed  Protect- 
or.—(F  i  g  .  49.  ( 
A  box  a  foot 
square,  with  a 
wire  cloth  bot- 
tom, for  setting  over  papers  and  pans  of  drying  seeds,  to  pro- 
tect from  wind  and  vermin. — L.  H.  Bailey,  in  American  Gar- 
den, 8g. 

Apparatus   for  Testing  the  Vitality  of  Seeds. — (Figs. 

50,  51,  page  269.)  This  consists 
of  three  parts  :  a  tin  tank  (r)  for 
holding  water  ;  a  block  of  gypsum 


Fig.   47. 


Fig.   48 


Tools  a7id  Conveniences  of  the   Year. 


269 


{b)  which  contains  several  compartments  for  the  reception  of 
seeds,  and  which  draws  up  the  water  and  keeps  the  seeds 
moist  ;   a  glass  cover  {a).      When  the  seeds  have  been  placed 


Fig. 


50. 


in  the  compartments  of  the  block  of  gypsum,  the  latter  is 
placed  in  the  pan  containing  the  water.  The  glass  cover  is 
fitted  to  the  block. — R.  Betteu,  in  Der  Praktischer  Ratgeber 
im  Obst-und  Gartenbau,  22g. 

Grape  Bags.— (Figs.  52,  53,  54.)  The  three  illustrations 
show  a  convenient  method  of  preparing  and  applying  common 
paper  bags  to  grapes. — Rural  New-Yorker,  414. 

Pollinating  Bag.— (Fig.  SS^  page  270.)  Grocer's  manilla 
bags  (the  ^-Ib.  bag  is  most  ser- 
viceable) are  prepared  by  run- 
ning a  soft  string  through  two  of 
the  edges,  about  an  inch  from'^ 
the  open  end,  and  the  string  is 
tied  at  one  of  the  edges  to  keep 
it  from  falling  out.  The  bags 
are  dipped  into  water  an  instant 


FiF.  51. 


Fig.  52. 


270 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


before  they  are  used,  to  make  them  soft  enough  to  tie  snugly 
about  the  stem  of  the  flower. — 
L.   H.  Bailey,  in  American  Gar- 
den, 8g. 

Pollinating  Kit. — (Figs.  56, 
57,  page  271.)  A  tin  box  9x12 
inches  and  3  inches  deep,  with 
compartments  for  materials. 
Along  the  front  of  the  box  is  a 
compartment  for  pencils,  pinc- 
ers and  brushes,  one  for  scissors 
and  one  for  a  lens.  In  the  upper 
left  hand  corner  is  a  place  for 
bags,  and  adjoining  it  is  a  com- 
partment (shown  divided  in  the 
cut  by  mistake)  for  labels. 
Across  the  right  end  is  a  narrow 
compartment  for  string,  and  a 
corner  for  a  bottle  of  alcohol. 
The  note  book  is  kept  behind  a 
}-L,  guard  on  the  cover. 
Bailey,  in 
Garden,  88. 

Reliable    Seed 

Case.— (Figs.  58,59, 

page  271.)     Fig.   58 

shows  a  tin  box  g  in. 

long,    714    in.    wide 

and  5    inches   deep. 

''The    cover    slides 

back.      There  is  a 

little  rim  or  elevation 

on  the  front  end  of 

this  cover,  made  by 

turning  up   the   tin, 

which  serves  two  or 

three  good  purposes. 

This  rim,  strikes  the 
,  top   of    the    pigeon- 

hole when  the  box  is  shoved  in,  causing  the 
box  to  close  tightly.       It  also  prevents  the 


Fig 


Tools  and  Conveniences  of  the   Yeai\ 


271 


Fig.    59. 


272 


Annals  of  Hoyticulhwe . 


box  from  going  in  too  far,  in  case  the  pigeon-hole  is  too 
deep.  Then,  when  the  box  is  shut  and  shoved  in,  the  thumb 
is  pressed  against  this  rim  while  the  box  is  drawn  out,  so  that 


Pro- 

-(Fig- 


Fig.   60. 

the  box  is  self-opening  and  self-closing.  The  boxes  are  placed 
loosely  in  a  pigeon-hole  case,  shown  in  Fig.  59,  and  may  be 
taken  out  entirely,  if  occasion  requires.  On  the  front  of  the 
box  is  a  form 
into  which  a  la- 
bel is  d  r  o  p  - 
ped."— L.  H. 
Bailey,  in 
American  Gar- 
den, 8g. 
Plant 

TECTOR.— 

60.)  An  Eng- 
lish device  con- 
sisting of  an 
iron  form,  so 
made   that    it 


Fig.   61. 

will  hold  panes  of  glass  for  protecting 
tender  plants. — Popular  Garde?ting,v.  132. 
Propagating  Box. —  (Fig.  61.)  A 
bottpmless  box  about  four  feet  long  by 
three  feet  wide  and  two  feet  deep,  cov- 
ered with  two  sashes,  one  of  which  raises 
upon  a  hinge.  This  is  set  upon  the 
greenhouse  bench. — Fred  W.  Card,  in 
American  Garde?i,  joy. 


Fig.  62. 


Tools  and  Conveniences  of  the   Year. 


273 


-(Fig.  62,  page  272.)      ''A  box,  a, 
and  for  use  in  the  house  a  water- 


3  or 

tight 


Propagating  Box.- 
4  inches  high  is  taken 
hning  (painted 
tin  or  galvan- 
ized iron)  is 
filled  inside; 
and  between 
this  lining  and 
the  sides  and 
ends,  enough 
space  is  left  to 
allow  glass,  /^, 
to  be  inserted 
and  held  firmly 
in  place.  The 
glass  should 
come  about  10 
in.  above  the 
box."  The  box 
is    filled    with 

sand,  and  may  be  set  upon  the  back  of  the  kitchen  stove  or  on 
greenhouse  pipes. — Hortus,  in  American  Garden,  ^40,  ^41. 

A  Cheap  Ventilator. — (Figs.  63,  64.)     "This  is  a  modifi- 


cation and  improvement  of  an  old  device, 
raising  the  whole  sash  in  low  and  cool  houses. 


It  is  useful  for 
Fig.  63  shows 
the  fixtures  in 
place  upon  one 
side  of  the 
sash  only.  The 
upper  lever  has 
a  joint,  the  top 
portion  being  6 
in.  long,  while 
the  lower  por- 
tion is  about  16 
in.  The  lower 
lever  has  a  slot 
3  or  4  in.  long, 
to.  allow  the 
sash  to  slide. 
When  the  up- 


274 


An?ials  of  Horticiiliure. 


per  levers  are  pulled  down,  the  sas^h 
until  the  top  of  the  lower  portion  of  the 
when  any  further  pulling  of  the  levers 
must  raise  the  whole  sash,  as  shown 
in  Fig,  64.  The  first  downward  move- 
ment of  the  sash  allows  the  top  of  the 
sash  to  lie  under  a  cap,  to  prevent 
leaking." — L.  H.  Bailey,  in  American 
Garden,  8g. 

Automatic  Rain- Water  Switch. — 
(Fig.  65.)  A  is  the  conductor  from 
the  roof,  and  it  terminates  in  the 
switch  D.  B  is  the  pipe  leading  to 
the  cistern,  and  C  is  a  flaring  receiver 
constructed  to  receive  one  end  of  the 
switch,  D,  when  it  is  tilted  in  that 
direction.  ^  is  a  barrel  for  receiving 
the  first  water  from  the  roof,  i^  is  a 
float,  connected  with  the  switch  and 
raising  it  by  rod  G. — Pop.   Gar,  v.  p6. 


is  carried   downwards 
lever  strikes  the  sash, 


Fig.  65. 

Knapsack 
Pumps  . — Sev- 
e  r  a  1  knapsack 
pumps  have 
been  introduced 
during  the  year, 
all  of  which  pro- 
ceed upon  the 
same  principles. 
The  Galloway 
pump  (Fig.  66) 
perhaps  c  o  m - 
bines  more  mer- 
its than  any 
other.  The 
lance  nozzle, 
which  is  also 
shown  in  the  fig- 
ure, is  an  inven- 
tion of  note  (see 


Tools  and  Conveniences  of  the   Year, 


275 


pages  81,  105).      Mr.  Galloway  has  also  applied  paper  indu- 
rated fibre,  such  as  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  pails  and 

other  utensils,  to  the  con- 
struction of  knapsack 
tanks,  but  so  far,  tanks  of 
this  material  have  not  been 
placed  upon  the  market. 
Spraying  Device. — (Fig.  ^y.)  This  is  a  de- 
vice to  which  a  hose,  5,  is  attached,  and  the 
force  of  the  water  drives  the  liquid  insecticide 
through  the  rose  at  the  opposite  end.  2,  2 
are  stop-cocks.  The  receptacle,  3,  holds  two  or 
three  quarts,  and  the  insecticide  is  put  in  at  4. 
— Mr.  Whiting,  in  American  Florist,  v.  368. 

Torch  for  Destroying  Insects. — (Figs.  68, 
69.)  It  consists  of  a  small  tank  which  contains 
the  oil,  and  a  tube  for  holding  the  wick.  The 
tank  is  pointed  at  both  ends,  to  allow  of  its  easy 
passage  among  branches;  and  the  tube  is  bent 
so  that  all  parts  of  the  tree  may  be 
reached. — Jos.  Stebel,  in  Der  Praktische 
Ratgeber  im  Obst-und  Gartenbau,  82'/. 

Adjustable  Nozzles. — Two  adjust- 
able nozzles  for  spra3'ing  bushes  and 
trees,  made  upon  a  new  principle,  are 


Fig.  70. 


Fig.  6g.        Fig    68. 


276 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


described    and    figured    in    Bulletin    i 


Fio.   71. 


,  Cornell  University 
Experiment  Station, 
40,  41.  They  proceed 
upon  the  principle  of 
compressing  the  end 
of  a  rubber  tube. 

Self-Acting  Tobac- 
co Sheets. — Figs.  70, 
\7i,  72.)  McDouwal's 
tobacco  sheet  is  cellu- 
lose saturated  light 
tobacco,  and  which, 
when  burned,  gives  off 
strong  tobacco  fumes, 
with  little  heat  and  no 


noxious  gases.  Fig.  70  (p.  275) 
shows  the  method  of  lighting  and 
using  it  in  houses.  Fig.  71  is  a 
movable  screen  or  cover  for  trees 
out  of  doors,  and  it  is  being  put 
in  position  in  Fig.  73.     When  in 


Fig.   72. 


Fig.   73. 

position,  a  tobacco 
sheet  is  burned 
under  it.  —  Garden- 
ers' Chronicle,  Nov. 
8,  537' 

FUMIGATOR (Fig. 

73).  A  barrel  is 
filled  with  tobacco 
stems,  and  steam 
from  a  steam  pipe, 
A,  is  conducted  into 
it.      By  turning   the 


Tools  ajid  Conveniences  of  the   Year. 


277 


valve  B,   a  quick   and   neat   fumigation   is   secured.  — A.    H. 

Lange,    in    American  Florist,   v. 
336. 

Spraying  Outfit.  —  Bulletin 
18,  Cornell  University  Experi- 
ment Station,  describes  and  fig- 
ures a  convenient  wheel-barrow 
tank  for  use  in  spraying  bushes 
and  other  small  plants. 

Fumigating  Box. — (Fig.  74.) 
''There  is  a  piece  of  zinc  in  the 
bottom  of  the  box,  to  prevent 
its  taking  fire  from  dropping  of 
coals.  On  this  set  three  flower 
pots,  and  on  these  the  pan  con- 
taining the  leaves  [of  tobacco]. 
The  pan  should  have  a  hole  in 
it  the  size  of  an  Q^g,  to  give  suf- 
.  ficient  draught  so  that  the  leaves 
will  be  all  consumed."  A  shelf 
above  the  fumes  holds  the  plants 
to  be  treated. — America?!  Agriculturist,  ^4. 

Gopher  Trap. — (Fig.   -jc^^     A  spring  trap,   set  in  the  bot- 
tom of  a  gopher's  hole,  and  which   is  readily  understood  by 


Fig.  74. 


Fig.   75. 
F.    L.    Washburn, 


in    Rural  New- 


reference    to    the     cut. 
Yorker,  ^j/. 

Sulphur  Gun. — (Fig.  76,  page  278)  ''Made  of  two  pieces 
of  stove-pipe,  the  one  fitting  outside  of  the  other,  and  working 
up  and  down  over  the  other  piece,  the  latter  being  held  firmly 
with  its  pointed  end  in  the  hole,  by  one  hand  grasping  the 


278 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


long  handle,  while  with  the  other  hand  one  pumps  the  fumes 
down  the  burrow.  B  represents  a  perforated  disk  fitting  into 
a  smaller  pipe,  and  held  in  place  near  the  lower  or  conical 
end,  A.  It  is  on  this  plate  that  one  places  pieces  of  old 
woolen  rags,  which  are  set  on  fire.  Upon  this  burning  mass 
is  poured  powdered  sulphur. — F.  L.  Washburn,  Rural  New- 
Yorker,  486. 


Fig.  76. 


§   II.     NECROLOGY    OF    i8go. 


PETER  HENDERSON. 


Peter  Henderson,  so  widely  known  as  a  seedsman,  gar- 
dener and  florist,  died  at  his  home  on  Arhngton  Avenue, 
Jersey  City,  on  Friday,  January  17th.  Although  he  had  been 
suffering  from  an  attack  of  the  prevailing  influenza,  his  ill- 
ness was  not  regarded  as  serious  until  it  turned  to  pneu- 
monia. On  Thursday  evening  the  symptoms  became  alarm- 
ing, and  within  twelve  hours  from  that  time  he  died.  He  was 
born  in  1823  in  the  Scotch  village  of  Pathhead,  near  Edin- 
burgh. His  father  was  the  land  steward  of  a  gentleman  in 
the  neighborhood.  His  early  education  was  obtained  in  the 
parish  school,  where  he  was  successful  in  obtaining  a  number 

(279) 


28o  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

of  prizes.  He  was  always  a  close  observer  and  had  the 
faculty  of  turning  his  observations  to  good  advantage.  He 
early  became  interested  in  botany  and  the  arts  associated 
with  it,  and  before  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age  had  twice 
obtained  the  medals  offered  by  the  Botanical  Society  of  Edin- 
burgh for  the  best  herbarium.  At  sixteen  he  was  appren- 
ticed to  a  gardener,  and  before  he  came  to  this  country  at  the 
age  of  twenty,  he  had  already  written  for  some  of  the  English 
horticultural  publications.  In  1843,  with  little  capital  except- 
ing pluck,  industry  and  a  strong  constitution,  he  came  to  this 
country,  and  entered  the  employ  of  George  Thorburn,  Astoria, 
Long  Island.  He  also  worked  with  the  late  Robert  Buist,  and 
Charles  Spang  of  Pittsburgh.  By  frugality  he  accumulated 
a  small  capital,  and  in  1847  he  began  business  as  a  market 
gardener  in  Jersey  City.*  He  worked  hard  and  was  success- 
ful, and  for  upwards  of  twenty  years  this  was  his  principal 
business.  He  began  the  cultivation  of  ornamental  plants, 
and  the  business  became  so  great  that  market  gardening  was 
gradually  given  up.  A  little  later  he  became  a  seedsman, 
and  this  soon  proved  the  most  important  part  of  his  business ; 
at  the  time  of  his  death  he  was  accounted  the  most  success- 
ful and  widely  known  seedsman  in  the  country.  In  1865  the 
firm  of  Henderson  &  Fleming  began  business  as  seedsmen  in 
Nassau  street,  and  afterward  it  was  moved  to  the  present 
location  in  Cortlandt,  with  the  firm  name  so  familiar  to  all 
gardeners.  He  was  probably  the  most  widely  read  on  matters 
pertaining  to  his  business  of  any  writer  of  his  time.  His 
contributions  were  always  welcome  to  any  horticultural  publi- 
cation and  his  books  among  the  best  selling  published.  He 
always  retained  an  affection  for  his  countrymen  and  gardeners 
in  general,  assisting  many  of  them  in  different  ways.  He 
was  a  busy  man,-  but  even  those  nearest  him  say  they  could 
hardly  understand  how  he  accomplished  so  much.  He  was 
indefatigable  in  his  efforts  to  extend  his  business,  his  sagacity 
was  rarely  at  fault,  and  his  activity  and  observation  were 
ceaseless.  His  kindly  nature  and  uniform  courtesy  endeared 
him  to  those  who  met  him,  even  casually,  and  have  been  the 
inspiration  of  many  a  young  florist.  Having  a  strong  consti- 
tution by  nature,  he  rarely  suffered  from  ill  health,  a  circum- 
stance which  he  himself  attributed  to  his  practice  of  spending 
some    hours    in   the   open   air   each   day,   working    about    his 


Necrology  of  i8go.  281 

grounds  or  superintending  others.  Although  careful,  he  was 
liberal,  and  many  benefitted  by  his  kindness.  He  leaves  a 
widow,  two  sons  and  two  daughters. — American  Garden,  Feb. 
1890,  113. 

The  following  sketch  of  Peter  Henderson  is  adapted  from 
a  eulogy  read  before  the  New  York  Florists'  Club  by  A.  D. 
Cowan  : 

'Born  of  respectable  and  industrious  parents  in  the  little  village  of 
Pathhead,  in  Midlothian,  Scotland,  where  he  received  the  first  rudiments  of 
his  education,  we  find  young  Henderson  at  the  age  of  14  on  his  way  to 
Edinburgh  to  fill  his  first  situation,  which  he  held  for  the  next  two  years. 
One  of  the  great  ambitions  of  a  youth  on  leaving  a  provincial  school  is  to 
obtain  a  situation  in  the  Scotch  capital,  and  this  is  given  as  an  explanation 
of  his  having  started  out  in  life  in  the  employment  of  an  inn-keeper,  this 
being  the  only  position  available  at  the  time.  In  after  life  he  never  regret- 
ted this  early  experience,  which  was  to  some  extent  instrumental  in  shaping 
his  future  destiny,  and  he  was  always  proud  of  having  left  the  business  as 
uncontaminated  as  when  he  entered  it.  Throughout  his  entire  life  he  was 
an  earnest  and  devoted  friend  of  the  temperance  cause,  and  we  know  that 
many  workingmen  by  taking  his  advice  own  their  own  homesteads  to-day. 
His  subsequent  four  years'  apprenticeship,  served  in  the  gardens  of  Melville 
Castle,  one  of  the  most  noted  country  seats  in  Scotland,  made  him  a  profi- 
cient gardener,  and  having  by  this  time  acquired  a  botanical  and  mathe- 
matical education,  he  had  thus  become  possessed  of  the  groundwork  of  his 
career.  It  was  during  this  period  that  the  attention  of  botanists  was  drawn 
to  the  young  student  by  his  successful  competition  for  the  medal  offered  by 
the  Edinburgh  Royal  Botanical  Society  for  the  best  herbarium  of  native 
and  exotic  plants.  At  the  age  of  20  he  landed  on  these  shores,  and  it  is  not 
strange  that  an  honestly  earned  reputation  preceded  him.  His  services 
were  immediately  sought  after,  and  for  the  next  five  years  he  was  employed 
by  two  of  our  leading  nurserymen,  and  also  in  laying  out  the  grounds, 
planning  and  supervising  the  erection  of  greenhouses  for  a  prominent  resi- 
dent of  Pittsburgh. 

"We  have  now  reached  the  period  when  the  young  gardener's  reputation 
for  fidelity,  industry,  and  ability  was  attracting  wide  attention  ;  but  he 
wisely  concluded  at  this  time  to  change  his  occupation  to  the  commercial 
production  of  vegetables  and  flowers,  and  with  the  capital  which  he  had 
accumulated  ($500),  he  bought  the  stock  and  appliances  of  a  florist  and 
market  gardener's  business  in  the  vicinity  of  Jersey  City.  This  was  Peter 
Henderson's  first  venture,  his  establishment  consisting  of  three  small  green- 
houses, six  cold-frames,  and  twelve  acres  for  raising  vegetables  for  market. 
No  additions  were  made  to  his  plant  until  1854,  when  he  built  another 
greenhouse  ;  and  he  afterwards  kept  adding  to  his  area  of  glass  until,  in 
1865,  it  had  reached  a  total  of  13  houses.  *  *  *  *  in  1866  Gardenins^ 
for  Profit  appeared,  and  perhaps  to  that  work  more  than  to  any  other  cause 
may  be  ascribed  the  rapid  advance  of  American  vegetable  gardening. 
Peter  Henderson  at  this  time  was  engaged  in  an  occupation  which  required 
16  hours  of  attention  a  day,  most  of  the  work  involving  manual  labor,  but 


282  Annals  of  Hortictdture. 

during  the  short  noon  intervals  and  night  hours,  when  his  body  required 
rest  as  did  his  mind,  he  wrote  Gardening  for  Profit,  lying  on  his  back  on  the 
floor  with  a  pillow  under  his  head.  Under  these  circumstances,  knowing 
from  living  witnesses  that  he  wrote  every  word  of  that  book,  and  dictated 
to  an  amanuensis  the  works  that  followed,  I  cannot  avoid  referring  at  this 
moment  to  the  reprehensible  action  of  obscure  individuals,  who  under 
anonymous  protection,  being  unfortunately  accorded  access  to  some  of  our 
horticultural  papers,  are  trying  to  cast  a  doubt  upon  the  genuineness  of  the 
author's  personal  accomplishments.  They  merely  show  to  the  world  their 
jealous  rivalry,  and  their  ignorance  of  the  intellectual  powers  he  possessed. 
To  Peter  Henderson  will  belong  for  generations  to  come  the  credit  of  popu- 
larizing, improving  and  developing  gardening  in  the  United  States. 

"One  of  the  most  beautiful  traits  in  his  character  was  his  humility.  In 
his  public  performance,  he  was  entirely  destitute  of  anything  like  vanity  or 
self-complacency  ;  and  in  his  private  conduct  he  was  remarkably  unassuming 
and  retiring.  He  was  never  jealous  of  anyone's  success,  and  always  seemed 
pleased  to  know  of  the  advancement  of  a  competitor.  In  truth,  Peter 
Henderson  was  among  the  most  humble  of  men,  and  when  his  great  talents 
and  achievements  are  contemplated,  his  manly  virtues,  his  modesty  and 
humility  appear  pre-eminently  conspicuous,  and  will  tend  to  enhance  the 
estimation  in  which  he  was  held  by  his  fellow  citizens.  Briefly  as  I  have 
referred  to  these  fine  qualities,  we  all  know  that  their  source  could  only  be 
found  in  a  benevolent  heart." 

Peter  Henderson's  work  and  writings  have  exercised  a 
profound  influence  upom  American  horticulture,  particularly 
upon  vegetable  gardening.  Gardening  foi'  Profit  marks  an 
epoch  in  market  gardening  in  this  country.  Nearly  250,000 
copies  of  this  work  have  been  sold.  This  was  written  in  one 
hundred  hours,  it  is  said,  while  the  author  was  closely  pressed 
by  many  duties ;  and  to  this  fact  is  probably  to  be  ascribed 
its  directness  and  conciseness.  Its  influence  lay  in  its  sim- 
plicity and  timeliness.  In  1868  Practical Floricttlture  appeared, 
and  in  1875  Gardening  for  Pleasure  was  written.  The  Ha7id 
Book  of  Plants  was  published  in  1881,  Garden  and  Farm 
Topics  and  How  the  Farm  Pays,  in  1884.  Mr.  Henderson's 
contributions  to  the  agricultural  press  were  also  considerable. 
No  American  writer  has  written  so  much  to  so  good  purpose 
upon  the  common  practices  of  commercial  horticulture. 

The  influence  of  his  business  successes  has  been  felt  far 
and  wide  among  the  horticultural  trades,  and  few  men,  if  any, 
have  done  so  much  to  simplify  and  improve  the  methods 
of  handling  plants  for  commercial  purposes.  His  personal 
influence  was  strong  and  abiding.  A  fuller  account  of  his  life 
and  work  has  been  published  in  a  pamphlet  of  forty-eight 
pages  by  his  son,  Alfred  Henderson.   . 


Necrology  of  i8go. 


283 


The  portrait  on  page  279  is  a  faithful  copy  of  a  photograph 
which  is  commended  by  Peter  Henderson  &  Co.  as  the  best 
one  to  be  had. 


CHARLES  GIBB. 


Charles  Gibb,  whose  name  is  familiar  to  all  who  grow  fruits 
in  the  cold  north  because  of  his  work  upon  Russian  and  other 
hardy  fruits,  died  in  Egypt  in  March  of  la  grippe,  while  on  his 
way  home  from  a  horticultural  trip  to  China  and  Japan.  The 
following  biographical  sketch  is  written  by  John  Craig,  of 
the  Experimental  Farm  at  Ottawa.  The  above  portrait  is 
made  from  the  best  photograph  of  him. 

The  subject  of  this  sketch  was  born  at  Montreal,  on  the  29th 
of   June,  1845,  and   died    at   Cairo,  Egypt,  March   8th,  1890 
His  father  was  a  notary  by  profession  who  amassed  a  fortune 
in  Montreal,  dying  in  1857.    The  son' s  early  education  began  at 
the  high  school  of  that  city,  going  from  there  to  the  grammar 


284  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

school  at  Lennoxville,  P.  Quebec.  He  entered  Bishop's  col- 
lege, Lennoxville,  but  on  the  completion  of  the  first  year  took 
up  work  at  McGill  university,  Montreal,  where  he  graduated 
in  1865,  taking  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts.  On  account 
of  overwork  at  college  his  health  was  much  impaired  and  eye- 
sight weakened.  After  consulting  eminent  American  skill,  he 
went  to  Europe  and  placed  himself  in  the  hands  of  the  famous 
oculist  Von  Graeffe,  who  recommended  a  walking  tour.  Ac- 
cordingly he  set  out,  accompanied  by  an  old  college  chum. 
In  this  trip  they  covered  Sw^itzerland,  Germany,  Holland, 
Norway  and  Sweden,  which  improved  his  health  very  much. 
In  the  winter  of  1867-8  he  accompanied  his  uncle,  Mr.  I.  J. 
Gibb,  of  Como,  P.  Quebec,  to  the  East,  visiting  Constantin- 
ople, afterwards  extending  the  journey  up  the  Nile  as  far  as 
the  first  cataract ;  from  here  going  on  to  Palestine  and  then  to 
Corfu,  returning  by  Venice  and  Rome. 

In  1869  he  went  to  Mercersburg,  Pa.  and  bought  a  peach 
orchard;  coming  back  to  Montreal  in  1870,  he  brought  with 
him  the  first  canned  fruit  exhibited  in  the  country  (one  jar 
of  which  is  still  in  the  possession  of  Mr.  I.  J.  Gibb,  Como,  P. 
Quebec).  His  interest  in  fruit  culture  was  now  fully  awakened 
and  he  began  to  look  around  for  a  permanent  location  for  a 
fruit  farm,  which  he  found  at  Abbotsford,  P.  Quebec,  where 
he  established  himself  in  1873.  From  that  time  till  the  date 
of  his  death  he  was  an  active,  independent  worker  in  horticul- 
ture, and  being  possessed  of  moderate  means,  he  was  enabled 
to  devote  his  time  and  money  fully  to  experimental  work. 
His  travels  were  extensive,  and  included  tours  of  Manitoba 
and  northwest  territories,  British  Columbia,  the  southern  and 
western  states  and  the  West  Indies. 

But  probably  the  one  of  greatest  importance,  and  with  which 
his  name  will  always  be  connected,  was  that  to  Russia  in  com- 
pany with  Professor  J.  L.  Budd  in  1882.  This  trip  was  under- 
taken entirely  at  his  own  expense  and  without  any  encourage- 
ment from  the  Provincial  government  of  Quebec.  The  results 
of  this  journey — a  most  arduous  and  costly  one — are  well 
known  to  the  horticultural  public.  Importations  of  trees, 
scions  and  seeds  followed,  and  were  distributed  among  the 
local  societies  of  the  Province  and  to  the  system  of  Dominion 
Experimental  Farms  just  then  being  inaugurated.  In  1886 
he  went  over  the  same  ground  again,  verifying  the  work  of  his 


Necrology  of  i8go.  285 

former  trip  and  making  such  additional  importations  as  in  his 
added  experience  he  thought  advisable.  He  also,  on  this 
journey,  made  a  study  of  the  fruits  of  Norway,  Denmark, 
Sweden  and  the  adjacent  islands.  In  July,  i88g,  he  left  Abbots- 
ford  on  what  proved  to  be  his  last  journey.  His  route  was 
across  the  continent  to  British  Columbia,  taking  steamer  from 
that  point  to  Yokohama.  It  was  his  intention  to  make  a 
study  of  the  fruits  of  northern  China,  Japan  and  India.  In 
this  he  succeeded,  though  laboring  under  many  difficulties,  it 
being  the  summer  of  the  many  floods  in  China,  which  made  the 
mountain  roads  almost  impassable,  From  China,  Japan  and 
India  he  sent  home  numerous  packages  containing  seeds  and 
scions  of  plants  which  interested  him  as  being  useful  and  orna- 
mental. It  was  on  reaching  Cairo,  Egypt — thus  completing  a 
tour  of  the  world,  having  visited  tnis  point  via  England  in  1867, 
—that  he  was  attacked  by  la  grippe,  which  developed  into  dou- 
ble pneumonia  resulting  in  death  on  the  8th  of  March,  after  an 
illness  of  six  days.  Writing  to  friends  at  home  on  the  6th,  two 
days  before  his  death,  he  says  :  ''I  had  hoped  to  have  seen 
you  all  again,  but  am  ill  and  do  not  expect  to  see  Canada 
again.  We  do  not  like  to  do  things  this  way."  It  certainly 
was  hard,  after  accomplishing  his  self  imposed  task,  to  die  thus 
with  his  face  turned  toward  home. 

He  was  an  active  worker  in  a  number  of  horticultural  socie- 
ties. The  Montreal  Horticukural  Society  owes  its  present 
prosperous  condition  to  his  untiring  energy  and  executive 
ability.  Through  his  instrumentality  several  county  associa- 
tions were  organized  which  have  aided  largely  in  the  dissemi- 
nation of  horticultural  knowledge  and  the  furthering  of  fruit 
interests.  As  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Agriculture  for  Prov- 
ince of  Quebec,  he  assisted  in  obtaining  grants  of  money 
which  were  of  prime  importance  to  the  early  welfare  of  these 
societies.  His  generous  nature  was  fully  exemphfied  by  con- 
stant donations  in  a  quiet  unostentatious  way  to  various 
charitable  and  public  institutions.  The  Redpath  Museum  of 
McGill  college  is  indebted  to  him  for  many  interesting  acquisi- 
tions from  Florida,  West  Indies,  China  and  Japan. 

On  his  farm,  at  Abbotsford,  he  had  collected,  undoubtedly, 
the  best  collection  of  hardy  fruits,  trees  and  ornamental  shrubs 
in  Canada.  This  estate  is  now  in  the  hands  of  Wm.  Craig, 
for  twenty  years  his  farm  manager. 


286  Annals  of  Hoi'ticulture. 

Though  cut  off  in  the  full  vigor  of  manhood,  his  life  work 
apparently  only  fairly  begun,  he  has  left  many  evidences  of 
the  careful  and  painstaking  manner  by  which  his  horticultural 
W'Ork  was  characterized.  The  following  is  a  list  of  his  most 
important  publications,  the  principal  of  which  have  been  pub- 
lished in  the  reports  of  the  Montreal  Horticultural  Society: 
"Ornamental  and  Timber  Trees  not  Natives  of  the  Province  of 
Quebec, "  being  a  comprehensive  list  of  those  species  of  possible 
value  to  Canadian  planters;  "Report  on  Russian  Fruits,"  a 
plain  unvarnished  tale  giving  descriptions  and  first  impressions 
of  the  Russian  apples  and  their  value  ;  ''Hasty  Notes  on  the 
Trees  and  Shrubs  of  Northern  Europe,"  a  concise  descriptive 
list  of  the  hardiest  East  European  trees  and  shrubs  ;  ''Rus- 
sian Apples  Imported  by  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
Washington,  in  1870,"  a  laborious  work  of  translating  and  com- 
paring Russian  opinions  with  the  experience  of  American 
growlers;  "Nomenclature  of  the  Russian  Apples,"  a  work 
undertaken  at  the  instance  of  the  American  Pomological  So- 
ciety, of  "Translating  and  Rendering  into  Euphonious  English 
Unpronounceable  Russian  Names,  also  Throwing  out  Syno- 
nyms ;"  "  Fruits  for  the  Cold  North,"  compiled  after  personal 
visits  to  the  principal  fruit  growing  districts  of  the  northwest- 
ern states,  contains  a  brief  description  of  the  varieties  best 
adapted  to  northern  latitudes.  In  addition  to  the  above,  we 
have  from  his  pen  many  interesting  papers,  mostly  descrip- 
tive of  new  and  little  known  fruits  and  plants  of  foreign  coun- 
tries. The  Bishop  of  Quebec  writes  of  him  :  "  He  was  one 
of  my  first  boys  at  Lennoxville,  and  I  have  always  had  a  most 
affectionate  remembrance  of  him.  Mr.  Williams  and  I  en- 
joyed beyond  description  a  visit  of  a  few  days  to  him  at  Ab- 
botsford,  but  indeed  all  my  remembrances  of  him  were  colored 
by  the  atmosphere  of  his  kindly  and  genial  nature.  He  had, 
too,  a  force  of  character  which  is  something  far  higher  than 
good  nature,  and  which,  directed  as  it  was  to  the  improvement 
of  our  fruit  culture,  made  him  a  public  benefactor,  and  I  was 
proud  of  him." 

Professor  J.  L.  Budd,  of  Ames,  Iowa,  wTites  :  "The  one 
thing  that  struck  me  most  forcibly  in  my  long  and  close  rela- 
tions with  him  w^as  his  modesty  of  character.  He  contributed 
^500  towards  my  expenses  (Russian  trip),  yet  he  at  first  con- 
veyed the  impression  that  the  sum  was  furnished  by  the  friends 


Necrology  of  i8go.  287 

of  horticulture  in  Quebec,  and  when  he  found  that  1  knew 
it  to  be  a  private  donation,  he  positivel}^  refused  to  permit  me 
to  make  it  public.  In  his  relations  with  me  and  the  public, 
he  wished  to  do  the  greatest  possible  good,  sub-rosa.  There 
literally  was  no  selfishness  in  his  composition,  so  far  as  I  was 
ever  able  to  discover." 

Mr.  Gibb,  though  physically  far  from  robust,  by  strictly  tem- 
perate habits  and  being  of  an  active,  energetic  and  persever- 
ing temperament,  accomplished  vastly  more  in  the  same  space 
than  many  gifted  by  nature  with  greater  strength.  His  most 
prominent  characteristic  was  extreme  modesty,  ever  shrinking 
from  public  eulogy  of  his  own  work.  His  deeds  of  charity  will 
make  his  name  long  remembered.  As  a  public  speaker  he  did 
not  excel,  but  as  a  conversationalist  his  manner  and  expression 
of  thought  were  charming.  As  a  man  of  sterling  integrity  and 
a  public  benefactor  his  name  will  linger  long  in  the  memory  of 
the  Canadian  people  whom  he  loved. 

PATRICK  BARRY. 

The  death  of  Patrick  Barry,  June  23,  of  the  firm  of  EU- 
wanger  &  Barry  of  Rochester,  New  York,  removed  the  most 
commanding  figure  in  recent  American  horticulture.  He  was 
a  man  of  strong  personality,  clear  perception  and  great  integ- 
rity, and  his  opinion  alwa3^s  exerted  wide  influence.  He  was 
one  of  the  greatest  and  best  known  nurserymen  of  the  century. 
He  entered  the  nursery  business  when  American  horticulture 
was  3'oung,  and  when  there  was  need  of  a  commanding  per- 
sonality to  extend  and  popularize  it.  Along  with  the  Down- 
ings,  Prince,  Parsons  and  others,  he  was  a  pioneer.  He  helped 
to  build  up  a  great  business  which  is  not  only  a  commanding 
financial  success  but  a  stimulus  to  ah  to  grow  fruits  and  orna- 
mental plants.  He  did  much  to  give  standing  and  stability  to 
the  nursery  business  throughout  the  country. 

Mr.  Barry  was  also  well-known  as  a  horticultural  writer. 
In  his  early  years  his  pen  was  prolific,  especially  in  an  editorial 
way.  He  was  once  editor  of  the  famous  Horticulturist,  and 
later  he  was  horticultural  editor  of  the  Genesee  Farmer.  In 
his  later  years  he  became  widely  known  among  pomologists 
from  his  work  on  the  fruit  catalogue  of  the  American  Pomo- 
loo^ical  Societv.      This  was  work  in  a  new  field.      But  his  most 


288  Aiuials  of  Horticulture. 

important  literar}^  work  is  the  Fruit  Garden,  which  first  ap- 
peared many  years  ago,  and  which  in  its  revised  edition  is  one 
of  our  best  and  most  popular  books  upon  fruit  culture.  All 
his  work  was  strong  and  inspiring.  His  memory  will  long 
remain  a  great  inspiration  to  horticulturists. 

For  more  than  thirty  years  and  until  his  death,  Mr.  Barry 
was  president  of  the  Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society; 
he  was  also  president  of  the  New  York  Agricultural  Society, 
and  one  of  the  board  of  control  of  the  State  Agricultural 
Experiment  Station ;  president  of  the  Rochester  City  & 
Brighton  Railroad  Co.,  of  the  Flour  City  National  Bank, 
Mechanics  Savings  Bank,  Rochester  Gas  Co.  and  Powers 
Hotel  Co. 

The  following  tribute  is  from  John  Hall,  secretary  of  the 
Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society,  of  which  Mr.  Barry 
was  so  long  president.  It  first  appeared  in  The  Af?ierican 
Garden  for  August : 

It  is  impossible  to  do  full  justice  to  the  life  and  work  of  Mr.  Barry.  He 
was  born  in  Ireland,  near  the  city  of  Belfast,  in  1816.  After  receiving  a 
liberal  education,  he  emigrated  to  this  country  at  the  age  of  twenty  years. 
Entering  the  employ  of  the  Princes,  of  Flushing,  -Long  Island,  as  a  clerk, 
he  devoted  his  time  and  energies  to  his  chosen  occupation,  and  in  the 
remarkably  short  space  of  four  years  had  acquired  a  very  thorough  knowl- 
edge of  the  nursery  business  as  it  then  existed. 

In  1840  he  moved  to  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  he  formed  a  partnership 
with  George  Ellwanger.  The  young  firm  started  business  with  seven  acres 
of  land,  known  as  the  Mount  Hope  nurseries,  and  now  of  world-wide  repu- 
tation. The  young  horticulturists  of  to-day  find  themselves  the  possessors 
of  an  inheritance  secured  to  them  through  the  privations  and  vexations  of 
years  of  patient  and  persistent  effort  by  the  firm  with  which  the  late  Mr. 
Barry  was  identified. 

In  those  early  days  these  pioneers  found  themselves  in  a  new  country, 
possessing  no  collections  of  fruit,  with  no  telegraphic  or  cable  facilities, 
with  no  railroads  or  fast  ocean  steamers,  and  separated  from  the  Old  World 
by  a  distance  which  then  required  almost  as  many  weeks  to  traverse  as  days 
now  suffice.  Necessarily,  therefore,  many  weeks  and  months  were  spent  in 
the  effort  to  procure  new  stocks,  both  in  Germany  and  France,  which,  when 
gathered,  were  transported  to  the  sea-ports  by  stage  coach,  and  thence  con- 
veyed by  sailing  vessels  to  the  New  World.  When  the  young  firm  started 
to  budding  trees  they  were  sneered  at,  and  called  fools  and  lunatics  for  their 
pains.  Such  were  some  of  the  difficulties  encountered  by  these  men  in  the 
efforts  to  introduce  new  stocks  into  this  country.  But  they  persevered,  and 
Mr.  Barry  was  identified  with  the  growth  of  horticulture  to  the  present 
time,  having  succeeded  in  giving  to  the  American  people  the  most  desirable 
plants  that  can  be  successfully  grown  upon  its  soil.  Every  new  apple  and 
pear  was  imported  from  abroad  and  tested,  in  order  to  determine  its  quality 


Patrick  Barry. 


290  A7i7ials  of  Horticiiliu7'e . 

and  adaptability  to  the  climate  before  it  was  placed  upon  the  market.  It 
IS  safe  to  say  that  no  other  nursery  firm  in  the  country  pursued  such  a 
course ;  nor,  indeed,  is  it  now  so  necessary,  since  the  United  States  govern- 
ment and  individual  states,  as  well  as  some  colleges,  have  established 
experiment  stations  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  just  such  work  as  the  firm 
of  Ellwanger  &  Barry  inaugurated  forty  years  ago. 

Mr.  Barry  occupied  numerous  positions  of  prominence  and  trust  in  the 
state  and  in  the  "flour  city,"  and  was  identified  with  many  enterprises 
which  have  helped  to  make  Rochester  the  prosperous  city  it  now  is.  For 
more  than  thirty  years  he  was  the  president,  and  a  most  liberal  patron  of 
the  Western  New  York  Horticultural  Society,  and  in  his  last  communica- 
tion to  that  body,  at  its  annual  meeting  in  January  last,  he  thus  expressed 
himself:  "And  now  a  word  as  to  the  presidency.  You  have  given  me 
this  post  of  honor  for  a  very  long  period  of  years  ;  I  am  no  longer  able  to 
perform  its  duties,  and  lay  it  down  with  profound  gratitude,  and  with  an 
affectionate  regard  for  the  society  and  every  individual  member."  But  the 
assembled  horticulturists  with  one  voice  declared  that  so  long  as  Patrick 
Barry  was  able  to  write  "yours  truly,"  so  long  he  should  be  continued  as 
their  president. 

In  an  editorial,  a  Rochester  paper  thus  referred  to  Mr.  Barry:  "He 
was  a  man  of  exceptionally  strong  character.  The  slightest  contact  with 
him  elicited  some  manifestation  of  personal  power.  He  was  straightfor- 
ward in  his  methods,  honorable  in  his  purposes,  and  of  an  integrity  that 
would  not  tolerate  even  the  suspicion  of  indiscretion.  In  private  and  public 
affairs  he  was  a  stern,  aggressive  personality  whose  influence  went  always 
for  what  was  honest,  genuine,  and  true  ;  and  in  his  loss  the  community 
loses  not  simply  an  individual  life  but  a  moral  force."  And  the  bishop  of 
the  church  with  which  Mr.  Barry  worshipped,  as  he  stood  by  his  casket, 
thus  beautifully  made  reference  to  the  dead  horticulturist:  "This  man 
and  the  others  associated  with  him  raised  the  occupation  to  which  they 
devoted  their  life  work  to  the  dignity  of  a  liberal  profession,  not  manual  or 
clerical,  but  a  profession  that  needed  long  years  of  study  and  careful  appli- 
cation. By  intellectual  labor  and  by  extensive  reading,  he  contributed  to 
make  their  profession  worthy  to  be  called  one  of  the  libeial  professions — 
raising  those  who  were  engaged  in  it  above  their  fellow  men  ;"  and  again, 
"he  ruled  in  his  household  wisely,  conscientiously,  lovingly,  as  a  man 
should  rule  in  it." 

Such  was  Patrick  Barry,  a  man  to  whom  every  lover  of  horticulture 
owes  a  debt  of  gratitude  that  can  best  be  acknowledged  by  constant  efforts 
to  perpetuate  his  example. 

He  leaves  a  widow,  one  daughter  and  three  sons. 

The  portrait  on  page  289  is  commended  b_v  W.  C.  Barry  as 
a  good  likeness  of  his  late  father. 


Necrology  of  i8go. 


291 


GEORGE  THURBER. 


Dr.  Thurber,  long  known  to  all  lovers  of  rural  life  as  one 
of  our  most  genial  writers,  died  in  April.  The  following 
sketch  of  him  was  prepared  by  Dr.  Byron  D.  Halsted,  of  Rut- 
gers College,  who  knew  him  long  and  intimately.  The  por- 
trait is  a  faithful  interpretation  of  the  most  characteristic  pho- 
tograph extant. 

George  Thurber,  A.  M,,  M.  D.,  a  brief  sketch  of  whose  life  and  labors 
is  herewith  recorded,  was  born  in  Providence,  R.  I.,  on  September  2,  1821, 
and  died  at  his  home  near  Passaic,  N.  J.,  on  April  2  of  the  present  year, 
and  was,  therefore,  in  the  69th  year  of  his  age.  In  ancestral  lines  he  was 
of  Scotch  descent.  As  a  boy  he  possessed  a  special  fondness  for  natural 
history,  and  after  enjoying  a  partial  course  in  the  Union  Classical  and  En- 
gineering School  of  Providence,  he  became  interested  in  pharmacy  and 
served  an  apprenticeship  as  an  apothecary,  at  the  end  of  which  period  he 
engaged  in  that  business  for  himself  and  was  soon  a  master  of  the  history 
and  derivation  of  every  drug  in  his  store.  During  this  time  he  became  en- 
thusiastic in  chemistry  and  botany  in  addition  to  his  strictly  pharmaceutical 
studies.  His  appointment  soon  after,  as  lecturer  upon  chemistry  at  the 
Franklin  Society  of  his  native  city,  is  sufficient  evidence  of  the  early  prog- 
ress in  sciences  of  the  rising  apothecary.  A  copy  of  Turner's  chemistry 
in  the  possession  of  his  relatives  shows  that  it  was  a  present  to  him  by  his 
class  in  1840,  or  when  he  was  only  nineteen  years  of  age.  While  fond  of 
the  natural  sciences  in  general,  he  found  his  greatest  delight  in  botany,  a 
branch  of  science  congenial  with  his  occupation,  and  particularly  adapted 


292 


Aiuials  of  Horticulture. 


to  his  comprehensive  mind.  At  a  very  early  age  his  love  for  collecting  and 
classifying  plants  grew  to  be  an  absorbing  passion,  and  he  soon  took  a  high 
rank  among  American  botanists  and  became,  while  yet  a  young  man,  closely 
associated  with  Drs.  Torrey,  Gray  and  Englemann,  and  others  of  that  noble 
order  of  scientists.  These  well-sustained  relations  opened  up  a  new  career 
for  Mr.  Thurber,  for  in  1850  his  desire  for  exploration  was  realized  by  an 
appointment  to  the  position  of  botanist,  to  which  were  added  those  of  quar- 
termaster and  commissary,  upon  the  United  States  and  Mexican  boundary 
survey  under  Commissioner  J.  R.  Bartlett.  During  four  years  he  was  ac- 
tively engaged  in  exploration  along  the  boundary  of  the  United  States  from 
the  Gulf  of  Mexico  to  the  Pacific  ocean.  Much  of  the  territory  passed  over 
was  unknown  to  science,  and  with  his  strong  love  for  plants,  it  is  needless 
to  say  that  Thurber  made  valuable  contributions  to  American  botany.  In 
Commissioner  Bartlett's  own  words,  "  He  was  indefatigable  in  his  exertions 
to  make  thorough  examinations  and  complete  collections  of  everything  be- 
longing to  his  department."  Many  of  the  more  important  of  Thurber's 
discoveries  in  botany  formed  the  basis  of  the  historic  contribution  by  Dr. 
Gray,  namely  :  "  Plantae  Novae  Thurbereanse,"  published  in  1854.  At  that 
time  the  honor  of  a  new  genus  was  conferred  upon  the  discoverer  in  a  plant 
of  the  mallow  family,  Thiirberia  thespesioides,  which  Thurber  found  in 
Sonora.  Later  it  was  determined  that  this  genus  was  included  in  gossypium, 
and  Mr.  Bentham  afterwards,  in  the  journal  of  the  Linnaean  Society,  xix. 
58,  dedicated  another  genus  to  Thurber,  comprising  grasses  of  our  south- 
western country  of  which  the  Thiirberia  Arkansana  (Bentham),  figured  in 
the  recent  work  "Grasses  of  the  Southwest,"  by  Dr.  Vasey,  is  a  member. 
The  exceeding  appropriateness  of  this  choice  of  a  generic  name  will  be  fully 
appreciated  in  the  light  of  further  facts  connected  with  Thurber's  extensive 
and  critical  work  done  upon  American  grasses,  to  be  mentioned  later. 

During  the  boundary  survey  Thurber,  among  his  many  interesting  dis- 
coveries, found  a  species  of  pilostyles,  a  small  parasite  upon  the  shoots  of 
leguminous  plants,  and  consisting  mostly  of  buds  and  flowers  developing 
directly  from  the  bark  of  the  host.  Drs.  Torrey  and  Gray  could  scarcely 
believe  the  truthfulness  of  Thurber's  remarkable  discovery  and  determina- 
tion, but  became  fully  convinced  after  a  full  investigation  of  the  curious 
subject. 

The  honorary  and  well-merited  degree  of  Master  of  Arts  was  conferred 
upon  Thurber  by  Brown  University  upon  his  return  to  Providence  at  the 
close  of  the  boundary  commission.  Soon  after,  largely  because  Dr.  Torrey 
was  its  chief,  he  accepted  a  position  in  the  United  States  assay  office  in  New 
York,  for  which  his  previous  knowledge  of  chemistry  was  able  to  fit  him 
without  further  preparation,  which  indicates  the  thoroughness  of  Thurber's 
early  study  and  the  retentiveness  of  his  remarkable  memory.  In  1856  the 
position  was  resigned  on  account  of  political  differences,  and. we  have  in 
this  a  characteristic  illustration  of  the  honesty  and  sincerity  of  Thurber's 
whole  nature.  When  asked  for  a  contribution  to  the  campaign  fund  of  the 
party  in  power,  a  usual  thing  in  such  places,  Thurber,  strongly  in  sympathy 
with  the  abolition  movement  and  a  supporter  of  Fremont,  inquired  if  it  was 
an  invitation  or  a  demand,  and  upon  learning  it  was  of  the  latter  class,  at 
once  tendered  his  resignation.  In  no  one  was  there  ever  a  keener  sense  of 
justice,  and  his  strict  adherence  to  duty  often  cost  him  hardships  which  he 
bore  as  a   martyr.     Almost  at  once   he  became  lecturer  upon  botany  and 


Necrology  of  i8go.  293 

materia  medica  in  the  College  of  Pharmacy  of  the  city  of  New  York,  and 
also  established  connection  with  the  Cooper  Union  as  lecturer  upon  botany 
and  allied  subjects,  while  at  the  same  time  prosecuting  his  study  of  the 
Mexican  boundary  collection  of  plants,  the  results  of  which  were  published 
in  the  Smithsonian  Contributions  to  Knowledge. 

The  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  conferred  upon  him  in  1859  by 
the  New  York  Medical  College,  and  in  the  same  year  Dr.  Thurber  accepted 
the  professorship  of  botany  and  horticulture  in  the  Michigan  Agricultural 
College,  a  position  which  he  filled  with  great  credit  to  the  institution  and 
himself  until  his  resignation  in  1863,  when  he  assumed  the  editorship  of  the 
American  Agriculturist,  which  honorable  and  difficult  position  he  held  with 
singular  success  for  twenty-two  years,  when  he  was  forced  by  failing  health 
to  relinquish  the  active  control  of  the  journal,  while  still  contributing  to  its 
columns  and  aiding  substantially  in  its  management  by  his  wide  experience 
and  wise  counsel. 

While  Dr.  Thurber  has  done  a  vast  amount  of  solid  work  as  explorer, 
lecturer,  professor  and  scientist,  it  was  as  editor  that  he  performed  the  great- 
est work  for  the  American  people.  An  editor  who  is  well  able  to  judge  has 
said;  "  His  writings  were  characterized  always  by  sound  common  sense, 
based  on  exact  knowledge  of  many  subjects,  and  they  did  more,  in  his  time, 
to  elevate  the  standing  of  the  agricultural  and  horticultural  press  of  the 
country  than  the  writings  of  any  other  man." 

Soon  after  assuming  his  editorial  labors,  and  in  order  that  they  might  be 
the  more  complete  and  effective,  he  established  himself  upon  a  few  acres  in 
a  retired  place  near  Passaic,  N.  J.,  which  he  styled  "  The  Pines,"  after  a 
small  grove  of  stately  trees  located  near  his  house.  Here,  with  a  sister  and 
brother-in-law,  Mr.  George  C.  Woolson,  and  their  two  children,  very  dear 
to  him,  he  spent  the  last  years  of  his  life.  While  he  did  not  usually  write 
under  his  own  name,  he  was  well  and  favorably  known  as  the  author  of  the 
"  Notes  from  the  Pines,"  in  which  he  shared  with  the  public  the  pleasure 
he  took  in  his  extensive  ornamental  grounds  and  experimental  gardens. 
The  careful  use  of  his  test  grounds  furnished  the  foundation  facts  for  much 
that  he  wrote,  and  accounts,  in  part,  for  the  remarkable  accuracy  that  char- 
acterized all  his  contributions.  For  extent  and  accuracy,  these  papers  are 
conspicuous  in  horticulture  for  the  botanical  information  that  was  contained 
in  them.  A  second  series  of  papers  was  the  "  Doctor's  Talks,"  which  he 
contributed  for  years  without  interruption.  And  with  his  rare  faculty 
of  clear  explanation,  these  columns  for  the  boys  and  girls  were  models  of 
their  kind  and  read  with  profit  by  old  as  well  as  young.  Thousands  of  now 
grown  up  men  and  women  will  long  hold  in  grateful  remembrance  the 
name  of  "The  Doctor,"  over  which  title  appeared  from  month  to  month 
much  solid  science  in  the  garb  of  clear,  charming  diction.  He  possessed 
a  remarkable  fondness  for  children,  seemed  to  fully  appreciate  their  needs, 
and  loved  to  instruct  them  in  a  thousand  useful  ways.  This  is  perhaps  all 
the  more  remarkable  as  he  never  married,  and  best  of  all,  never  grew  old. 

Dr.  Thurber  revised  and  in  part  re-wrote  Darlington's  "Agricultural  Bo- 
tany, "  which  was  subsequently  published  under  the  title  of  '  'American  Weeds 
and  Useful  Plants,"  and  still  remains  the  standard  work  upon  the  subjects 
treated  therein.  In  his  strictly  botanical  wcrk,  much  of  which  had  a  strong 
practical  bias.  Dr.  Thurber  had  a  particular  fondness  for  the  grasses,  and 
he  early  conceived  the  design  of  preparing  a  book  upon  this  great  family  of 


294  Annals  of  Horticulture. 

plants  as  represented  in  America.  While  editorial  duties  and  failing  health 
prevented  the  accomplishment  of  this  great  task  for  which  he  was  so  well 
prepared,  he  was  able  to  do  much  for  his  beloved  science.  For  example, 
he  contributed  all  the  botanical  papers  in  the  Appleton's  New  American 
Cyclopedia,  a  work  the  usefulness  of  which  can  only  be  known  by  those 
who  saw  how  much  of  botanical  error  and  untruth  were  published  in  the 
original  edition.  He  was  the  author  of  nearly  a  hundred  pages  upon  the 
graminae  in  the  "Botany  of  California." 

There  is  a  vast  amount  of  substantial  scientific  work  that  cannot  be  out- 
lined here,  for  it  was  done  in  connection  with  his  oversight  of  the  publica- 
tion of  hundreds  of  rural  books  upon  a  wide  range  of  subjects  by  the  firm 
with  which  he  was  so  long  associated — The  Orange  Judd  Company. 

In  1880  Dr.  Thurber,  accompanied  by  his  lifelong  friend,  Dr.  M.  Miles, 
spent  a  few  months  in  Europe,  where  he  met  many  of  his  former  corres- 
pondents and  friends  in  the  botanical  and  horticultural  world.  Nearly  all 
the  letters  of  condolence  from  these  friends  across  the  ocean  contain  com- 
plimentary words  of  Thurber's  important  visit  to  their  countries.  It  was 
his  wish  to  travel,  but  his  heavy  frame  and  rheumatic  limbs  made  long  jaunts 
painful  to  him,  and,  therefore,  he  was  almost  always  at  home  and  at  work. 

He  was  a  life  member  and  vice  president  of  the  American  Pomological 
Society,  and  presided  at  the  Atlanta  meeting.  To  the  botanists  of  his  own 
city  he  was  best  known  as  the  long-time  president  of  the  Torrey  Botanical 
Club,  the  immediate  successor  of  his  old  friend  and  botanical  adviser  for 
whom  the  club  is  named.  Dr.  John  Torrey.  He  was  president  of  the  New 
Jersey  Horticultural  Society,  member  of  both  the  New  York  and  the  Phila- 
delphia Academy  of  Sciences,  and  various  other  societies. 

As  a  worker,  Dr.  Thurber  was  indefatigable  and  rested  only  when  he 
could  work  no  longer.  He  knew  neither  day  nor  night  so  long  as  his 
strength  lasted.  "  Not  infrequently  would  his  labors  continue  through  the 
night,  the  hours  uncounted,  until  the  family  rising  perhaps  late  Sunday 
morning,  would  find  him  still  engaged  at  his  writing,  the  rays  of  his  lamp 
mingling  unnoticed  with  those  of  the  sun."  During  the  last  years  of  his 
life  it  was  a  custom  to  have  his  couch  by  the  side  of  his  table,  where  he 
would  work  to  exhaustion  and  then  retire  until  strength  was  gained  sufficient 
to  resume  his  task. 

As  an  editor,  Dr.  Thurber  always  held  broad  and  liberal  views  of  every 
important  question  that  bore  upon  the  best  interests  of  his  constituents. 
His  contempt  for  anything  that  favored  of  sham  was  unbounded,  while  his 
praise  of  worthy  objects  and  honest  men  was  equally  generous.  As  the 
writer  of  the  "Humbug  columns,"  he  made  his  journal  the  terror  of 
swindlers  and  charlatans,  and  largely  because  of  his  straightforward,  truth- 
ful and  convincing  exposures  in  well-chosen  words  that  cut  like  a  knife. 
Although  frequently  tempted  by  alluring  offers,  he  would  not  grant  an  un- 
scrupulous advertiser  space  in  his  journal.  In  short,  his  abhorrence  of 
quackery  and  adulteration  was  such  that  even  in  the  smallest  matters  he 
took  all  possible  precautions  to  discourage  and  condemn  them.  For  example, 
he  had  his  own  little  hand  pepper-mill  at  table,  and  ground  out  upon  the 
spot,  frequently  with  words  of  commendation  of  the  principle  at  stake,  the 
condiment  needed  for  his  viands.  His  intense  love  for  getting  at  the  solid 
underlying  facts  of  things  sometimes  almost  made  him  uncomfortable. 
This  is  humorously  illustrated  in  his  not  being  able  to  enjoy  his  green  peas 


Necrology  of  i8go. 


295 


at  dinner  if  he  could  not  be  assured  of  the  name  of  the  variety.  Into 
everything,  and  particularly  his  editorial  work,  he  carried  this  desire  for 
exactness  and  bottom  facts. 

The  following  brief  extracts  from  a  large  number  of  notices  of  our 
friend's  life  serve  to  emphasize  the  statements  already  made  in  this  sketch 
Beginning  from  across  the  ocean,  Maxwell  T.  Masters,  editor  of  'J'he  Gar- 
deners' Chronicle,  writes;  "Thurber  did  excellent  work  as  a  botanist,  whilst 
as  editor  he  occupied  a  unique  position  and  delighted  and  instructed  thou- 
sands who  knew  nothing  of  his  personality  and  were  ignorant  even  of  the 
Doctor's  name." 

The  American  Agriculturist  records  these  words  for  its  revered  editor  • 
"Few  men,  if  any,  have  exerted  so  powerful  an  influence  on  progressive 
American  agriculture  as  has  Dr.  Thurber." 

In  the  'lorrey  Bulletin  the  following,  among  appropriate  words  by  Dr. 
Rusby,  may  be  found:  "  Graminology  was  his  well-known  specialty  and 
there  were  few,  either  in  this  country  or  abroad,  who  were  his  equals.'' 

The  leader  in  the  Garden  and  Forest  for  April  9  opens  as  follows  :  "The 
death  of  Dr.  Geo.  Thurber  ends  the  career  of  the  most  accomplished  hor- 
ticultural writer  America  has  produced." 

In  person  Dr.  Thurber  was  remarkably  conspicuous,  while  at  the  same 
time  extremely  modest  and  retiring.  As  a  young  man  when  starting  out 
upon  the  Boundary  Commission  he  was  like  an  arrow  in  straightness  fully 
SIX  feet  in  height,  broad  shouldered,  fair  in  complexion  and  remarkably 
handsome.  His  face,  as  familiar  to  the  writer  in  later  life,  was  brim  full  of 
kindness  and  sunshine,  and  with  his  massive  head  and  long  flowing  hair 
"The  Doctor"  was  "the  observed  of  all  observers"  wherever  he  might  be 
His  conversation  was  animated  and  ofttimes  brilliant,  full  of  a  mother's 
tenderness  and  pity  for  the  unfortunate,  and  reeking  with  sarcasm  for  the 
pretender  in  any  form.  He  suffered  wrong  in  silence  when  he  only  was 
concerned,  but  would  always  champion  the  cause  of  the  injured  and 
oppressed.  When  he  returned  from  Mexico  on  the  Boundary  Commission 
he  brought  with  him  a  youth  of  Chihauhua,  who  for  some  time  attended 
school  at  Thurber's  suggestion  and  expense.  And  so  it  was  throughout  his 
life._  He  was  ever  doing  some  kindness  to  others,  often  to  his  own  incon- 
venience. His  open  heartedness  prevailed  at  all  times  when  there  was  any 
genuine  call  for  sympathy.  In  short,  genial  and  generous,  great  in  knowl- 
edge, patient  in  work,  keen  of  perception,  kind  hearted,  frank  and  true 
sound  m  judgment,  with  a  most  retentive  memory,  sensitive  and  sympa- 
thetic, considerate  and  courageous,  such  are  some  of  the  sterling  qualities 
which  combined  to  make  up  our  revered  scientific  editor  and  friend  It  is 
men  of  this  stamp  who  make  the  world  better  while  they  live  and  long 
after,  but  sadden  with  a  deep  loss  the  lives  of  many  when  they  pass  away 
To  have  the  intimate  friendship  of  such,  is  to  dwell  in  the  companionship 
of  great  souls.  ^ 

Severe  labors  and  accompanying  exposure  during  the  four  years  upon  the 
frontier  were  largely  responsible  for  the  rheumatism  to  which  Dr  Thurber 
was  a  victim  for  many  years.  This  and  overwork  paved  the  way  for  more 
serious  troubles  that  nearly  incapacitated  him  for  labor  during  his  last  few 
years,  and  entailed  much  pain  and  suffering  from  which  death  only  could 
relieve  him.  ^ 

He  was  buried  in  the  Swan  Point  cemetery,  overlooking  a  beautiful  valley 
near  Providence,  R.  I.,  where  in  early  life  he  first  began  a  career  of  bot- 
anizing that  reached  across  the  continent,  and  the  results  around  the  world 


296  A?i7ials  of  Horticulhire . 

PETER  KIEFFER. 

Peter  Kieffer,  the  originator  of  the  Kieffer  pear,  died  at 
Roxborough,  Philadelphia,  November  7th.  He  was  born  in 
Alsace  in  1812,  and  came  to  America  in  1834.  The  following 
account  of  him  is  from  his  friend,  Thomas  Meehan  : 

"Mr.  Peter  Kieffer  was  a  near  neighbor  of  mine.  He  was,  when  a  young 
man,  educated  as  a  gardener,  and  I  may  say  highly  educated,  much  above 
the  average  class.  He  came  to  America  from  Alsace.  He  was  of  French 
descent.  He  was  gardener  for  many  years  at  Mount  Airy  to  Mr.  James 
Gowen,  long  known  as  President  of  the  Pennsylvania  State  Agricultural 
Society,  and  kept  up  his  connections  with  friends  in  the  Old  World,  oc- 
casionally introducing  rare  plants  and  trees,  many  of  which  are  still  existing 
in  Germantown.  Being  of  a  frugal  and  saving  disposition,  after  some  years 
he  had  means  enough  to  purchase  a  few  acres  of  ground  near  here,  on  which 
he  established  a  nursery  and  market  garden.  Among  his  introductions  was 
the  Chinese  Sand  pear.  His  land  here  increased  in  value  to  such  an  extent 
that  he  sold  it  for  a  considerable  advance,  and  with  the  proceeds  bought  a 
farm  near  Roxborough,  about  three  miles  from  where  I  now  live  ;  on  this 
ground  he  transplanted  some  of  his  Sand  pears,  planting  them  among  some 
Bartlett  pear  trees.  The  branches  of  the  Bartlett  pears  and  the  Chinese 
Sand  pears  intermixed.  There  was  a  great  demand  for  Sand  pear  trees  by 
the  neighbors  for  ornamental  gardening,  on  account  of  the  delightful  odor 
of  the  fruit,  besides  the  thrifty,  healthy  growth  of  the  foliage,  and  he  raised 
seedlings  from  his  trees  in  order  to  supply  this  demand.  On  one  occasion 
he  noticed  among  the  seedlings  one  with  somewhat  different  foliage  than 
the  rest ;  this  he  saved  for  himself,  and  when  it  bore  fruit,  the  one  which 
we  now  know  as  Kieffer  pear  was  the  result.  It  is,  of  course,  only  guessed 
at  from  this  that  the  Kieffer  pear  is  a  hybrid  between  the  Sand  pear  and 
the  Bartlett.  I  mention  this  because  some  have  contended  that  this  is  not 
a  hybrid,  but  simply  a  sport,  without  any  real  intermixture  of  pollen  from 
the  Bartlett  tree.  Of  course,  we  are  all  entitled  to  our  opinion,  and  my 
opinion  is,  that  it  is  really  a  hybrid.  Mr.  Kieffer  was  a  very  generous  man, 
child-like  and  unsuspecting  in  his  disposition,  and,  though  he  knew  the  great 
value  of  this  fruit,  he  seldom  resisted  applications  for  grafts  or  cuttings,  and 
though  hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  have  been  made  by  different  parties 
by  the  sale  and  distribution  of  the  Kieffer,  it  is  probable  that  he  never  made 
many  dollars  out  of  it  for  himself.  Mr.  Kieffer's  knowledge  of  gardening 
was  of  a  very  high  order  ;  he  knew  how  to  ripen  pears,  and  it  is  a  remark- 
able fact  that  no  matter  what  the  season  or  what  the  crop,  Kieffer  pears  dis- 
tributed by  Mr.  Kieffer  were  always  of  the  highest  excellence.  I  never 
knew  a  Kieffer  pear  to  come  from  Mr.  Kieffer  that  one  would  not  say  was  of 
a  higher  character  than  almost  any  pear  that  he  ever  ate;  but  those  who 
know  no  more  of  the  art  of  gardening  than  to  put  in  a  tree,  and  let  it  mature 
of  itself,  without  any  help  at  all  on  the  part  of  the  grower,  conclude  that 
Kieffer  pears  are  scarcely  worth  eating.  Undoubtedly  these  pears  are  of 
no  account  in  the  way  of  excellence  as  we  usually  find  them,  but  in  Mr. 
Kiefier's  hands  this  pear  was  something  to  remember  with  keen  pleasure 
after  having  once  eaten  it. 


Necrology  of  i8go. 


297 


"Peter  Kieffer  spelled  his  name  as  here  written,  and  pronounced  it  as  if 
written  Kifer,  the  e  in  the  first  syllable  being  silent.  Discussions  are  con- 
tinually going  on  that  he  ought  to  have  pronounced  his  name  in  a  different 
manner,  following  the  German  rule,  but  Mr.  Kieffer  was  not  a  German,  but 
a  Frenchman,  and  I  suppose  would  be  justified  in  judging  for  himself  how 
his  name  should  be  pronounced."  f 

Dr.  C.  C.  Parry,  one  of  the  most  indefatigable  of  Ameri- 
can botanical  explorers  and  collectors,  died  at  his  home  in 
Davenport,  Iowa,  February  20th,  from  pneumonia  following 
influenza.  He  began  his  explorations  in  1849  as  one  of  David 
Dale  Owen's  party  to  survey  Wisconsin.  The  next  year  he 
was  with  the  Mexican  boundary  survey.  From  that  time  until 
his  death  his  labors  were  unceasing,  and  he  added  greatly  to 
the  knowledge  of  western  botany.  Dr.  Parry  was  born  in 
England,  in  1823. 

* 
Sidney  Wilkinson,  manager  in  the  seed  house  of  Henry  A. 
Dreer,  Philadelphia,  died  March  28th.      He  was  born  in  Prov- 
idence, R.  I.,  in  1851. 

Charles  E.  Hitchings,  one  of  the  firm  of  Hitchings  &  Co., 
manufacturers  of  greenhouse  heaters  and  supplies,  died 
December  31,  1889,  at  37  years  of  age. 

Oscar  K.  Kreinberg  died  early  in  January,  at  his  home  in 
Philadelphia,  of  influenza.  He  was  well  known  as  a  grower 
of  out-door  summer  flowers. 

^  ^t  %  ^  ¥:  ^ 

R.  C.  Affaurtit,  an  editor  of  the  Dutch  journal  Sempervi- 
rens,  died  Feb.  ist,  at  65  years  of  age. 

.  Dr.  Ralph  Ainsworth,  formerly  a  member  of  the  Council 
of  the  Manchester  Royal  Botanical  Society,  died  aged  79 
years.  He  was  deeply  interested  in  orchids,  and  Dendrobium 
AinswortJiii  was  raised  in  his  collection. 

t  It  is  evident  that  the  name  should  be  pronounced  Keef'-r,  after  the  German  method  for 
It  IS  a  German  name.  A  true  French  pronunciation  would  be  neither  Keefer  nor  Kifer 
In  Alsace  the  name  would  ordinarily  be  pronounced  with  a  long  e  even  by  Frenchmen.-^ 
L.  H.  B. 

A.    H. — 21 


298 


Annals  of  Horticulture. 


SHIRLEY  HIBBERD. 


Shirley  Hibberd  died  at  Kew,  November  i6th,  aged  66 
years.  He  was  a  well-known  writer  on  horticultural  subjects, 
having  published  many  books,  among  the  most  important  of 
which  are  Bramble  and  Bay  Leaves,  Rustic  Ador?wie7its,  Fer?i 
Garden,  The  Ivy,  Town  Gai'den  2.ndi  Ainateu)-''  s  Rose  Book.  At  the 
time  of  his  death  he  was  editor  of  the  Ga?'deners'  Magazine.  He 
had  filled  this  position  for  thirty  years  and  raised  the  magazine 
to  its  present  state  of  excellence. 

Mr.  Hibberd  was  born  at  Stepney,  England,  in  1825.  He 
was  intended  for  a  bookseller,  but  early  turned  his  attention 
to  literary  work,  in  which  he  continued  uninterruptedly  until 
his  death.  He  wrote  upon  a  great  variety  of  subjects,  some 
of  them  historical.  He  was  one  of  the  most  accomplished 
men  who  ever  adorned  horticultural  professions,  and  his  ex- 
ample must  always  remain  an  inspiration. 

The  above  portrait  of  Mr.  Hibberd  is  reproduced  from  the 
Journal  of  Horticulture. 


Necrology  of  i8go. 


299 


BENJAMIN  S.   WILLIAMS. 

Benjamin  Samuel  Williams  died  June  23,  aged  68  years. 
He  was  born  at  Hoddesdon,  England,  and  at  the  age  of  14 
entered  the  celebrated  garden  of  John  Warner,  where  his 
father  was  long  employed  as  a  gardener.  At  the  age  of  20  he 
entered  the  lists  as  an  exhibitor,  and  soon  acquired  fame  as  a 
cultivator  and  exhibitor  of  the  pansy.  He  next  took  up  the 
ranunculus,  and  very  soon  launched  out  into  floriculture  of  a 
comprehensive  kind,  accomplishing  wonders  with  the  aid  of 
a  few  frames  to  enable  him  to  grow  flowers  for  exhibition  in 
March  and  April.  His  ambition  growing  with  his  talent,  he 
soon  became  an  exhibitor  of  vegetables  and  fruits  in  the  neigh- 
boring towas. 

He   soon   felt  the   scarcity  of  books,  and   resolved  that  he 


300  A7i7ials  of  Hortiadture. 

would  do  something  to  provide  gardeners  with  truthful  infor- 
mation in  the  department  to  which  he  was  now  giving  special 
attention,  and  he  became  a  careful  note-taker,  accumulating 
material  towards  the  object  in  view. 

In  the  year  1852,  Messrs.  Chapman  &  Hall  published  Mr. 
Williams  first  book,  which  was  none  other  than  his  now  fa- 
mous "  Orchid  Growers'  Manual."  Other  books  followed  on 
<' Ferns  and  Lycopods,"  "Stove  and  Greenhouse  Plants," 
and  the  *'  Orchid  Album,"  all  of  them  characterized  by  sound- 
ness of  teaching,  a  generous  breadth  of  view  of  every  subject 
treated,  convenience  of  arrangement,  and  all  that  is  implied 
in  the  term  "good  book-making." 

A  considerable  part  of  his  labors  has  been  bestowed  in  the 
formation  and  management  of  the  Victoria  and  Paradise  nur- 
series, first  in  Hornsey  and  later  at  Upper  Holloway,  where 
his  son  became  his  partner.  Here  orchids  certainly  take  the 
lead,  and  the  collection  is,  for  the  present,  the  best  monument 
of  the  skill,  taste  and  business  energy  of  an  honored  veteran, 
whose  like  we  may  not  for  many  years  look  upon  again. — 
Adapted  from  the  Gardefiers'  Magazi?ie. 

The  portrait  of  Mr.  Williams  is  reproduced  from  The  Gar- 
deners'  Chronicle. 

James  Backhouse,  director  of  the  York  Nurseries,  died  in 
September,  aged  65  years.  He  was  one  of  the  most  promi- 
nent of  English  horticulturists. 

W.  H.  Baxter,  formerly  curator  of  the  Oxford  Botanic 
Gardens,  died  June  ig,  aged  74  years.  He  was  associated 
with  Mr.  Loudon,  and  was  a  constant  writer  for  horticultural 
papers. 

Henry  Bennett  died  at  his  home  in  Shepperton,  England, 
August  12,  from  heart  disease.  He  was  one  of  the  most  suc- 
cessful and  best  known  growers  of  seedling  roses.  He 
began  life  as  a  general  farmer,  but  finding  it  somewhat  un- 
profitable, undertook  rose  culture.  Among  his  most  famous 
roses  are  Her  Majesty,  Mrs.  John  Laing,  Princess  Beatrice, 
Grace  Darling,  Viscountess  Folkstone,  Lady  Mary  Fitzwilli- 
am,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  Cleopatra  and  Captain  Hayward.      He 


Necrology  of  i8go.  301 

visited  this  country  in  1887  and  attended  the  meeting  of  the 
Society  of  American  Florists  at  Chicago,  where  he  met  with  a 
warm  reception. 

Theodor  Bernhardt,  formerly  director  at  the  Botanic 
Gardens  at  Erfurt,  died  in  the  latter  part  of  November,  1889, 
aged  80  years. 

*        * 

John  M.  Braidwood,  of  the  forest  department,  Naini  Fal, 
India,  died,  aged  50  years. 

Alphonse  Du  Breuil,  one  of  the  most  popular  authors  on 
arboriculture,  died  in  May,  aged  80  years.  He  held  many 
important  positions  under  the  government,  and  in  1846  pub- 
lished A  Course  in  Arboriculture.  He  also  assisted  Mr.  Girar- 
din  in  writing  the  Course  in  AgriculturCy  and  was  also  connected 
with  the  Revue  Horticole.  In  1853  and  following  years,  the 
French  Minister  of  Agriculture  employed  him  to  travel  over 
France  for  the  purpose  of  giving  instruction  in  the  cultivation 
of  fruit  trees.  His  influence  upon  the  horticulture  of  France 
was  very  great.  He  is  known  to  English  readers  through  the 
translation  of  the  Tliomery  System  of  Grape  Culture  (New  York), 
contained  in  his  Cours  (T  Arboriculture,  and  William  Wardle's 
translation  (London),  Scientific  and  Profitable  Culture  of  Fruit 
Trees,  Du  Breuil  was  born  at  Rouen  in  181 1,  in  the  botanic 
garden  of  which  his  father  was  head  gardener. 

D.  Buehler,  landscape  gardener  at  Lausanne,  died  March 
18,  aged  79  years. 

Dr.  Alexander  von  Bunge  died  June  i8th,  aged  87  years. 
He  was  a  Russian  botanist  of  great  note,  and  he  did  much  to 
extend  our  knowledge  of  the  plants  of  many  remote  regions. 


W.  Caudmell,  F.  R.  H.  S.,  died  March  22,  aged  67  years. 
He  was  well  known  as  a  grower  of  primroses  and  hardy  garden 
flowers. 


302 


Annals  of  Horticulhire. 


William  Chapman  died  September  25,  aged  76  years.  He 
was  commonly  known  as  "Pear  Chapman,"  from  his  success 
in  raising  and  exhibiting  hardy  fruits. 


5H 


Dr.  E.  Cosson,  a  celebrated  French  botanist,  died  Septem- 
ber 30,  1890,  in  his  70th  year.  Immediately  after  receiving 
his  degree  of  doctor  of  medicine,  he  studied  the  plants  around 
Paris,  and  published  the  Flora  of  the  Vicinity  of  Paris,  which 
has  remained  a  classic  treatise.  He  continually  contributed 
articles  to  papers,  and  at  different  times  published  the  results 
of  his  labors  in  Algiers  and  Tunis. 


*      * 

* 


Jules  Courtois,  one  of  the  most  respected  horticulturists 
of  France,  died  December  25,  1889,  at  the  age  of  76  years. 
He  was  one  of  the  most  distinguished  pupils  of  Mr.  Hard}-, 
gardener-in-chief  at  Luxemburg,  and  later  he  tried  to  spread 
the  excellent  principles  received  from  his  teacher.  He  zeal- 
ously tried  to  introduce  practical  courses  in  fruit  culture  in  the 
department  of  Eure-et-Loir  ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  founded 
the  Society  of  Horticulture  and  Viticulture  of  Eure-et-Loir, 
to  which  he  afterwards  bequeathed  25,000  francs, 

Adolf  Credner  died  May  7,  aged  39  years.  He  first  be- 
came known  through  his  winter  flowers,  which  he  exhibited 
in  January,  1881,  at  Berlin.  Later  he  became  connected  with 
L.  Moller's  Deutscher  Gartnerzeitimg,  and  finally  with  the  firm 
of  Haage  &  Schmidt. 

George  Deal,  of  the  firm  John  Weeks  &  Co.,  horticultur- 
al builders,  Chelsea,  died  June  30,  aged  56  years. 

Friederich  Georg  Donat,  gardener  of  Count  Carl  von 
Schoenburg-Forderglauchau,  died  March  17,  at  the  Castle 
Wechselburg  on   the  Mulde. 

Francis  Dumur  died  recently  at  Moscow,  Russia,  aged  76 
years.  He  was  for  twenty-four  years  head  gardener  of  Mos- 
cow. 


Necrology  of  i8go.  303 

JosiAH  Goodwin  died  June  3,  aged  70  years.  He  was  form- 
erly the  editor  of  the  Joi/rnal  of  the  Bath  and  West  of  England 
Agricultural  Society  and  of  the  four nal  of  the  Royal  Agricultural 
Society. 

* 
Octave  Gravot,  chief  of  a  section  in  the  firm  of  Vilmorin, 
Andrieux  &  Co,  died  August  17th,  in  Paris. 

Mr.  Grun,  university  gardener  at  Strassburg,  in  Els,  died 
Februrary  i6th,  aged  40  years. 

Thomas  Harrison,  Sr.,  of  the  firm  of  Harrison  &  Sons,  died 
at  Leicester,  England,  aged  75  3'ears. 

Enoch  Harvey  died  October  ist,  aged  64  years.  Mr. 
Harvey  was  senior  member  of  the  firm  Harvey,  Alsop,  Stevens 
&  Harvey.  He  was  a  devoted  lover  of  herbaceous  and  alpine 
plants,  and  was  for  many  years  chairman  of  the  Liverpool 
Horticultural  Company.  His  loss  will  be  deeply  felt  by 
orchid  growers. 

Seraphin  van  den  Heede,  commercial  gardener  at  Lille, 
France,  died,  aged  79  years. 

William  Holmes,  of  London,  died  September  i8th,  aged 
38  years.  He  was  a  prominent  landscape  gardener  and  con- 
tractor. 

Mr.  Houllett,  for  a  long  time  superintendent  of  the  green- 
houses in  the  Botanical  Garden  of  Paris,  died  in  his  75th 
year.  The  genus  of  orchids,  Houlletia,  was  named  in  his 
honor. 

William  Humphries,  for  twenty-six  years  head  gardener  at 
Wimpole  Hall,  died,  aged  68  years. 

Herman  Jager,  the  most  popular  German  gardener  and  hor- 
ticultural writer,  died  January  5th,  aged  74  years. 


304  Annals  of  Horiiailtnre. 

Mr.  Jager  was  born  at  Munchenbersdorf,  Saxe-Weimar. 
He  visited  Switzerland,  Itaty,  and  particularly  France,  where 
he  worked  a  long  time.  On  his  return  home  he  was  ap- 
pointed inspector  of  the  gardens  of  Eisenach,  a  position  which 
he  held  till  late  in  life.  During  his  long  career,  he  wrote  nu- 
merous excellent  works  on  horticulture,  and  assumed,  in  1880, 
the  direction  of  Moller' s  Deutsche  Gcwtnerzeitung.  He  also 
directed  the  arrangement  of  many  parks  and  gardens  which 
revealed  his  wide  experience  and  profound  knowledge  of  hor- 
ticulture ;  and  at  the  same  time  he  treated  aesthetic  questions 
with  enthusiam  and  great  conviction. 

J.  James,  one  of  the  most  prominent  English  horticulturists, 
died  August  8th. 

Dr.  Janka,  keeper  of  the  botanical  department  of  the  Na- 
tional Museum  of  Hungary,  Buda  Pesth,  died  recently,  aged 
55  years. 

Alphonso  Karr,  well-known  as  the  author  of  the  popular 
work,  ''Voyage  Autour  de  Mon  Jardin,"  died  September  30th, 
aged  82  years.  Mr.  Karr  was  born  in  Paris,  in  1808.  He  early 
became  a  journalist,  and  assumed  the  editorship  of  Figaro  in 
1839.      He  was  well  known  as  a  novelist. 


Stuart  H.  Low,  well-known  as  the  head  of  the  firm  of  Hugh 
Low  &  Co.  ,of  Upper  Clapton,  England,  died  April  22d,  aged 
63  years. 

* 
H.  LuDOLPH,  the   Royal  inspector  of  gardens  at  Karbsaul, 
near  Kassel,  died  December  nth,  1889. 

Andrew  Mackenzie,  an  extensive  writer  on  horticultural 
topics,  and  superintendent  of  the  Corn  Exchange,  Edinburgh, 
died  in  1890. 

^<   ,    % 

E.  Maggs,  director  of  the  improvements  in  the  park  of  the 
Manor  House,  at  Aylesbury,  England,  died  February  23d. 


Necrology  of  i8go.  305 

Jules  Monges,  for  a  long  time  president  of  the  Horticul- 
tural Society  of  the  Bouches-du-Rhone,  died  March  3d,  at 
Marseilles,  aged  64  years. 

Dr.  Carl  Muller  died  at  Stuttgart,  November  28th,  1889, 
aged  70  years. 

Maud  Naftel,  R.  W.  S.,  well-known  through  her  beautiful 
flower  pieces,  died  February  i8th. 


Julius  Niepraschk,  died  October  14th.  He  was  the  direc- 
tor of  the  Royal  Garden  "Flora,"  at  Cologne,  and  was  well- 
known  as  an  able  horticulturist. 

Marianne  North,  well  known  from  her  wonderful  paintings 
of  plants  and  natural  scenery,  died  August  30.  Her  works, 
some  over  800  in  number,  occupy  a  building  in  the  Royal 
Gardens,  Kew.  She  was  an  extensive  traveler,  and  an  artist 
of  rare  ability.      Her  early  years  were  spent  in  New  England. 

*        * 

Gotthelf  Wilhelm  Poscharsky,  court  gardener  at  Dresden, 
Germany,  died  Sept.  7,  aged  72  years.  He  was  well  known 
as  a  landscape  gardener,  and  many  honors  were  bestowed 
upon  him  as  rewards  for  his  valuable  services. 

Theodor  Rau,  gardener  at  the  castle  in  Gusow,  died  in  the 
early  part  of  the  year,  aged  33  years. 

Joseph  Robinson,  formerly  well  known  as  a  cultivator  of 
verbenas,  pelargoniums,  fuchsias  and  chrysanthemums,  died 
at  Chelmsford,  England,  aged  79  years. 

Fritz  Sattler,  of  the  firm  of  Sattler  &  Bethge,  in  Qued- 
linburg,  died  December  5,  1889. 

^<  ,  ^ 

E.  Seidel,  gardener  to  the  Grand  Duke  at  Arco,  Tirol, 
died  June  10,  aged  52  years. 


3o6  Annals  of  Ho}ticnlture. 

M.    F.  Senelar,    President  of  the  Horticultural  Society   of 
Bouches-du-Rhone,  died  on  the  17th  of   March. 

^  ^  * 

John  Shaw,  a  landscape  gardener  of  note  in  northern  Eng- 
land, died  in  his  ygth  year,  September  14. 

Hugo  Stark,  director  of  the  gardens  of  the  Grand  Duke  of 
Mecklenburg,  died  at  Neustrelitz. 

John  Stewart,  for  twenty-five  3^ears  secretary  of  the  Royal 
Caledonian  Horticultural  Society,  died  at  the  age  of  76  years. 

Robert  Walker,  botanist  and  amateur  gardener, died  March 
21.      He  wrote  a  history  of  the  Buchan  (England)  flora. 

John  Webster,  head  gardener  of  the  Duke  of  Richmond, 
died  in  his  76th  3^ear. 


Enoch  White,  nurseryman  at  Bournemouth,  England,  died, 
aged  59  years. 

*    .!.    ^ 

William  W^ildsmith,  for  twenty-five  years  gardener  at 
Heckfield  Place,  Winchfield,  England,  died  January  29.  He 
was  a  man  of  great  mental  breadth  and  varied  experience, 
and  admirably  adapted  by  his  temper  and  extensive  knowledge 
for  aiding  and  improving  the  plans  of  his  employer,  the  late 
Viscount  Eversley. 

In  the  course  of  his  industrious  career  he  won  no  less  than 
a  hundred  and  fifty  prizes,  many  of  them  firsts,  and  a  consid- 
erable portion  for  grapes,  although  he  was  such  an  all-around 
man  that  he  might  be  expected  in  any  department  of  an  ex- 
hibition in  which  high-class  English  gardening  might  be  rep- 
resented.—  TJie  Gardene?-s'  Magazine. 


INDEX. 


Page 

Abies  flrma      (i9 

—  Jesoeusis W) 

—  Mariesii 69 

—  Sachaliensis 69 

—  Tsuga 69 

—  Veitchii 69 

Actinidia  polygama 73 

—  volu  bills 73 

brides,  Introductions  of     ...  56 

Affaurtit,  R.  C,  Obituary  of  .   .  297 

Aguacates,  in  Mexico 33 

Ainsworth,  Ralph,  Obituary  of  297 

Akebia  lobata 72 

—  quinata 72 

Albizzia  Julibrissin 7 

Almonds,  Tai'iff  on 135 

Alpe,  Dr..  quoted 109 

Alwood,  W.  B.,  Investigations  of  90 

Andres,  Dr.,  quoted 109 

Angreecums,  Introductions  of    .  56 

Anona  Cherimolia,  in  Mexico     .  33 

Anthonomus4-gibbus 91 

Aphis  pei*sicae-niger 89-109 

—  prunicola 109 

Apples,  Crop  of     .    .       ....  7 

—  Insects  of 90 

—  in  Mexico    .    .       32 

—  in  Washington 29 

—  Tariff  on 134 

—  Tasmanian      9 

Apricots  in  California 20 

—  in  Mexico 32 

—  in  Washington 29-32 

Apron,  Gardening 262 

Ai^bor  vitee  in  Japan 68 

Arsenites  and  foliage 93 

Aspidiotus  Aurantii 96 

Azaleas  in  Japan 66 

Backhouse,  James,  Obituary  of  .  800 

Bailey,  L,.  H.,  Investigations  of  93 

Bag,  Garden 262 

Basrs.  for  grapes 269 

—  Pollinating 269 


Page 
Bancroft,  A.  L.,  quoted    .... 

112,115,126,131 

Barry,  Patrick,  Obituary  of    .   .  287 

Baxter,  W.  H.,  Obituary  of    .   .  300 

Bean,  W.  J.,  Article  by     ....  56 

Bean,  Lima,  Disease  of     ....  77 

Beans  in  California 25 

—  Tariff  on     134 

Bencker,  George,  Article  by  .   .  82 

Bennett,  Henx-y,  Obituary  of  .   .  300 
Bernhardi,  Theodore,  Obituary 

of     301 

Blackberries,  Crop  of 16 

BoUey,  H.  L.,  Investigations  of  .  79 

Boll  worm Ill 

Books  of  1S90 243 

Booth,  A.  R.,  quoted Ill 

Bordeaux  mixture   ....  76,80,83,87 

Botanic  gardens  of  the  world     .  217 
Braidwood,  John  M.,  Obituary 

of     301 

Budd,  J.  L.,  quoted 286 

Bud-moth 91 

Buehler,  D.,  Obituary  of  ...   .  301 

!  Bulbophyllum  lemniscatoides    .  57 

1  Bulletins,  Index  to 224-232 

Bune-e,  Alex,  von.  Obituary  of  .  301 

Burrill,  T.  J.,  Laborsof    ....  147 

Cabbages  in  California 25 

—  in  Washington      30 

—  Tariff  on      134 

Calanthes,  Introductions  of     .    .  57 

California,  Horticulture  in  .   .    .  17 

Calla  ^thiopica •    •  61 

—  Elliottiana      61 

Camellia  Ja])onica 71 

Camellias  in  Japan 66-71 

Cane  cutter '-261 

Car  for  fruit 26.> 

Carbolic  acid  wash -  9" 

Cart 355 

Cassava,  Tariff  on i3(> 

Cattleya  aurea 6o 


3o8 


Annals    of   Horticulture. 


Page 
Cattleya  Gaskelliana 57-59 

—  granulosa  var.  Buyssoniana   57,60 

—  Imschootiana 60 

—  labiata 57,59 

—  Laurenciana  Yai\  Vinckii    .   .      60 

—  Lindeni 59 

—  Rex 57,59 

—  Warocqueana 57,59 

Cattleyas,  Introductions  of  .  .  .  57 
Caudmell,  W.  Obituary  of  .  .  .  301 
Cauliflower  in  Washington  .  .  30 
Celery  hiller 259 

—  in  Washington 30 

Cemetery  Superintendents,  As- 
sociation of 153 

Census 133 

Cirisa  bubalus 90 

Chameerops  excelsa 66 

Chapman,  William,  Obituary  of    302 

Cherimoyas  in  Mexico 33 

Cherries,  Crop  of 15 

—  in  Japan 67 

—  in  Washington 32 

Cherry,  Insects  of 89 

Chionaspis  furfurus 90 

Chrysanthemums 36,161 

Chrysanthemum  tube    .....    264 

Chrysobothris  mali 92 

Cider,  Tariff  on 135 

Cineraria  lanata 61 

Cladius  isomeris 93 

Cleaner  for  beans 257 

Clematis  Stanleyi 61 

Clod  crusher 253 

Club,  Wild  flower 141 

Cocoanuts,  Tai'iff  on 135 

Cocinella  convergetata 104 

Coccotorus  prunicida 88 

Codlin  moth 90 

Columbian  Horticultural  Associ- 
ation         ....    148 

Conacher,  John  L.,  Article  by  .  9 
Cook,  A.  J.,  Investigations  of  .  87 
Copyright  on  plants  ....  112,124 
Coquillet,  Investigations  of  .  92,96 
Corn,  Sweet,  in  Washington  .  .  30 
Coryanthes  Bungerothii  ....  57 
Cosson,  E.,  Obituary  of  ....  302 
Courtois,  Jules,  Obituarv  of  .  .  302 
Cowan,  A.  D.,  on  Peter  ilender- 

son 281 

Craig,  John,  on  Chas.  Gibb  ...  283 
Cranberry,  Crop  of 16 

—  Disease  of 77,79 

—  Insects  of 93 

Credner,  Adolph,  Obituary  of   .    302 

Cryptomeria  Japonica 'o'^ 

Cucumber,  Mildew  of 78 


Page 

Curculio 87 

Currant,  Insects  of 92 

Currants,  Tariff  on 135 

Cymbidium  grandiflorum     ...      60 

—  Hookerianum 60 

—  Tracy  anum 57,60 

Cypripedium  Schomourgkii    .   .      60 

—  Siamense 5S,60 

Cypripediums,  Introductions  of  57 
Cytisus  Scoparius  var.  Andrea- 

nus      62 

Dates,  Tariff  on 135 

Deal,  George,  Obituary  of  .  .  302 
Delacroix,  Investigations  of  .  .  78 
Dendrobium  Aiusworthii     .   .   .    297 

—  McFarlanei 59 

Dendrobiums,  Introductions  of      58 

Diaspis  pentagon  a 109 

Dipladenia  atropurpurea  ....  61 
Directory  of  societies 210 

—  of  experimenters 215 

—  of  botanic  gardens      217 

Diseases  of  plants 74 

Donat,  Freidrich  Georg,  Obitu- 
ary of 302 

Du  Breuil,  Alphonse,  Obituary 

of     301 

Dumur,  Francis,  Obituary  of     .    302 

Educational  matters 136 

Emphytus  cinctus 93 

Engravings  of  plants 185 

Enkiauthus  Japonicus 71 

Epiphronitis  Veitchii     60 

Experiment  Stations,  Indexes    . 

224-232 
Fairchild,  D.  G.,  Article  by    .    .      76 

Figs,  Tariff  on 134 

Filberts,  Tariff  on 135 

Firs  in  Japan 69 

Florists,  Education  of 136 

—  Society  of 151 

Forbes,  Professor,  quoted    .   .   .    110 

Fork,  Clearing 253 

Franceschini,  Professor,  quoted    109 

Fumigator 276,277 

Fungi  injurious 74 

Fungicides 76,79,80,83,236 

Georgeson,  C.  C,  Article  by  .   .      62 

Germs,  Contagious 110 

Gibb,  Charles,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  283 
Gillette,  C.  P  ,  Investigations  of 

87,88,91,92 

Gipsy  moth     75 

Gladiolus  decoratus 62 

—  Kirkii 62 

—  primulinus 62 

Glen,  Eugene,  quoted 124 

Goff,  E.  S.,  Investigations  of  .   .      97 


Index. 


309 


Page. 
Goodwin,  Josiah,  Obituary  of.  .    ^08 

Gopher  trap '-^•^ 

Graders  for  fruit,  etc 257 

Grapes,  Bagging 'J2 

—  Crop  of 1*' 

Grape,  Diseases  of 74,7S,S() 

Grapes  in  California 1S,~2 

—  in  Japan ^'^ 

—  in  Mexico 33,34 

—  in  Wasliington 30 

—  TarifE  on ^^^ 

Grape,  Pliylloxera  of 98,109 

Gravot,  Octave,  Obituary  of  .  .  303 
Gray,  S.  R.  S.,  Article  by  ....  28 
Green,  S.  B.,  luvestigations  of  .      88 

Griin,  M.,  Obituary  of 303 

Guavas,  in  Mexico 33 

Gun,  Sulphur 277 

HtEmanthus  Lindeni 61 

—  Calbreyeri 61 


—  puniceus 


61 


Hale,  J.  H.,  and  census 133 

Hall,  John,  on  Patrick  Barry  .  .    278 
Halsted,  B.  D.,  Investigations  of    78 

on  Geo.  Thurber 291 

Haltica  ignita 93 

Hanger  for  pots 262 

Harrison,  Thomas,  Sr.,  Obituary 

of 303 

Harvey,  Enoch,  Obituary  of.  .   .    303 
P.  L.,  Investigations  of  ...   .      91 
Heede,  Seraphin  van  den.  Obit- 
uary of 303 

Heliamphora  nutans 61 

Heliothis  armigera Ill 

Henderson,  Peter,  Obituary  of  .  279 
Hibberd,  Shirlev,  Obituary  of.  .    298 

Hill,  E.  G.,  Article  by 41 

Hillman,  F.  H.,  Investigations  of    90 

Hippodamia  convergens 105 

Hitchings,  Chas.  E.,  Obituary  of  297 

Hoes 250 

Holder  for  boxes 265 

Hollyhock,  Diseases  of 78,  80 

Holmes,  William,  Obituary  of.  303 
Houllett,  Mr.,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  303 
Humphries, William,  Obituary  of  303 
Hydrocyanic  gas  insecticide  .    .  92,96 

Hyperpiatys  aspersus 92 

Iceryarosae 93 

Iceryas 103 

Ilex  crenata '''2 

lllicium  religiosum 65 

Insecticides 102,237 

Insects,  Injurious 74,87 

Introductions  of  1890 153 

Inventions 250 

Irrigation  in  California 20 


Page. 
Jack,  J.  G.,  Investigations  of  .  4o,93 
Jager,  Herman,  Obituary  of    .   .    303 

James,  J.,  Obituary  of 304 

Janka,  Dr.,  Obituary  of 304 

Japan,  Horticulture  in  ...    .          62 

—  Plants  of 67 

Jones,  Prank,  Invention  by  .   .   .      95 

Jordan,  J.  M.,  quoted 136 

Kadsura  Japonica 73 

Karr,  Alphonso,  Obituary  of  .  .  304 
Kerosene  Emulsion,  History  of  .  97 
Kieffer,  Peter,  Obituary  of..  .    .    296 

Kit,  Pollinating 270 

Koebele,  Investigations  of  .  .  92, 101 
Kreinberg,  Oscar  K.,  Obituary  of  297 

Labels 267 

Ladder 257 

Lselia  elegans  var.  Broomeana  .      60 

—  prsestans  var.  alba 60 

Laslio-Cattleya 58 

Laelias,  Introduction  of 58 

Laws,  for  insects  and  fungi  .   .  '<'4-82 

Lecanium  ole^e 97 

Leopard  moth 91 

Lespedeza  bicolor 72 

Lilium  Bolanderi 62 

—  Henryi 61 

Limes,  in  Mexico 33 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Lindera  sericea 72 

Literature,  of  experiments  .  .  224,232 

—  books 243 

London  purple  and  foliage  ...  93 
Low,  Stuart  H.,  ObituaiT  of  .  .  304 
Ludolph,  H.,  Obituary  of  .  ...  304 
Mackenzie,  Andrew,  Obituary  of  304 
Macrodactylus  subspinosus    ...     92 

Maggs,  E.,  Obituary  of 304 

Magnolia  grandiflora 69 

—  hvpoleuca 69 

—  Kobus 69,70 

Magnolias  in  Japan      69 

Ma'lly,  P.  W.,  quoted HI 

Maples  in  Japan 66 

Marker 253 

Masdevallia  Chimaera 60 

—  Lowii 58, 60 

-Stella 58,60 

Masdevallias,  Introductions  of  .  58 
Massachusetts,  Gipsy  moth  in.  .      75 

Maxillaria  longisepala 58 

Mavet,  Val^ry,  Book  of 93 

Meehan,Thomas,on  Peter  Kieffer  296 

quoted 112 

Melon  crop 1''' 

Melons  in  Washington 30 

Mexico,  Horticulture  in 32 

Micrococcus  pieridis HI 


3IO 


Page. 

Mignonette,  Disease  of 60 

Monges,  Jules,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  305 
Moore,  Jacob,  on  plant  patent  .  .  112 

Moorea  irrorata 58,59 

Morrill,  Senator,  Bill  of    ...    .    138 

Movver,  Attachment  for 256 

Miiller,  Carl,  Obituary  of  ....  305 
Muriate  of  Potash  as  an  Insecti- 
cide    90- 

Murtfeldt,Miss,Investigations  of    93 

Mvtiiaspis  citricola 96 

— 'Gloveri 96 

—  pouiorum 90 

Myzus  Cerasi 89 

Naftel,  Maud,  Obituary  of  .   .    .    305 

Nandina  domestica Tl 

National  flower 35 

Nectarines  in  California   ....      20 

—  in  Mexico 32 

Nepenthes  Burkei,  vars 61 

—  Curtisii <3l 

—  Stenophylla 61 

Nephelodes  violans Ill 

New  Jersey,  Law  in 75 

Newman,  Investigations  of  .  .  .  92 
Niepraschk,  Julius,  Obituary  of.  305 

Nomenclature 129 

North,  Marianne,  Obituary  of  .  .  305 

Nozzles 275 

Nurserymen,  Association  of  .  .  151 
Nuts,  Crop  of 15 

—  Tariff  on 135 

Ocneria  dispar 75 

Odontoglossum  crispum 60 

—  Leroyanum 58,60 

—  luteo-purpureum 60 

Odontoglossums,Introductionsof  58 
Olives  in  Calif  orna 22 

—  Tariff  on 135 

Oncidiums,  Introductions  of .  .    .      58 

Onion,  Smut  of 79 

Onions  in  California 25 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Oranges,  Crop  of 15 

—  in  California 21,25 

—  Mexico 3-1 

—  Tariff  on 134,135 

Orange,  Mite  of 91 

—  Scales  of 91-96 

Orcas  Island,  Horticulture  on  .  .  28 
Orchids 56-59 

—  Nomenclature  of 130 

Ormerod,  Miss,  Investigations  of 

89,91,92 

Ornamentals 35 

Osborn,  Professor,  quoted  ...  Ill 
Parasites,  Introduction  of  .  .  103-108 
I'aris  green  and  foliage 93 


A?inals  of  Horticulture. 


Page. 

Parlatoria  Pergandei 96 

Parry,  C.  C,  Obituary  of   ....  297 

Patent  of  plants ii»2 

Peaches,  Crop  of 15 

Peach,  Disease  of 78-89 

—  yellows.  Laws  for 75 

—  Insects  of 89 

Peaches  in  California 19 

—  in  Japan 67 

—  in  Mexico 32 

—  in  Washington 32 

Peanuts,  Tariff  on 135 

Pear-blight  beetle 89 

Pears,  Crop  of .   .      15 

—  in  California 20 

—  in  Japan 66 

—  in  Mexico 33 

—  in  Washington 31 

Peas  in  California 25 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Peg  for  plants 261 

Pelargonium,  Disease  of 78 

Periodicals,  List  of 246 

Per  ret,  M.,  Discovery  by  .    ...      82 
Persea  gratissima  in  Mexico  .    .      33 

Persimmons  in  Japan 66 

Phaius  Cooksonii 58,60 

—  tuberculosus 60 

—  Wallichii 60 

Phalsenopsis    Schilleriana,   var. 

alba 58 

Photinia  glabra      71 

Phylloxera 98-109 

Phytophthora  Phaseoli 77 

Phytoptus  ribis 92 

Picker 257 

Pierce,  N.  B.,  Investigations  of  .     78 

Pines,  Japanese 68 

Pinus  densiflora 68 

—  Thunbergii 68 

Plants,  Tariff  on 134-136 

Plum  curculio 87 

—  ganger 88 

Plums,  Crop  of 15 

—  in  Japan 66,67 

—  Tariff,  on 134 

Podocarpus  macrophylla  ....      69 

—  Nageia 69 

Pollinating,  Outfit  for  ....  269,270 

Portraits  of  plants 185 

Poscharsky,  Gotthelf   Wilhelm, 

Obituary  of 305 

Potato  crop 17 

—  Diseases  of 78,79,80 

Potatoes  in  California 25 

—  in  Washington 30 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Potato  Sorter 258 


hidex. 


311 


Page. 
Pot  holders 202,'^64 

—  stand 265 

—  Watering 265 

Pots,  Flower 264 

Preserved  fruits,  Tariff  on  .  .  .  135 
Prilleux,  Investigations  of  .   .   .      78 

Propagating  box 272,273 

Protection  for  plantsmen  .   .   .    .    112 

Protector 2T2 

Prune,  Crop  of 15 

Prunes  in  California 18,19 

—  in  Washington ,      31 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Prunus  Mume 67 

—  Pseudo-Cerasus 67 

Pteris  Cretica 61 

—  ensiformis  var.  Victorse  ...  61 
Puget  Sound  Horticulture  at  .   .      28 

Pulvinaria  ribesi^ 92 

Pumpkin  in  Washington 30 

Pumps  for  spraying.    .  .76,81,105,274 

Pyrus  Ussuriensis 66 

Quercus  cuspidata 71 

Quinces,  Crop  of 15 

Railroad  worm 91 

Raisins  in  California 18,23 

—  Tariff  on 135 

Raspberries,  Crop  of 16 

Rau,  Theodor,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  305 
Registration  of  plants  ....  112-115 

Retinospora  pisifera 68 

Rhapis  flabelliformis 66 

Riley,  C.  V.,  Investigations  of   . 

91,92,93 

—  Paper  by 96 

Roads,  Agitation  concerning  .  .  131 
Robinson,  Joseph,  Obituary  of  :  305 
Rodriguezia  Fuerstenbergii  ...     58 

Root  lifter 256 

Rose  chafer 92 

—  Insects  of 93 

Roses  in  America 41 

—  Foreign 44 

Rural  Publishing  Co.  quoted  .115-120 
Sattler,  Fritz,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  305 
Seed  case 270 

—  sower 254,255 

—  tester 268 

Seeds,  Tariff  on 134-136 

Seidel,  E.,  Obituary  of 305 

Selandria  Cerasi 89 

S6n(51ar.  M.  F.,  Obituary  of  .    .    .   306 

Scale  insects 91-96 

Scaphosepalum  antenniferum  .  .      58 

Schizoneura  lanigera 90-108 

Schizophragma  hydrangeoides  .  73 
Shaw,  John,  Obituary  of  ....  306 
Shinn,  Chas.  Howard,  Article  by    17 


Page. 

Small  Fruits,  Crop  of I6 

Smith,  E.  F.,  Investigations  of  . 
78,89,108 

—  J.  B.,  Article  by  .......      87 

Investigations  of  .    .  .88,90,92,98 

Sobralia  Lowii 58  60 

—  Sanderaj 58'60 

—  Wilsoniana 58,60 

Societies 147 

Soils  in  California 27 

Sonei'ila  orieutalis.  .   , 61 

Soot  as  Insecticide 91 

Sophro-Cattleya 58-60 

Spinach,  Diseases  of 75 

Spraying 76,105 

—  Device  for 275 

—  outfit 277 

Spruces  in  Japan         59 

Squash  in  Washington 30 

Stark,  Hugo,  Obituary  of  ....  306 
State  Flower,  California   ....      35 

New  York ...      35 

Stations,  Index  of 224-232 

Sterculia  platanifolia 70 

Stewart,  John,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  306 
Strawberries,  Crop  of 16 

—  in  Mexico 34 

—  in  Washington 32 

Strawberry,  Insects  of 93 

—  Rust  of 78 

Strawson,  G.  P.,  Invention  by  .'  107 

Strawsonizer 107 

Stretcher  for  wire 262 

Styrax  Japonica 70 

—  Obassia 70 

Sulphur  gum '  277 

Switch  for  conductors 274 

Synchytrium  Vaccini 77 

Tamarinds,  Tariff  on 135 

Tariff 133 

Tasmania,  Apple  culture  in  .   ,   .        9 

Tea,  Tariff  on 136 

Temple,  A.  v..  Article  by   ....     32 

Tetranychus  maculatus 91 

Thalictrum  Delavayi 62 

Thaxter,  R.,  Investigations  of  .  77-79 
Thurber,  George,  Obituary  of.  .  291 
Thuya  dolabrata 68 

—  Japonica 68 

—  obtusa 68 

—  pisifera 68 

Tin  cans.  Utilizing 265 

Tmetocera  ocellana 91 

Tobacco  sheets 276 

Tomato,  Pack  of .      17 

Tomatoes  in  Washington  ....      80 

Tools 250 

Torch  for  insects 275 


A^mals  of  Horticulhire. 


Tozetti,  Targioni,  quoted  . 
Trade  Mark  on  Plants  .  .  . 
Trap  for  gophers  .... 
Trichopilia  punctata  .  .  . 
Trypeta  pomonella  .... 
Tvloderma  fragariae  .  .  . 
Yanda  Amesiana,  var.  alba 
Vendalia  cardinalis 


Page. 

.    .    109 
112-124 


58 
91 

.93 
58 

102 


Vegetables,  Crop  of 17 

—  in  California 25 

—  Tariff  on 134 

Ventilator 

Verdet 

Vines  in  Japan 

Vitis  incoustans 

—  species  and  phylloxera  .   .    . 

Wagon 

Walker,  Robert,  Obituary  of  . 
Walnuts  in  California 

—  Tariff  on 

Washington,  Horticulture  in 
Watson,  B.  M.,  Jr.,  Article  bj 

—  W.,  Article  by 58 

Wester,  Investigations  of   ...  .     93 


273 
83 
72 


255 

306 

22 

135 

28 
36 


Page. 
Webster  John,  Obituary  of..  .  .  306 
Weed,  C.  M.,  Investigations  of.  .89-93 

Weeder 250 

White,  Enoch,  Obituary  of  .  .  .  306 
Wier,  D.  B.,  on  copyright ....    124 

Wild  Flower  Club 141 

Williams,  B.  S.,  Obituary  of  .  .  299 
Wildsmith,  William,  Obituary  of .  306 
Wilkinson,  Sidney,  Obituary  of.  297 
Wine  in  California 18,22 

—  in  Mexico 34 

Wines,  Tariff  on .   .    135 

Woodworth,  Investigations  of .  .      94 

Xyleborus  dispar-pyri 89 

Yams,  Tariff  on 136 

Yellows  of  peach,  Laws  for  ...  75 
Zanthoxylum  ailanthoides   ...      72 

—  piperitum 72 

—  planispinum 72 

—  schinifolium 72 

Zelkowa  Keaki 70 

Zeuzera  oescali 91 

Zygopetalums,  Introductions  of.     58 


WW^tT^ 


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